高中英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)題講解——-高中時(shí)態(tài)

1、 一對(duì)一互動(dòng)研學(xué) 時(shí)態(tài)的用法：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式a. 主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，在原形動(dòng)詞后加-s或-es。b. be的變化：am, is, arec. have的變化；has, have(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在高考中的基本用法詳見(jiàn)下表的總結(jié)：具體用法經(jīng)典例句(1) 表示現(xiàn)存的狀態(tài)、情況I am a teacher now. 我現(xiàn)在是一名教師。The coat is very cheap. 這件外套很便宜。Does he work hard? 他工作努力嗎？(2) 表示過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)都理應(yīng)存在的客觀事實(shí)或真理A plane is faster than a car. 飛機(jī)比汽車(chē)快

2、。The earth moves round the sun. 地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。3 plus 2 is 5. 三加二等于五(3) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性、反復(fù)性的活動(dòng)He is always ready to help others. 他總是樂(lè)于助人。He gets up very early every morning. 他每天早上很早起床。(3) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特別用法詳見(jiàn)下表的總結(jié)： 具體用法經(jīng)典例句(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的用法在賓語(yǔ)從句中，盡管主句用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但如果從句所述內(nèi)容是客觀真理或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。The teacher told her

3、 pupils that the sun rises in the east. 教師告訴她的學(xué)生們太陽(yáng)從東方升起。敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破侖的軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)在前進(jìn)了，大戰(zhàn)役開(kāi)始了。表示“書(shū)上說(shuō)”、“報(bào)紙上說(shuō)”之意。The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天天氣寒冷。(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法在進(jìn)行圖片說(shuō)明、電影說(shuō)明、戲劇內(nèi)容及場(chǎng)景解說(shuō)時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Scene I(Lucy and Miss

4、 Green are in the doctor's room-a large, pleasant room with many books.) 第一幕(露西和格林小姐在醫(yī)生的房間里，那里有很多書(shū)，寬敞而舒適)在某些習(xí)慣性表達(dá)法中，表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。Here comes the bus! 公交車(chē)開(kāi)來(lái)了！How it rains! 雨下得好大??！(3)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的用法表示已安排或計(jì)劃好、將來(lái)必定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)時(shí)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用于這類(lèi)句型?？嫉闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括be, come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin等。My bi

5、rthday falls on April21, 我的生日是四月二十一日。The meeting is at 8:00 a. m.tomorrow. 會(huì)議明天上午八點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。His ship leaves at 5：00 p. m. this afternoon, 他的船下午五點(diǎn)開(kāi)航。Tomorrow we start for Shanghai. 明天我們啟程去上海。在含有條件、讓步、時(shí)間等狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside. 如果明天天氣好，我們就去鄉(xiāng)村。We will

6、try to finish the work in time although we are short of manpower.盡管缺乏人力我們還是要設(shè)法按時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作She'll go to see him as soon as she arrives. 她一到達(dá)就去看他。When you meet him, tell him to come to my room. 如果你遇見(jiàn)他，叫他到我這兒來(lái)。 鞏固提升1 例1 What would you do if it _ tomorrow?We have to carry it on, since we've got

7、 everything ready.A. rain    B. rains    C. will rain    D. is raining點(diǎn)撥：B 在if引導(dǎo)的條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)意義，所以選擇rains。 例2 Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. (遼寧)A. is working   

8、      B. works      C. work         D. worked點(diǎn)撥：C本題測(cè)試動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與主謂一致，主語(yǔ)是women，又有Nowadays，故選C項(xiàng)work，A項(xiàng)如果改成are working也是正確答案。 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)(1) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式：a. be動(dòng)詞的形式變化。b. 助動(dòng)詞的形式變化。c. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的形式變化。d. 行為動(dòng)詞一律用過(guò)去時(shí)，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。 

9、;(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法A. 表過(guò)去的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，常帶有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)以及由when等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I received two letters from home last week.上周我收到了兩封家信。They left an hour ago. 他們一小時(shí)前離開(kāi)了。注意：常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：last year 去年just now 剛才in 2002 在2002年at that moment 在那時(shí)a few days ago 幾天前in the old days 在過(guò)去的歲月里yesterday 昨天last night 昨天晚上at that time 當(dāng)時(shí)t

10、he other day 前幾天 B. 過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，常與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如every day, seldom, usually等連用。如：We saw him from time to time. 過(guò)去我們時(shí)?？吹剿?。Every morning I took a walk when I lived in the countryside. 我住在鄉(xiāng)下時(shí)每天早上都散步。C在before和after引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，已經(jīng)表明了時(shí)間的先后，所以可用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：He said nothing before he saw Mr. Smith.=He had said nothing

11、before he saw Mr. Smith.看到史密斯先生之前，他什么話都沒(méi)說(shuō)。 (3) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法5注意Ahave got+名詞，表示“有”，是have的口語(yǔ)用法。如：I've got a problem. =I have a problem.我有一個(gè)難題。B used to+動(dòng)詞原形，也可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有了。如：We used to spend our vacations in the mountains. 暗示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有在山區(qū)度假了。我們以前常常在山區(qū)度假。C would+動(dòng)詞原形，也可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣。如：My mother would go do

12、wntown when she was not busy.我媽媽以前不忙的時(shí)候，常到市中心去。D 過(guò)去時(shí)和ever, never連用，表示“過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。如：Did you ever see a lion? 你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)獅子嗎?She never heard such a beautiful song before.他以前不曾聽(tīng)過(guò)這么美的歌。E since從句一般用過(guò)去時(shí)You haven't changed much since we last met.自從上次我們見(jiàn)面以來(lái)，你變化不大。It's three years since he went abroad. 他出國(guó)三年了。I

13、t's a long time since he was ill. 他病好了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。I haven't found any job since I was out of work. 自我失業(yè)以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有找到工作。 鞏固提升2 例1 If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock.What a pity! Tina _ here to see you. (2005湖南)A. is     B. was 

14、0;   C. would be     D. has been點(diǎn)撥：B 表示“Tina曾經(jīng)來(lái)過(guò)這兒看你”(Tina現(xiàn)已離開(kāi))要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 例2 .Did you tidy your room?No, I was going to tidy my room but I _ visitors. (2007上海)A. had     B. have     C. have had     D. will h

15、ave點(diǎn)撥：A 下劃線處應(yīng)客觀描述過(guò)去行為，表明“不速之客來(lái)訪”這一過(guò)去的事實(shí)，由此直接排除選項(xiàng)B、C、D而選出A。 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)(1). 一般將來(lái)時(shí)形式a. 第一人稱(chēng)  shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形b. 第二、三人稱(chēng)  will+動(dòng)詞原形c. be going+to dod. be+to doe. be about+to do (2). 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法a. 表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：You will get wet ii you go out without an umbrella.如果你出去不帶傘，會(huì)淋濕的。We shall have a l

16、ot of rain next month.下個(gè)月將會(huì)下很多雨。注意：常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：next time下次                 tomorrow 明天tomorrow evening明晚         before long 不久后in the future在將來(lái)     &#

17、160;      later(on)以后the day after tomorrow 后天this afternoon 今天下午         next year明年 b. be going+to do. 表示打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事。如：My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語(yǔ)。He is going to stay a week. 他準(zhǔn)備待一個(gè)星期。表示可能即將發(fā)生某事。如：

18、I think it is going to snow. 我看天要下雪。I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒。表示即將發(fā)生的情況或狀態(tài)。如：I am going to be sixty-one next Tuesday.下周二我就61歲了。(3). 一般將來(lái)時(shí)用法4注意a. be going to表示事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的打算，will多表示意愿、決心。如：Can somebody help me? 誰(shuí)能幫我一下嗎?I will. 我來(lái)。不能用be going tob. 如果表示意愿，will可以用于條件從句。如：If you will

19、learn to play table tennis, I'll coach you,如果你想學(xué)打乒乓球，我可以當(dāng)你的教練。c. be+to do這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示職責(zé)、義務(wù)、意圖、約定、可能性等。如：You are m be back by 10 o'clock.你必須10點(diǎn)鐘回來(lái)。We are to meet at the school gate.我們約定在校門(mén)口碰頭。d. be about to do表示即將做某事。如：We are about to leave. 我們快走了。The meeting is about to start. 會(huì)議即將開(kāi)始。注意：be about t

20、o do結(jié)構(gòu)中不能接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。be about to do 可用于 when結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.=I was on the point of going to bed when the tale phone rang. 我剛要上床睡覺(jué)，這時(shí)電話鈴響了。  鞏固提升3例1. How can I apply for an online course?Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do for you.A. see 

21、60;       B. are seeing       C. have seen     D. will see點(diǎn)撥：D 下劃線處表示的行為是fill out this form之后將要發(fā)生的行為，應(yīng)選用表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的will see。 例2 Your job _ open for your return. Thanks.A. will be kept      B. w

22、ill keep       C. had kept      D. had been kept點(diǎn)撥A 表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，應(yīng)排除選項(xiàng)C、D；又由于下劃線處還必須表示出被動(dòng)的含義，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步排除B而選A。 4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1). 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式：be (am/are/is) + 現(xiàn)在分詞(2). 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法a. 表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如；I am writing a letter to my brother.我正寫(xiě)信給我哥哥。It is still ra

23、ining bard outside. 外面仍下著大雨。b. 表示現(xiàn)在的安排或計(jì)劃未來(lái)要做的事。We're getting married in March.We have agreed to get married in March.We are to get married in March.我們?cè)?月份結(jié)婚。c. 表示說(shuō)話者一種感情色彩，如“同情”“責(zé)備”“強(qiáng)調(diào)”“好奇”“不滿”“贊賞”等的感情與情緒，常與always, continually, perpetually, constantly, forever/for ever, allthe time, all the whi

24、le表“連續(xù)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：She is always complaining. 抱怨她老是抱怨。Are you feeling better this morning? 同情你今天早上覺(jué)得好些嗎?Why aren't you studying? 責(zé)備你為什么不讀書(shū)?Well, I am telling you the truth! 強(qiáng)調(diào)唔，我是在和你說(shuō)真話啊!What are you doing here, girls? 好奇姑娘們，你們?cè)谶@兒干什么?John is bothering me and keeping me from work. 不滿，約翰一直困擾著我使我不能工作

25、。You are helping me, darling. 快樂(lè)親愛(ài)的，你在幫我的忙。John is doing fine work at school. 贊賞約翰在學(xué)校里表現(xiàn)很好。(3). 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法3注意a. be going to+do結(jié)構(gòu)中，以物或it當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表說(shuō)話者覺(jué)得最近就要發(fā)生的事。如：The moon is going to come out soon.月亮馬上就要出來(lái)了。b. get, become, turn, run, go, begin, forget, die, finish等詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，有“逐漸”“越來(lái)越”或“快要”的意思。如：Father i

26、s getting fat. 父親越來(lái)越胖了。The leaves are turning yellow. 樹(shù)葉逐漸變黃了。Our house is becoming old. 我們的房子逐漸變舊了。It is beginning to rain. 天快要下雨了。c. 比較：look at或watch(看，觀察)表動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)；see(看見(jiàn))表結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。look for(尋找)表動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)；find(找到了)表結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。recollect(回想)表動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)；remember(記得)表結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。listen to(傾聽(tīng))表動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)；hear(聽(tīng)見(jiàn))

27、表結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。consider(考慮)表動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)；think(認(rèn)為)表結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。 鞏固提升4 例1。 Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn't stopped ringing. People _to ask how I am going to spend the money. (2005湖南)A. phone    B. will phone    C. were phoning    D. are phonin

28、g點(diǎn)撥：D 題干句意為：自從我贏了大獎(jiǎng)，我的電話就沒(méi)停過(guò)，人們都在打電話問(wèn)我打算怎么花那筆錢(qián)?！按螂娫挕笔乾F(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 例2 Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _?A. did they speak      B. were they speakingC. are they speaking    D. have they been speaking點(diǎn)撥： C 本題測(cè)試動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由Listen to th

29、e two girls by the window. (請(qǐng)聽(tīng)窗邊那兩個(gè)女孩的談話)?？梢耘袛啵渥用枋龅氖乾F(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 .5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1). 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式；was (一、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))/were(其余人稱(chēng)和數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞(2). 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法a. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：When you came in, I was writing.你進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我正在寫(xiě)東西。While I was studying, I was asleep.我正在做功課時(shí)，睡著了。b. 動(dòng)詞get, become, turn, leave, go, begin, fo

30、rget, die, finish等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“逐漸”“越來(lái)越”“快要”的意思。如：When I arrived at the theatre, the play was just beginning. 我到達(dá)戲院時(shí)，戲就要開(kāi)演了。The weather was getting warmer and warmer.天氣逐漸暖和起來(lái)了。c. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, continually, constantly, forever/for ever, all the time, all the while等表持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，通常表示說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為過(guò)去不良的習(xí)慣。如：They were a

31、lways quarrelling. 他們老是吵嘴。My little brother was continually asking questions.我弟弟老是問(wèn)東問(wèn)西的。(3). 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法2注意a. 常與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at that time當(dāng)時(shí)at five yesterday昨天五點(diǎn)then那時(shí) this time yesterday昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候the whole morning整個(gè)上午last night昨晚b. 表示禮貌有時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)并不表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間，而表達(dá)現(xiàn)在的客氣、禮貌或不確定。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞主要有hope, wonder, think, expect等。如：

32、I was wondering if we could have dinner together.不知我們能否在一起吃晚飯。I was hoping that you could help me.真希望你能幫我。I was thinking maybe he could go by taxi.我當(dāng)時(shí)在想或許他可以坐出租車(chē)去。 鞏固提升5例1Did you see a man in black pass by just now?No, sir. I _ a newspaper.A. read     B. was reading 

33、60;  C. would read     D. am reading點(diǎn)撥： B 與前面表示“剛剛”的just now對(duì)應(yīng)，下劃線處應(yīng)選川過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示剛才正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。 例2. I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.Impossible. She _ TV with me in my home then.A. watched    B. had watched   

34、0; C. would watch    D. was watching點(diǎn)撥： D 表示Jane昨晚八點(diǎn)正在做某事，應(yīng)選用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的形式：have/has+過(guò)去分詞(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法a. 表示到現(xiàn)在為止剛剛完成的動(dòng)作。He has bought a new car recently, 他最近買(mǎi)了部新車(chē)。I haven't heard from Jane lately.我最近沒(méi)收到簡(jiǎn)的信。注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中常用狀語(yǔ)：already(已經(jīng))，yet(還，尚，仍然)，just(剛剛)，now(現(xiàn)在)，recentl

35、y(近來(lái))，lately(最近)，today(今天)，this week(本周)，this morning(今天早上)，this afternoon(今天下午)等。b. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和ever(曾經(jīng))，never(未曾)；be fore(以前)；in one's life(在一生當(dāng)中)；once(一度)；twice(兩次)，several times(幾次)等副詞連用。如：Have you ever studied Greek?你曾學(xué)過(guò)希臘語(yǔ)嗎?No, I have never studied Greek.沒(méi)有，我從來(lái)沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)希臘語(yǔ)。Yes, I have been there seve

36、ral times.是的，我到過(guò)那兒幾次。C. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的動(dòng)詞可以表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常用for，since或how long(多久)連用。如：I have collected coins for many years.我收集硬幣有很多年了。George has been in business since he finished college.喬治自完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)之后就經(jīng)商。I have studied English since 1975.我從1975年起就學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。d. 表過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其結(jié)果影響或持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：He has eaten nothing tod

37、ay.他今天什么都沒(méi)吃。(他現(xiàn)在一定很餓)I have learned the lesson by heart.我已熟記下這一課。(我現(xiàn)在可以背誦了)I have lost my watch. I lost my watch and I have no watch now. 我手表丟了。(我現(xiàn)在仍舊沒(méi)有手表)(3). 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法要注意：a. 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表“繼續(xù)”的概念時(shí)，只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，必須用時(shí)要做一定的變化。如：他父親去世多年了。誤His father has died for ages.正His father died

38、 ages ago.正His father has been dead for ages.正It is ages since his father died.正It has been ages since his father died.我們多年沒(méi)來(lái)這里了。誤We haven't come here for many years.正We haven't been here for many years.正It is/has been many years since we came here.他們相愛(ài)已經(jīng)好多年了。誤They have fallen in love with o

39、ne another for years.正They have been in love with one another for years.正They fell in love with one another years ago.正It's years since they fell in love with one another.常見(jiàn)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有：drink喝                  &

40、#160;      eat吃                                  fly飛have有        

41、0;                keep保持                            know知道lie躺著    

42、60;                    live住                             

43、60;   play玩rain下雨                       read讀                      

44、60;         run跑sing唱                          sleep睡覺(jué)             

45、60;             smoke抽煙snow下雪                     stand站              

46、                talk說(shuō)wait等                          walk走       &

47、#160;                       wear穿work工作                     exist存在    

48、;                        possess/own擁有部分相互替代的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞買(mǎi)buyhave                 借borrowskeep到達(dá)arrivesta

49、y           得知learnknow穿put onhave on/wear       放置putlay結(jié)婚marrybe married 認(rèn)識(shí)get to knowknow回來(lái)come backbe back     離開(kāi)leavebe away站起stand upstand     坐下sit downsit生病fall illbe ill&#

50、160;          死亡diebe dead關(guān)閉turn offbe off     打開(kāi)turn onbe on起床get upbe up        動(dòng)身leave forbe off變成becomebe           返回returnbe back開(kāi)始beginbe on

51、60;         認(rèn)出recognizeknow睡覺(jué)go to bedsleep來(lái)/去come/gobe in/away參加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to seepbe asleep到達(dá)get to/arrive in/arrive at/reachbe in10個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞巧記開(kāi)始離去，借來(lái)還，參加人死，買(mǎi)到家。注：“開(kāi)始離去，借來(lái)還”為begin, leave, go, borrow, come, return 6詞。

52、“參加人死,買(mǎi)到家”為join, die, buy, arrive 4詞。b. 由if, when, before, after, as soon as等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，以現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：He will return the book as soon as he has done with it. 他一看完那本書(shū)，就會(huì)還的。c. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如ago, yesterday, last year, at that time, then及when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句等。d. have gone to與have been to的區(qū)別have gone

53、to表示“到某地去了”，因此人可能還在路上，也可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)，但一定不在說(shuō)話者這里。have been to表示“去過(guò)某地”，顯然是回來(lái)之后再談?wù)撊ミ^(guò)某地的情況。Mary has gone to the library.瑪麗去圖書(shū)館了。(現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)回來(lái))Mary has been to Hong Kong.瑪麗去過(guò)香港。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái))(4). 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別a. 一 般過(guò)去時(shí)所表示的一個(gè)或一段過(guò)去時(shí)間，是可以具體確定的，與其他時(shí)間沒(méi)有牽連；它所表示的事情純屑過(guò)去，與現(xiàn)在情況沒(méi)有關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的事情發(fā)生 在不能具體指出的過(guò)去某個(gè)或某段時(shí)間，它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，是過(guò)

54、去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響，或一直持續(xù)著。Did you go to Canada last year?你去年去加拿大了嗎?(表示去年發(fā)生的行為)Have you been to Canada? 你去過(guò)加拿大嗎?(表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的行為，但問(wèn)現(xiàn)在的情況，即你對(duì)那里了解多少)b. 有確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用，但不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的是在一定意義上與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)系的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I learned Java language at college.上大學(xué)時(shí)我學(xué)過(guò)Java語(yǔ)言。(這是上大學(xué)時(shí)的行為，強(qiáng)調(diào)這一行為發(fā)生在大學(xué)期間)I have learned

55、Java language. 我學(xué)過(guò)Java語(yǔ)言。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我學(xué)過(guò)，有能力，能勝任某些工作，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的行為)I have been to Japan twice. 我去過(guò)日本兩次。(說(shuō)明體驗(yàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我對(duì)日本了解)She has gone to Japan. 她去日本了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，她不在這兒)She went to Japan last week. 她上周去日本了。He bought a house ten years ago. 10年前他買(mǎi)了棟房子。(現(xiàn)在是否還擁有那棟房子就說(shuō)不定了)He has bought a house. 他已經(jīng)買(mǎi)了一棟房子。(到說(shuō)話的時(shí)候他仍然擁有那

56、揀房子) 鞏固提升6 例1 Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A. works      B. is working      C. has worked      D. worked點(diǎn)撥： C 下劃線處要表示現(xiàn)在廣受歡迎的Danny從過(guò)去至今一直為實(shí)現(xiàn)具夢(mèng)想努力工作，選用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)最為貼切。 例2 The country life

57、 he was used to _ greatly sincel992. (2005山東)A. change    B. has changed    C. changing    D. have changed點(diǎn)撥： B 本題中be used to的賓語(yǔ)為the country life(考生很容易誤選A或C，誤解為be used to doing或be used to do), he was used to為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the country life，下劃線處應(yīng)為主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。因主語(yǔ)為the c

58、ountry life，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)選用has changed。 例3 We _ our new neighbors yet, so we don't know their names.A. don't meet     B. won't meet     C. haven't met    D. hadn't met點(diǎn)撥： C題眼是yet這個(gè)單詞，是完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞之一，并且題干中提到“現(xiàn)在不知道他們的名字”，所以應(yīng)選用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

59、 7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式：had+過(guò)去分詞(2). 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法a. 在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前完成或在過(guò)去另一動(dòng)作之前所完成的動(dòng)作。如：She had learned English before she came to England.她在來(lái)英國(guó)以前已學(xué)過(guò)英文了。I went there at the time agreed upon, but they had already disappeared. 我在約好的時(shí)間去那里，但是他們?cè)缫焉⑷チ?。I asked him if he had ever seen a whale blowing.我問(wèn)他是否看過(guò)鯨噴水。b. 表過(guò)

60、去某時(shí)之前的動(dòng)作，已經(jīng)延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間，常與for, since連用。如：He had been ill for a week when he sent to the hospital.當(dāng)他被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院就醫(yī)的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)病了一個(gè)星期了。I was much grieved at his death; we had been good friends since our childhood. 聽(tīng)說(shuō)他死了我很悲傷，我們從小就是好朋友。C. 表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計(jì)劃。常用的動(dòng)詞有hope, expect, suppose, intend, mean, think, want, plan, imagin

61、e等。如：I had hoped to pass the examination.我曾希望能通過(guò)考試。(可是未通過(guò))She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plan. 她本來(lái)想來(lái)看我們，但惡劣的天氣使她改變了計(jì)劃。I had intended(meant)to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本來(lái)打算去拜訪你的，但因故沒(méi)去成。巧記withspem有些動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧記其首字母組成的“w

62、ithspem”，代表：wish, in tend, think, hope, suppose, plan, expect, mean。(3). 過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法4注意a. no sooner than, hardly when(before), scarcely when(before)等結(jié)構(gòu)中常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，當(dāng)no sooner等用在句首時(shí)語(yǔ)序用倒裝。如：No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain.Hardly had he reached home when it began to rain.Scarcely had he re

63、ached home when it began to rain.他剛到家，天就開(kāi)始下雨。b. 敘述歷史事件時(shí)，不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，只用過(guò)去時(shí)。如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 老師告訴我們，哥倫布于1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲。c. 由before或after引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中，因before和after已表示出時(shí)間先后，所以可用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作早已完成。比較：The train started just before I reached the station.我到火車(chē)站時(shí)，火車(chē)剛

64、開(kāi)走。The train had gone when I arrived at the station.當(dāng)我到達(dá)車(chē)站，火車(chē)早已開(kāi)走。d. 常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by the end of last week到上周末為止since he left自他離開(kāi)以來(lái)by that tine到那時(shí)為止before that year那年以前l(fā)ong before很久以前before I arrived在我到達(dá)之前when I arrived在我到達(dá)時(shí) 鞏固提升7 例1John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spen

65、t $3,000 more than he _ for the wedding.A. will plan     B. has planned     C. would plan     D. had planned點(diǎn)撥： D 應(yīng)選用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示“婚禮之前的計(jì)劃”這一“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”的活動(dòng)。 例2 They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two

66、years.A. didn't speak      B. hadn't spokenC. haven't spoken    D. haven't been speaking點(diǎn)撥： B 題干的句子表示“到他們?cè)俅巫優(yōu)榕笥涯翘鞛橹?，他們幾乎兩年沒(méi)有說(shuō)過(guò)話”，這里的“沒(méi)有說(shuō)過(guò)活”發(fā)生于“那天他們?cè)俅巫優(yōu)榕笥选边@一過(guò)去行為的過(guò)去，下劃線處應(yīng)選用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。8、 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(1). 過(guò)去將來(lái)式的形式a. should或would+動(dòng)詞原形b. was/were + going + to d

67、oC. was/were(+about)+to do(2). 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法a. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或的狀態(tài)。如：I told him I would see him off at the station.我跟他說(shuō)，我會(huì)到車(chē)站去給他送行。注意：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般只用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：He told me that I should succeed. 他說(shuō)我合成功。He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.他說(shuō)他要到上海度假。b. was/were + going + to do的用法表示過(guò)去曾經(jīng)打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的動(dòng)作。如：

68、They were going to have a meeting.他們?cè)?jīng)打算開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的或很有可能發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I thought it was going to raid. 那時(shí)我以為要下雨了。C. was/were(about)+to do的用法The foreign diplomats were to see the President. The White House was busy making preparations. 外國(guó)使節(jié)將要拜見(jiàn)總統(tǒng)，整個(gè)白宮都忙著做準(zhǔn)備。I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.我剛要出去，這時(shí)來(lái)了一個(gè)朋友。 鞏固提升8例1