考研英語chapter3 名詞

1、Chapter 3 名詞名詞By Nancy Tu概念概念v 名詞名詞是人類認識事物所使用的基本詞匯，是表示人、物、地點以及抽象概念的名稱的詞。v名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞 抽象名詞物質名詞The Yellow RivercabarmyhonestywaterHemingwaycomputerpolicesilencewindThe CIAsisterfamilyloveglass名詞的數(shù)：名詞的數(shù)： 1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或或-es

2、 規(guī)則 例詞 1 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe結尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-e

3、s party-parties, family-families, story-stories規(guī)則 例詞 5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 7以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-

4、autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 8以-th結尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復數(shù)相同shee

5、p, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin3只有復數(shù)形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses 4一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù) people, police 5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員） class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public規(guī)則例詞6復數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers

6、(文件報紙), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese葡萄牙人, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 規(guī)則例詞8合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on旁觀者, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

7、無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches秒表將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) women singers, men servants 指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：v They bought a number of new furnitures at a market yesterday.v He has few experiences in doing business.v Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks.v He has

8、a lot of first-hand informations.v She has two fruits after each meal in order to keep fit.v I wish I could give you many advices.v She does several part-time works in order to earn her tuition.v There are more than 30 peoples in the meeting room.v Jack wants to gain as many knowledges as possible a

9、t university.v Measles 麻疹 are an infectious disease.指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正： 名詞的所有格名詞的所有格v名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。有格。v所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是構成，二是由介詞由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。后者多表示無生命的東西。vof所有格的用法：所有格的用法： 用于無生命的東西：用于無生命的東西：the legs of th

10、e chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 單數(shù)名詞在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo復數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother 不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加s the childrens toys, wome

11、ns rights 以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncless所有格的用法：所有格的用法：v 表示時間t

12、odays newspaper, five weeks holiday v 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branchesv 3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industryv 4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victoryv 5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of applesv 6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the lifes ti

13、me, the plays plotv 7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)s屬格的常見習語屬格的常見習語va birds-eye view 鳥瞰 We can obtain a birds-eye view of the city from the top of this building.va wolf in sheeps clothing 披著羊皮的狼；口蜜腹劍的人 Be on guard against him. He is a wolf in sheeps clothing.v at a mom

14、ents notice 一經(jīng)通知，立即 Well start at a moments notice.v at a snails pace 爬行地；緩慢地 If we walk at a snails pace like this, it will take us a long time to get there.v at ones wits end 智窮計盡；不知所措；山窮水盡 Finding himself at his wits end, Richard went to his friends for advice.v at deaths door 面臨死亡；生命危在旦夕 Jim was

15、 literally at deaths door, but modern surgery and medicine gave him a new lease of life.v at swords points 處于劍拔弩張的緊張狀態(tài) It happened at the height of the quarrel when the two groups were at swords points. 這事發(fā)生在雙方劍拔弩張、爭論最激烈的時候。v by a hairs breadth 差一點兒；一發(fā)之差 The car missed hitting the boy by a hairs bre

16、adth.v have sth. at ones fingers ends/ tips 對某事了如指掌；熟悉某事 You had better ask David he has got the whole subject at his fingers tips. v in ones minds eye 在想象中；在心目中 In my minds eye I saw again my parents who had died years before.v keep sb. at arms length 對某人保持距離；對某人不予親近 Keep Mrs. Jones at arms length;

17、 she is a gossip.v make a cats paw of sb. 利用某人 He is not a true friend. He is only making a cats paw of you.v out of harms way 避免受損害 Always try to keep out of harms way.v reach ones journeys end 到達旅行目的地 When we reached our journeys end, we rested.vto ones hearts content 盡情地；痛痛快快地 Everyone danced to

18、his hearts content at the party.v within a stones throw of 在投石可及的距離內；在附近 Our headmaster lives within a stones throw of the school.of所有格與所有格與s所有格的比較與應用所有格的比較與應用v在許多情況下，表示人、動物、集體、時間、機構、組織等的名詞都可以用of 代替s the sunshine of autumn = autumns sunshine the governments decision = the decision of the governmentv

19、在表示類別時,s一般不能用of代替 mens suits a doctors degree childrens booksv表示同位關系時，一般只用of the City of Beijing the State of Californiav在表示領屬關系時，s和of功能類似，但of的使用范圍要廣泛得多 the room of the boys the genealogy of the family 所有者為人或代表人的專有名詞或動物時，最好用s: Jerrys car the tigers denv表示無生命的東西一般有of the future of the world the windo

20、w of the housev后跟定語的名詞要用of所有格 the success of John who used to be her boyfriend the proposals of the workers from the steel plantsvthe + adj.等表示一類人或物的名詞要用of the education of the young the mystery of the unknownv表示較低級的動物要用of the wings of the fly the head of the antv含有一系列名詞時要用of a friend of Jim, Jack a

21、nd Harry the customs of Japan or Englandv表示強調用of the plays of Shakespeare the glory and dream of the empirev在某些固定詞組中，要用of instead of him, in face of it, in the middle of itv一些習語中的一些習語中的s不能用不能用of替代替代 at the deaths door out of harms wayvof所有格可以表示某種感情色彩所有格可以表示某種感情色彩 I will beak the neck of you. I dont

22、like the air of him.v如果被修飾的名詞與其同位語中間有逗號隔開，則必須用s Jims father, an oil worker, retired last month. Henrys sister, a famous scholar, has gone on a tour to America.v在標題類的文字中，多用s Pride in Fathers Voicev在表示季節(jié)時，人們習慣用s a winters day a summers eveningvof所有格與形容詞性物主代詞表示不同含義 at the back of her at her backv Im go

23、ing away for a holiday of a week.v Jack is a friend of me.v The poors terrible living conditions are of great concern to the public.v We had a view of a birds eye of the action from the roof.v Have you read the newspaper of today?指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：v His English is as fluent as his mom.v It

24、s 25 minutes walk from my home to the university.v I bring my laptop with me wherever I go for conveniences sake.v How do you like the books red cover?v The citys occupation by the enemy in 1865 has been a shame to the whole country.指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：指出下列各句中的錯誤并改正：名詞的性名詞的性v名詞的性分為：陽性、陰性、中性、通性v陽性：男性或雄性動物v

25、陰性：女性或雌性動物v中性：無生命物，性別不詳?shù)膭游锘驄牒?，抽象概念v通性：沒有性的區(qū)分，只有一個共同形式v指出下列名詞的性：vcock, daughter, cow, father, parent, child, son, hen, bull, chicken, person, ox 名詞作定語名詞作定語 P85v單數(shù)名詞作定語： power politics, eye drops, welcome party, credit card, income tax, power plant, identity cardv復數(shù)名詞作定語： arms depot, machines hall, ca

26、reers guide, parks department, customs officer, courses committeev單復數(shù)都可： textile(s) industry, bird(s) nest, a wage(s) agreementv數(shù)詞+名詞單數(shù)作定語： a three-act play, an eight-hour day, a five-year planv數(shù)詞+名詞復數(shù)+形容詞作定語 her six-years-dead husband a four-hundred-feet-high buildingv數(shù)詞+year+old 或 數(shù)詞+mile+long a s

27、even-year-old girl a 20-mile-long journeyv名詞作定語和形容詞作定語的區(qū)別： gold ring golden ring silver cup silvery hair heart disease hearty welcome stone house stony heart snow mountain snowy table-clothPut into English:v茶話會茶話會v背誦比賽背誦比賽v小組討論小組討論v無線電通訊無線電通訊v煉油廠煉油廠v電話薄電話薄v通訊社通訊社v彩色電視機彩色電視機v勞動保護勞動保護v書市書市v唱片音樂會唱片音樂會v

28、強權政治強權政治v精密儀器精密儀器v語言實驗室語言實驗室v相片冊相片冊v鋼琴協(xié)奏曲鋼琴協(xié)奏曲v腦科專家腦科專家v緊急措施緊急措施Comprehensive Exercisesv Niagara Falls is a great tourist _, drawing millions of visitors every year. (CET-4)v A. attention B. attraction v C. appointment D. arrangementv _ crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but

29、the stone is durable in a dry atmosphere. (TOFEL) A. The surface of marbles is B. The surface of marble, which C. Although the surface of marble D. The surface of marble v The clothes a person wears may express his _ or social position. (CET-4) A. curiosity B. status C. determination D. significance

30、v Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an _ for breaking the law. (CET-4) A. excuse B. intention C. option D. approvalv It is generally known that New York is a city for _ and a center for odd bits of information. (CET-6) A. veterans B. victims C. pedestrians D. eccentricsv A lot of ants are

31、 always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough _. (CET-4) A. nuisance B. trouble C. worry D. anxietyv He has _.A. the degree of a doctor B. a degree of the doctorC. a doctors degree D. a doctors degreev Mr. Smith is _ friend.v A. my fathers and my mothers v B. my fathers and mothersv C. fathers an

32、d mothers v D. my father and mothersv My _ house is just around the corner from ours.v A. father-in-laws B. the father-in-lawsv C. fathers-in-law D. father-ins-lawv The chief function of _ is to gain equal rights for women.v A. the Women Society B. the Womans Societyv C. the Womens Society D. the Wo

33、mens SocietyHomeworkv 寫出相應的英語v 學科類：v 物理學 力學 光學 電學 電子學 聲學 經(jīng)濟學v 倫理學 語言學 政治學 古典文學 數(shù)學 統(tǒng)計學v 信息學 語音學 體育學 體操 軍后勤學v 疾病類：v 糖尿病 軟骨病 麻疹 腮腺炎 帶狀皰疹 靜脈炎 v 關節(jié)炎 闌尾炎 心肌炎 胃炎 結腸炎 痔瘡 鼻炎 v 咽喉炎 牙周炎 牙齦炎 支氣管炎 肝炎v 一些運動、游戲類：v 雜技 臺球 滾木球戲 跳棋 擲鏢游戲 壁球 v 多米諾骨牌 九柱球戲 玩紙牌 擲骰子賭博v 成雙搭對的用具、服裝類:v 眼鏡 剪刀 指甲剪 鉗子 鑷子 火鉗、卷發(fā)鉗v 大剪刀 雙筒望遠鏡 背帶 睡服 牛

34、仔褲 褲子v 襯褲 便褲、寬松褲 緊身褲 太陽眼鏡 短褲v 游泳褲 三角褲 馬褲HomeworkPut into Chineseventrance examinationvarms racevautomobile industryvheart troublevtime allocationvalarm clockvlife historyvtable tennis tournamentvpassenger aircraftvnews reelvspace flightveye specialistvearth satellitevsummit conferencevcomputer progr

35、amvhouse arrestvmoney ordervvariety showGive the plural forms of the following nouns:v baby, branch, tax, city, mouse, bush, place, inch, cat, roof, tooth, phenomenon, goose, dish, lake, prince, ox, mass, butterfly, handkerchief, success, holiday, house, knife, map, shelf, piano, glass, tomato, hero, month, mouth, bridge, brother-in-law, gentleman, commander-in-chief, grown-up, woman worker, basis, analysis, i