藥學(xué)英語課文翻譯課后翻譯節(jié)選中英雙語對照第四版

1、本篇包括人衛(wèi)第四版 Unit 3B, Unit4A, 5A, 8A, 10A, 12AB, 13A等七篇課文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, o

2、ne would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What ' s more, any shortcomings on t

3、heir part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或限制很多種感染疾病,以致幾乎每人生病時都習(xí)慣于使用它而受益, 但是如果一個人沒有這樣的親身經(jīng)歷,他必定是離群索居才會不知道這些“特效藥物或真實或推測的優(yōu)點.美國的出版物、電臺或電視臺用大量的篇幅報道了有關(guān)對細(xì)菌的化學(xué)戰(zhàn)中 獲得的這些顯著功績.而它的缺點卻被生產(chǎn)和銷售抗生

4、素的制藥公司通過公關(guān)活動掩藏了.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much less widely known. And the lack of such knowledge can be bad, especially if it leads patients to pressure their doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isn't really needed,

5、or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to speak, antibiotics-minded 2.相比而言,使用這些藥物的危險性并不廣為人知.對這種知識的缺乏將更糟糕, 特別是當(dāng)患者要求醫(yī)生開處方用抗生素而事實并不需要,或患者頻繁地更換醫(yī)生直至找到一個同意開抗生素處方的醫(yī)生.Because the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known, there seems more point here to a review of some

6、 of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from today 's casual use of these drugs. It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the use of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on

7、generally, do need a clear statement.由于抗生素的好的一面已廣為人知,今天抗生素的濫用導(dǎo)致短期或長期問題.我們預(yù)先應(yīng)該知道與抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它產(chǎn)生危害的例子是少見的. 但是,盡管十分少見,需要對這種潛在的危險作一個清楚的說明.The antibiotics are not, strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are permitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays, lozeng

8、es, troches, creams, and ointments. Even if these products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them. If you have an infection serious enough to warrant the launching of chemical warfare, you need much bigger doses of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products are allowed

9、to contain.嚴(yán)格來講,抗生素并不全是處方藥.許多抗生素被允許作為非處方藥如鼻噴霧劑、鍵劑、片劑、軟膏和乳膏,盡管它們沒有危害,也不能隨意地使用.如果你患了嚴(yán)重的感染, 你就得需要比非處方藥所允許最大劑量更大劑量的抗生素了.Over-the-counter products, however, account for only a small percentage of total antibiotics production. It is the prescription dosages that give people trouble.word可編輯.然而,非處方藥品只是整個抗生素

10、類產(chǎn)品的一小局部,正是處方藥物給人類帶來了麻煩.These drugseven allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum onesare not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. There are wide gaps in their ability to master contagious diseases. Such important infection

11、s as mumps, measles, common colds, influenza, and infectious hepatitis still await conquest. All are virus infections and despite intense efforts, very little progress has been made in chemotherapy against viruses. Only small progress has been achieved against fungi. Many strains of bacteria and fun

12、gi are naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs.這些藥物一即使允許最大水平,很多窄譜抗生素和廣譜抗生素也并不是如宣傳的那樣治 療百病.它們的水平與治療傳染性疾病間還存在很大的差距.如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、 流行性感冒和傳染性肝炎等嚴(yán)重感染性疾病仍有待解決.這些都是病毒感染,盡管做出了很大的努力,但是在抗病毒的化療藥物的研究上幾乎沒有什么進(jìn)展.抗真菌藥物的研究上只取得一點小成就.很多細(xì)菌和真菌對現(xiàn)有的抗生素和其他化療藥物具有耐藥性.Some mi

13、croorganisms originally sensitive to the action of antibiotics, especially staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance imposes on the long range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobia

14、l agents to combat the problem.一些原來對抗生素敏感的細(xì)菌,特別是葡萄球菌現(xiàn)在也產(chǎn)生了耐藥性,這些獲得的耐藥性對藥物的長期使用產(chǎn)生重要的限制,頻繁引人新的抗菌藥物也不能完全解決這個問題.It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given lo

15、cation. In one hospital a survey showed that, before erythromycin had been widely used there, all strains of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action. When the hospital started extensive use of erythromycin, however, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appea

16、r.現(xiàn)已經(jīng)確定,在一些地區(qū),抗生素廣泛和長期的使用與細(xì)菌耐藥性增加有直接的相互關(guān) 系.某醫(yī)院調(diào)查顯示,在紅霉素廣泛使用以前,所有從病人身上取出的葡萄球菌都對紅霉素 敏感.然而,自從醫(yī)院開始廣泛應(yīng)用紅霉素以來,耐藥葡萄球菌菌株開始出現(xiàn).The development of bacterial resistance can be minimized by a more discriminating use of antibiotics, and the person taking the drug can help here. When an antibiotic must be used, th

17、e best way to prevent the development of resistance is to wipe out the infection as rapidly and thoroughly as possible. Ideally, this requires a bactericidal drug, which destroys, rather than a bacteriostatic drug, which inhibits. And the drug must be taken in adequate dosage for as long as is neces

18、sary to eradicate the infection completely. The doctor, of course, must choose the drug, but patients can help by being sure to take the full course of treatment recommended by the doctor, even though symptoms seem to disappear before all the pills are gone. In rare instances the emergence of resist

19、ance can be delayed or reduced by combinations of antibiotics. Treatment of tuberculosis with streptomycin alone results in a high degree of resistance, but if para-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid is used with streptomycin the possibility that this complication will arise is greatly reduced.更有區(qū)別的應(yīng)用

20、抗生素可以最大限度地抑制細(xì)菌耐藥性的開展,使用藥物的病人可對此有所幫助.當(dāng)必須使用一種抗生素時,最好的預(yù)防耐藥性方法就是盡快徹底地去除感染.這就需要用能殺死細(xì)菌的殺菌藥,而不是抑制細(xì)菌的抑菌藥.這種藥物必須使用一定劑量,并且一定的時間以完全鏟除這種感染.醫(yī)生當(dāng)然得選這種藥,但患者須遵醫(yī)囑、使用足夠的治word可編輯.療量,即使在藥物吃完以前病癥似乎已經(jīng)消失.少數(shù)情況下聯(lián)合用藥可以推遲或降低耐藥性的產(chǎn)生.用鏈霉素單獨治療結(jié)核病會導(dǎo)致高度的耐藥,但如果鏈霉素聯(lián)用對氨基水楊酸或異煙腫將大大降低耐藥性.In hospital treatment of severe infections, the se

21、nsitivity of the infecting organism to appropriate antibiotics is determined in the laboratory before treatment is started. This enables the doctor to select the most effective drug or drugs; it determines whether the antibiotic is bactericidal or bacteriostatic for the germs at hand; and it suggest

22、s the amount needed to destroy the growth of the bacteria completely. In either hospital or home, aseptic measures can help to reduce the prevalence of resistant strains of germs by preventing cross infection and the resultant spreading of organisms.在醫(yī)院治療嚴(yán)重感染時,感染菌對抗生素的敏感性在治療前已在實驗室確定,這樣可以使醫(yī)生選擇最有效的藥物,

23、可以決定使用抑菌還是殺菌的抗生素,并可對能完全破壞細(xì)菌生長所需的用量給出建議.無論在醫(yī)院或是在家里,無菌舉措由于預(yù)防了交叉感染以及由此造成的生物體傳播,從而可以降低細(xì)菌耐藥菌株的廣泛流行.Every one of the antibiotics is potentially dangerous for some people. Several serious reactions may result from their use. One is a severe, sometimes fatal, shock-like anaphylactic action, which may strike

24、 people who have become sensitized to penicillin. Anaphylactic reaction happens less frequently and is less severe when the antibiotic is given by mouth. It is most apt to occur in people with a history of allergy, or a record of sensitivity to penicillin. Very small amounts of penicillin, even the

25、traces which get into the milk of cows for a few days after they are treated with the antibiotic for mastitis, may be sufficient to sensitize; hence, the strong campaign by food and drug officials to keep such milk off the market.對有些人來說任何一種抗生素都可能有潛在的危險.一些嚴(yán)重的反響可能是由于它們的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生的,其中之一就是嚴(yán)重的有時甚至是致死性的過敏性休克,對青

26、霉素過敏的人使用青霉素將很危險.口服抗生素將使過敏頻率降低或降低嚴(yán)重性.青霉素過敏或有過敏史者更容易發(fā)生.奶牛使用抗生素治療乳腺炎幾天后,其牛奶中帶入的極其少量甚至痕量的青霉素也可能足以引起過敏.所以食品藥品監(jiān)督官員采取強有力的舉措預(yù)防這種牛奶進(jìn)人市場.To minimize the risk of anaphylactic shock in illnesses where injections of penicillin are the preferred treatment, a careful doctor will question the patient carefully abou

27、t allergies and previous reactions. In case of doubt another antibiotic will be substituted, if feasible, or other precautionary measures will be taken before the injection is given.當(dāng)注射青霉素是首選治療方案時,為降低這種過敏性休克,謹(jǐn)慎的醫(yī)生會仔細(xì)詢問病人的過敏史及其反響.如過敏史不清楚,醫(yī)生會用其他抗生素代替或注射前用其他方法檢查其 是否過敏.Other untoward reactions to antibi

28、otics are gastrointestinal disorderssuch as sore mouth, cramps, diarrhea, or anal itch which occur most frequently after use of the tetracycline group but have also been encountered after use of penicillin and streptomycin. These reactions may result from suppression by the antibiotic of bacteria no

29、rmally found in the gastrointestinal tract. With their competition removed, antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or fungi, which also are normally present, are free to flourish and cause what is called a super-infection. Such infections can be extremely difficult to cure.其他抗生素不良反響包括胃腸道不適,如口腔疼痛、痙攣、腹瀉、肛

30、門瘙癢,這種情況 在使用四環(huán)素類抗生素后經(jīng)常發(fā)生,在使用青霉素和鏈霉素后也會遇到.這些反響可能是由于使用的抗生素抑制了正常的胃腸道菌群引起的.隨著這種競爭的消除,正常存在的葡萄球word可編輯.菌或真菌耐藥菌株自由繁殖并引起所謂的超感染,這種感染將更難治療.A few antibiotics have such toxic effects that their usefulness is strictly limited. They include streptomycin and dihydro-streptomycin, which sometimes cause deafness, an

31、d chloramphenicol, which may injure the bone marrow. Drugs with such serious potential dangers as these should be used only if life is threatened and nothing else will work有些抗生素有毒性作用, 使其應(yīng)用受到了嚴(yán)格的限制. 這類抗生素包括會導(dǎo)致耳聾的鏈 霉素和雙氫鏈霉素,以及會產(chǎn)生骨髓損傷的氯霉素.這些有嚴(yán)重危險的藥物只有在生命受到 威脅或其他藥物無效時才使用.All the possible troubles that c

32、an result from antibiotic treatment should not keep anyone from using one of these drugs when it is clearly indicated. Nor should they discourage certain preventive uses of antibiotics which have proved extremely valuable.由于有些抗生素療效確切,因此使用抗生素所帶來的所有可能的麻煩也不能阻止任何人 用任何一種抗生素,對于被證實是有效的抗生素,人們不會不鼓勵它們的使用.譯1 .

33、另一種發(fā)現(xiàn)新的抗生素的高難度方法是合理藥物設(shè)計,即利用有關(guān)分子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識來進(jìn)行全新的藥品設(shè)計或改良.Rational drug design is another more difficult method of new antibiotics discovery, that is to say, design or improve a brand new drug by using the knowledge of molecular structure.2 .制藥工業(yè)在探索和開發(fā)新藥的同時還要對抗現(xiàn)有抗生素不斷增長的微生物耐藥性, 這將是一條漫長的道路.When pharmaceutica

34、l industry explores and develops a new drug, it fights against the microbial resistances to available antibiotics all the time. It is a very long way.3 .應(yīng)該大力鼓勵醫(yī)生、制藥業(yè)以及公眾態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變.必須將抗生素視為一種應(yīng)被謹(jǐn)慎 使用并且僅在真正必需時才使用的珍貴資源.The change of doctors, pharmaceutical industry and the public attitudes should be encourag

35、ed greatly. The antibiotics must be viewed as a precious resource only used cautiously in real needs.4 .全世界都必須在醫(yī)學(xué)教育的初期就進(jìn)行關(guān)于抗生素的審慎使用及其耐藥危險的灌 輸,并且,這種教育還應(yīng)貫穿于醫(yī)學(xué)工作者的整個醫(yī)療生涯.The cautious use of antibiotics and their hazardous resistances should be pumped into the medical students during their early medical

36、 education throughout the world. What's more, this education should penetrate through the medical worker's whole career.5 .制藥工業(yè)必須停止推進(jìn)非臨床使用抗生素的生產(chǎn),并且,它應(yīng)該熟悉到,它將從抗生素的合理使用中獲利,因此,應(yīng)該對為此所作的各種嘗試提供財務(wù)援助.Pharmaceutical industry must stop producing the non-clinical antibiotics, and it may realize that it

37、 will benefit a lot from rational use of antibiotics. Hence, it should offer financial aids to all these attempts.Unit 4 Text A The Scope of Pharmacology藥理學(xué)范疇In its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and ph

38、ysiological effects, mechanisms of action,word可編輯. absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.總體來說,藥理

39、學(xué)包括藥物的以下諸方面內(nèi)容：歷史背景、來源、理化特性、合成、生化生理作用、作用機制、吸收、分布、生物轉(zhuǎn)化和排泄以及治療作用和其他作用.由于藥物 被一般性定義為影響生命過程的化學(xué)物質(zhì),因而藥理學(xué)范疇顯然是極其廣泛的.For the physician and the medical student, however, the scope of pharmacology is less expansive than indicated by the above definitions. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are

40、useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. His study of the pharmacology of these drugs can be reasonably limited to those aspects that provide the basis for their rational clinical use. Secondarily, the physician is also concerned with ch

41、emical agents that are not used in therapy but are commonly responsible for household and industrial poisoning as well as environmental pollution. His study of these substances is justifiably restricted to the general principles of prevention, recognition, and treatment of such toxicity or pollution

42、. Finally, all physicians share in the responsibility to help resolve the continuing sociological problem of the abuse of drugs.然而,就醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學(xué)生生而言,藥理學(xué)范疇并沒有上述定義那么廣泛.臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在于藥物對人類疾病的預(yù)防、診斷及治療.或是在避孕方而所起的作用.因而他對這些藥物的藥理學(xué)研究不僅僅周限于某些方面,只要能為其合理的臨床用藥提供理論根據(jù)就行. 其次,醫(yī)生也關(guān)注某些化學(xué)物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)雖然不用于治療,但通常與家庭中毒；工業(yè)中毒以及環(huán)境污染有關(guān).醫(yī)生對這

43、些物質(zhì)的研究當(dāng)然僅限于一般性了解.對這類中毒或污污染的防范、診斷和治療.最后,所有醫(yī)生都應(yīng)責(zé)無旁貸地為解決藥品濫用所引起的社會問題而做 出自己的努力.A brief consideration of its major subject areas will further clarify how the study of pharmacology is best approached from the standpoint of the specific requirements and interests of the medical student and practitioner. At

44、 one time, it was essential for the physician to have a broad botanical knowledge, since he had to select the proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations. However, fewer drugs are now obtained from natural sources, and, more importantly, most of these are highly purified

45、 or standardized and differ little from synthetic chemicals. Hence, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited. Nevertheless, scientific curiosity should stimulate the physician to learn something of the sources of drugs, and this knowledge often proves practically u

46、seful as well as interesting. He will find the history of drugs of similar value.從醫(yī)學(xué)生和從業(yè)醫(yī)師的特別常求和一般興趣的角度來看,什么才是藥理學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的最正確途徑呢？只要對其主要學(xué)科領(lǐng)域稍加研究便可知曉.以前,醫(yī)師必須擁有廣泛的植物方而的知識,由于他得挑選適當(dāng)?shù)闹参?且將其制備成簡單的藥物制劑.然而, 現(xiàn)在的藥物已很少取 自于天然植物,而且更為重要的是大多數(shù)天然藥物已被高度提純,且與合成的化學(xué)藥物無甚區(qū)別,所以,臨床醫(yī)生對生藥學(xué)的興趣也相應(yīng)減弱.盡管如此,應(yīng)該鼓勵臨床醫(yī)生了解藥物 的來源的科學(xué)好奇心,這方面知識往往

47、被證實不但有趣,而且有用.他將會發(fā)現(xiàn)了解藥物的歷史同樣具有價值.The preparing, compounding, and dispensing of medicines at one time lay within the province of the physician, but this work is now delegated almost completely to the pharmacist1.However, to write intelligent prescription orders, the physician must have some knowledge

48、of the physical and chemical properties of drugs and their available dosage forms, and he must have aword可編輯. basic familiarity with the practice of pharmacy. When the physician shirks his responsibility in this regard, he invariably fails to translate his knowledge of pharmacology and medicine into

49、 prescription orders and medication best suited for the individual patient.藥物的制備、合成與銷售一度都是醫(yī)生的責(zé)任,但這項工作現(xiàn)在幾乎全歸藥師了.不過臨床醫(yī)師要想開出合理的處方,必須對藥物的理化性質(zhì)及其現(xiàn)有劑型有所了解,必須根本了解藥房業(yè)務(wù).假設(shè)臨床醫(yī)師逃避這方面責(zé)任,他肯定用不好藥理學(xué)及藥物知識,從而難以開出適合每位患者的最正確醫(yī)療處方.IPharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

50、 of drugs. These factors, coupled with dosage, determine the concentration of a drug at its sites of action and, hence, the intensity of its effects as a function of time. Many basic principles of biochemistry and enzymology and the physical and chemical principles that govern the active and passive

51、 transfer and the distribution of substances across biological membranes are readily applied to the understanding of this important aspect of pharmacology 2.藥物動力學(xué)涉及藥物的吸收、分布、生物轉(zhuǎn)化以及排泄等方面.這些因素再加上劑量便決定了藥物在其作用點的濃度,進(jìn)而決定了其與時間成函數(shù)關(guān)系的藥效強度.在對藥理學(xué)這一重要方面的理解過程中,常常運用到許多有關(guān)生物化學(xué)和酶學(xué)方面的根本原理和物理化學(xué) 方面的一些根本法那么,而這些原理和法那么決定著物

52、質(zhì)在生物膜之間的主動和被動轉(zhuǎn)移及分布.The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics. It is an experimental medical science that dates back only to the later half of the nineteenth century. As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freel

53、y from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and pathology. It is unique mainly in that attention is focused on the characteristics of drugs. As the name implies, the subject is a dynamic one. The student who attempts

54、 merely to memorize the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs is foregoing one of the best opportunities for correlating the entire field of preclinical medicine. For example, the actions and effects of the saluretic agents can be fully understood only in terms of the basic principles of renal physiol

55、ogy and of the pathogenesis of edema. Conversely, no greater insight into normal and abnormal renal physiology can be gained than by the study of the pharmacodynamics of the saluretic agents.對藥物的生化生理作用及其作用機制的研究稱為藥效學(xué).這是一門實驗醫(yī)學(xué),其歷史僅可追溯到19世紀(jì)后半葉.作為邊緣學(xué)科,藥效學(xué)從生理學(xué)、生化學(xué)、微生物學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、 遺傳學(xué)和病理學(xué)等諸多學(xué)科的主要理論和實驗技術(shù)中吸取了大量內(nèi)容

56、.該學(xué)科的獨到之處主要在于其關(guān)注的要點是藥物的特征.顧名思義,該科目屬于動態(tài)學(xué)科.學(xué)生如果僅僅打算死記硬背藥物的藥效學(xué)特性的話,那他將會喪失把整個臨床前期醫(yī)學(xué)連為一體的這一最正確時機. 例如：利鹽排泄劑的活性和效用只有在腎臟生理學(xué)和水腫發(fā)病機制的根本原理的根底上才能 完全理解.換句話說,只有通過對利鹽排泄劑的藥效學(xué)研究,才能最深人地了解腎臟生理學(xué)正常和異常兩方面情況.Another ramification of pharmacodynamics is the correlation of the actions and effects of drugs with their chemical

57、 structures. Such structure-activity relationships are an integral link in the analysis of drug action, and exploitation of these relationships among established therapeutic agents has often led to the development of better drugs. However, the correlation of biological activity with chemical structu

58、re is usually of interest to the physician only when it provides the basis for summarizing other pharmacological information.藥效學(xué)的另一分支是研究藥物活性和效用與其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的相互關(guān)系.這種構(gòu)效關(guān)系是分word可編輯.析藥物作用不可或缺的局部,將這種關(guān)系應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)有的治療藥物中往往會促使藥品的更新?lián)Q 代.然而,只有當(dāng)生物活性與化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)聯(lián)能夠為總結(jié)其他藥物學(xué)信息提供根底時,臨床醫(yī)師才會對此產(chǎn)生興趣.The physician is understandably inter

59、ested mainly in the effects of drugs in man. This emphasis on clinical pharmacology is justified, since the effects of drugs are often characterized by significant interspecies variation, and since they may be further modified by disease. In addition, some drug effects, such as those on mood and behavior, can