考研英語習(xí)題及答案解析

1、研究生入學(xué)考試英語二真題及參考答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirectionsReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.110points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

2、Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesy

3、stemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.Theapproachc

4、ontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andb

5、right“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa_13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration'splanhas16p

6、rivacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive'slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.Schmidtwould

7、stillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1. AsweptBskippedCwalkedDridden2. AforBwithinCwhileDthough3.AcarelessBlawlessCpointlessDhelpless4.AreasonBreminderCcompromiseDproposal5.Ainfo

8、rmationBinterferenceCentertainmentDequivalent6.AbyBintoCfromDover7.AlinkedBdirectedCchainedDcompared8.AdismissBdiscoverCcreateDimprove9.ArecallBsuggestCselectDrealize10.AreleasedBissuedCdistributedDdelivered11.AcarryonBlingeronCsetinDlogin12.AInvainBIneffectCInreturnDIncontrast13.AtrustedBmodernized

9、CthrivingDcompeting14.AcautionBdelightCconfidenceDpatience15.AonBafterCbeyondDacross16.AdividedBdisappointedCprotectedDunited17.AfrequentlyBincidentallyCoccasionallyDeventually18.AskepticismBtoleranceCindifferenceDenthusiasm19.AmanageableBdefendableCvulnerableDinvisible20.AinvitedBappointedCallowedD

10、forced答案解析：15ACBDD610BACCB1115DBACA1620ADACDSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.1(40points)Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebeca

11、mepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboa

12、rd.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfallin

13、g,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfo

14、rdepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,

15、andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.But

16、theresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutside

17、directorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21. AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.A gainingexcessiveprofitsB failingtofulfillherdutyC refusingtomakecompromisesD leavingtheboardintoughtimes22. WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobeA generous

18、investorsB unbiasedexecutivesC sharepriceforecastersD independentadvisers23. AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.A becomemorestableB reportincreasedearningsC dolesswellinthestockmarketD performworseinlawsuits24. Itcanbeinferredfr

19、omthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.A maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirmB haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirmC areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirmD willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm25. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD critic

20、alText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewsp

21、apers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry

22、,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerprodu

23、cts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualinth

24、eirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcent

25、ratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26. Bysaying“Newspapersliketheirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),

26、theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.A neglectedthesignofcrisisB failedtogetstatesubsidiesC werenotcharitablecorporationsD wereinadesperatesituation27. SomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecauseA readersthreatenedtopaylessB newspaperswantedtoreducecostsC journalistsreportedlittleaboutth

27、eseareasD subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts28. ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.A havemoresourcesofrevenueB havemorebalancednewsroomsC arelessdependentonadvertisingD arelessaffectedbyreadership29. Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutt

28、hecurrentnewspaperbusiness?A Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.B Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.C Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.D Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30. Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.A AmericanNewspapers:Str

29、ugglingforSurvivalB AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWindC AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusinessD AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatth

30、emarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlya

31、stimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“l(fā)essismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.Thesedesignerscametoexe

32、rtenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgran

33、tedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thant

34、hoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings'detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWr

35、ightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninflue

36、nceonthe“l(fā)essismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,RalpheverydaylifefewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31. Thepostwa

37、rAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans'A prosperityandgrowthB efficiencyandpracticalityC restraintandconfidenceD prideandfaithfulness32. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?A ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.B ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.C MostA

38、mericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.D IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.33. Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.A wasrelatedtolargespaceB wasidentifiedwithemptinessC wasnotreliantonabundantdecorationD wasnotassociatedwithefficiency34. WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingCh

39、icago'sLakeShoreDrive?A Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.B Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.C Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.D Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.35. Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?A Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.B Naturalscen

40、esweretakenintoconsiderationC Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.D Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject'sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowerg

41、rowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone'seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluatio

42、n.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope'ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone'sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcom

43、petitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry'svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomth

44、ereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmoneta

45、rypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorl

46、abourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharp

47、estedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.36. TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.A ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarketsB evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcernedC someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuroD itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37. ThedebateovertheEU'ssinglecurrencyisstuckbec

48、ausethedominantpowersA arecompetingfortheleadingpositionB arebusyhandlingtheirowncrisesC failtoreachanagreementonharmonizationD disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38. Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.A EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreasedB stricterregulationsbeimposedC onlycoremembersbeinvo

49、lvedineconomicco-ordinationD votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed39. TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat.ApoorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfundsBstrictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountriesCloanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountriesDrichcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds40. Regar

50、dingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopeful答案解析：Text121. A。細節(jié)題：原文第1段，倒數(shù)第3行的howcould？直接提到了bonuspayouts就是說profits。22. C。細節(jié)題：原文中出現(xiàn)outsidedirectors有幾處，helpfulbutlessbiasedadvisor，但是B選項用的是executive,拼湊答案，D選項也是一樣。最后一句weatheredtheirowncrises對應(yīng)forecasters。23. C。細節(jié)題：原文是若

51、干個并列，stockislikelytoperformworse對應(yīng)答案，迷惑選項是B,但是主語不一致20%是probability不是earnings。24. A。推理題：原文對應(yīng)firmswhowantto.說想留住outsidedirector就是增加incentive。25. B。態(tài)度題：文章各個段落都說outsidedirector的方面。因此是positive。Text226. D。定義題：根據(jù)上下文猜句子的含義，后句American.savenewspaper中出現(xiàn)了save說明前面的觀點一定是不好的才save，因此選Do27. B.推理題：定位處前一句是readersarepa

52、yingmoreforslimmernewspaper.因此說明人們多付錢，報紙很薄，節(jié)約成本，定位處有even表示并列，說明前后的原因一致都是成本問題。28. C。推理題：日本美國原文用了對比的方法說廣告占得比例不一樣，因此問題是廣告收入來源。29. D。推理題：A選項中有essential,文章中是說distinctiveness重要而非必要，有問題，D選項是文章中carsandfilmreviewershavegone.說明由于報紙沒有吸引力而失去讀者。30. A。主旨題：文章分析美國報紙出現(xiàn)的問題，說明要挽救。Text331. C。纟田節(jié)題：原文restraint,incombinat

53、ionwiththepostwarconfidence對應(yīng)。32. D。推理題：定位是Bauhaus，對應(yīng)選項與原文，只有D對。33. C。纟纟節(jié)題：原文elegancedidnotderivefromabundance。34. D。細節(jié)題：原文But后有thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractart。35. B。推理題：原文Aestheticeffectcameformthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing。Text436. B。推理題：第一段But后說cheerleader覺得EU有debt,de

54、cline和lowergrowth。37. D。推理題：三段論德法對歐元區(qū)和諧上達成一致但如何和諧有分歧。38. B。細節(jié)題：原文對應(yīng)bystricterruleson.。39. A。推理題：原文對應(yīng)asystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobonds.40. D。態(tài)度題：文章最后總結(jié)認為EU是world'slargesttradingblock.最后一句itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpes

55、tedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign者B是說EU正面的信息。PartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdo

56、ctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernment'sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose"fattaxes"onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentslastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegove

57、rnmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald's.TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain'saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorT