文體學(xué)正文分析

1、哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文摘要文體分析是建立在語言描寫基礎(chǔ)之上的。語言描寫在特定社會情境中所產(chǎn)生的表達(dá)效果和交際功能是通過特定的語音、詞匯、句法特征和語義結(jié)構(gòu)予以體現(xiàn)的。演講作為公眾場合的一種活動(dòng)，其語言的應(yīng)用決定了一場演講的成敗。演講的語言風(fēng)格較為正式，但是為了能使一場演講成功，其語言風(fēng)格不能太僵硬也不能太親密。本文語音、詞匯、句法這個(gè)方面來分析美國總統(tǒng)尼克松在一場宴會的演講。旨在通過研究這次演講的內(nèi)容總結(jié)出演講的語言特征，從而為各界人士在準(zhǔn)備演講時(shí)提供參考。TContents1 Introduction32 TheoreticalFoundation42.1 Thedefinationofst

2、ylistics42.2 Thelinguisticfeaturesofstylistic63 IntroductiontoPublicspeaking83.1 IntroductiontoPublishspeaking83.2 .Thefeatureofpublicspeaking84 StylisticAnalysisofpublicspeaking94.1 AnalysisofpublicspeakingattheSyntacticLevel94.2 AnalysisofpublicspeakingattheLexicalLevel114.3 Analysisofthepoematthe

3、phonologicalLevel13Conclusion16哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文1 IntroductionPublicspeakingutilizesavarietyoflanguagewhichisdirectedtowardsaspecificeventortopic.Initsbroadsense,publicspeakingincludesmanytypessuchasreli-gioussermons,lecturesatuniversities,politicalspeechesdeliveredatpublicmeetings,radioandTVtalksetc.Init

4、snarrowsense,publicspeakingonlyreferstothespeechmadeatpublicmeetings.Hereafter,inthisessay,publicspeakingisaccordinglydiscussedinitsnarrowsense.Forthesakeofconvenience,publicspeakingandpublicspeechareroughlyusedinterchangeably.Asanexample,Iwilltake“TheSpeech-dbynPNixonoftheUnitedStatesattheWelcoming

5、Ban-quet”(deliveredonFe.21,1972onhisfirstvisittoChina)tostudyitssyntax,vocabulary,phonologyandtherhetoricaldevice。2 TheoreticalFoundation2.1 ThedefinationofstylisticsStylisticisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningmanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietieso

6、flanguageatdifferentlevels.2哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文2.2 Thelinguisticfeaturesofstylistic2.2.1 ThePhonologicalfeaturePhonologyisusedinthisbooktorefertothesystemofspeechsoundsinlanguage,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:elision,theomissionofasoundorsoundsinspeech;soundsymbolism,thesymbolicmeaningofsounds;soundpatte

7、rning,thematchingofidenticalorsimilarsoundsbetweentwoormorewords;rhyme,therepetitionofidenticalendsounds;rhythm,theflowofsoundsandtheirriseandfall,andtheiraccentsandpauses;pause,briefinterruptionofthearticulatoryprocesswhichincludessilentpause-silentbreaksbetweenwords,andfilledpausegaps,whicharefill

8、edbysuchexpressionsasum,er,ah;stress:thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables;tempo,thespeedofspeaking;intonationpatterns,patternsofutteranceusuallyexpressedbyvariationsinpitch,loudness,syllablelength,andspeechrhythm;alliteration,therepetitionofaninitialsoundi

9、ntwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether;assonance,therepetitionofinternalvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords;consonance,partialortotalidentityofconsonantsinsuccessivewordsorsyllableswhosemanvowelsdiffer;onomatopoeia,wordscontainingsoundssimilartothenoisestheydescribe;pitch,therelativeheightofspeechsoundsaspe

10、rceivedbyalistener.2.2.2 TheGraphologicalfeatureGraphologyisusedinthisbooktorefertothewritingforms,andthesignsusedinatext,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:punctuation,theuseofpunctuationmarks;capitalization,theuseofcapitalletters;paragraphing,thewayinwhichatextisdividedintoparagraphs;italics,wordsle

11、aningtotheright;formatofprinting,thegeneralarrangementoftheprintingforms;graphicsigns,sizeorshapeofletters,tables,pictures,diagrams,drawings,typestyle,etc;spelling:normalordeliberatemisspelling.2.2.3 TheLexicalfeature哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文Lexisisusedinthisbooktorefertothechoiceofwords,whichincludesthefollowing

12、aspects:generalorspecific(superordinateorsubordinate;Anglo-SaxonorLatinate;conceptualorassociative(denotativeorconnotative);monosyllabicorpolysyllabic;descriptiveorevaluative;formalorinformal;standardornon-standard;dynamicorstatic;vulgaroreuphemistic;favorableorunfavorable;Archaicorneologism;commono

13、rrare;abstractorconcrete.2.2.4 TheSyntacticfeatureSyntaxisusedinthisbooktorefertorulesfororderingandconnectingwordsintosentences.Thesyntacticcategoriesincludethefollowingaspects:sentencetypesimpleormultiple,majororminor,periodicorloose,etc;sentencelength,innumberofwords;sentencecomplexity;coordinati

14、on/subordination/parataxis;nounphrases;clausetypes,SV,SVA,SVO,SVOA,SVC,SVOO,SVOC,finite/nonfinite,verbless,independent/dependent;phrasetypes,NP,VP,AdjP,AdvP,PrepP;grammaticalconstructions,comparativeorsuperlative,coordinativeorcataloguing,parenthetical,etc;wordorder,normalorinverted,etc;tenses,thepr

15、evailingtense,simpleorcomplicate,etc;voices,activeorpassive;grammaticality,grammaticalornongrammatical.2.2.5 SemanticfeatureSemanticsisusedinthisbooktorefertothemeaningofwords,expressions,etc,andbywhatmeansthemeaningisconveyedfromtheaddressertotheaddressee.Here,ourconcernismainlytherhetoricaldevices

16、,especiallyfiguresofspeech,whichcanberoughlydividedintoeighttypes:figuresofcomparison,figuresofreplacement,figuresofrepetition,figuresofcontrast/juxtaposition,figuresofdoublemeaning,figuresofreversemeaning,figuresofresemblance,figuresofomission.3.1 ntroductiontoPublicspeaking3.1 IntroductiontoPublic

17、speaking哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文Publicspeakingutilizesavarietyoflanguagewhichisdirectedtowardsaspecificeventortopic.Initsbroadsense,publicspeakingincludesmanytypessuchasreli-gioussermons,lecturesatuniversities,politicalspeechesdeliveredatpublicmeetings,radioandTVtalksetc3.2 ThefeatureofpublicspeakingPubicspeakin

18、ghassyntactic,lexical,phonologicalandrhetoricalfeatures.Thestylisticfeaturesofpublicspeakingcanbesummarizedasfollows:Thelanguageusedinpublicspeakingisformal.Publicspeakingrequiresthatthelanguageandstylebestan-dardandneithertoofrozennortoointimate.Theuseofrhetoricdevicesmakesaspeecheffectiveandconvin

19、cing.4.StylisticAnalysisofpublicspeakig4.1AnalysisofpublicspeakigattheSyntacticLevelComparedwithothervarietiesofEnglish,thelan-guageofpublicspeakingismoreformal.Theseriousnessofthespeaker'sattitudeisrevealedinthisformality.Ontheotherhand,thelanguageusedinpublicspeakingislessformalthanthatoflegal

20、documentsandscientificEnglish.Publicspeakingisavarietythatisbetweenspo-kenlanguageandwrittenlanguage.Aspeechisusuallywrittenbeforehandandthespeakerjustrecitesitfrommemoryoralternativelyreadsthewrittenspeech.Herewecanassumethatthesyntaxofpublicspeakingismorecomplicatedthanthatofconversationandscienti

21、ficEng-lish.Nixon'sspeechconsistsof11paragraphs,32sen-tences,607words.Theaveragenumberofwordsineachparagraphis55.18.Additionally,onaverage,thereare18.97wordsineachsentence.Thelongestsentenceinthisspeechcontains69wordswhiletheshortestcontainsonlythree.Accordingtolinguisticstatistics,theaveragenum

22、berofwordsineachwrittenEnglishsentenceis17.6(WangZuoliang1987:230).Fromthiswecandeducethatinpublicspeeches,thesentencesaresomewhatlongerthantheaverage哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文standard.Inconversation,theav-eragenumberofwordsineachsentenceisbelow10.Table1showsthelengthofsentencesinNixon'sspeech:WordsineachNumbe

23、rofSentenceSentencePercentageLessthan10928.125%10-15825%16-2039.375%21-30721.875%31-4039.375%Morethan4026.25%Total32100%Table1SentencestructureinpublicspeakingisgenerallymorecomplexthanthatinothervarietiesofEnglish.In-completesentencesareverycommoninconversation.Butinpublicspeechessentencesarequitec

24、ompleteandgrammatical.Amongthe32sentencesinNixon'sspeech,17ofthemarecomplexsentenceswhichmakeup53.125%,whilecompoundandcomplex-compoundsen-tencesmakeup15.625%.Simplesentencesmakeup31.125%.Table2showsthesentencestructureinNixon'sspeech.SentenceTypeNumberPercentageSimpleSentence1031.25%Complex

25、Sentence1753.125%Complex-CompoundSentence39.375%Compound26.25%Total32100%Table2Varioustensesareusedinpublicspeaking.Gener-ally,thepresenttenseisthemostcommonform.Theuseofothertensesdependsonwhatthespeakeristalkingabout.Thatistosay,whetherhespeaksaboutthepast,presentorfuture.InNixon'sspeech,there

26、are68verbforms(excludinginfinitives),ofwhich53areinsimplepresenttense.Othertensesareusedlessoftenthanthesimplepresenttense.Table3showsthetensesusedinNixon'sspeech.哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文TensesNumberPercentageSimplePresentTenseSimplePastTensePresentPerfect53477.94%5.88%Tense57.35%PresentContinuousTense11.47%

27、FutureTense57.35%Total68100%Table3Inpublicspeaking,theuseofnominalgroupsisverycomplicated.Thedeterminersareputbothbeforeandaftertheheadwords.Butinthemajorityofcasesthedeterminersareputaftertheheadwords.Thisincreasesthecomplexityofnominalgroups.Forexample,13at-tributiveclausesareusedinNixon'sspee

28、ch.Inpublicspeaking,declarativesentencesareoftenemployed.Thisisbecausethespeakeraimsatimpressingtheaudienceandpersuadingthemtodowhatheadvo-cates.Declarativesentencesarequiteeffectiveforthispurpose.Ofcourse,othersentencetypesarealsoused,suchasimperativesentences,interrogativesentencesandinvertedsente

29、ncesetc.TakeNixon'sspeechasanexam-ple,heusedseveralimperativesentences.Suchas“So,letus,inthesenextfivedays,startalongmarchtogeth-er,notinlockstep,butondifferentroadsleadingtothesamegoal.”InterrogativesentencesarealsousedinNixon'sspeech.Forexample,“Whati;world?”“Whega-cyshallweleaveforourchil

30、dren?”Inversionisalsousedinthisspeech.Forexample,“NeverhaveIheardAmerimusicplayedbetterinaforeignland.”4.2 AnalysisofpublicspeakigattheLexicalLevelVocabularyusedinpublicspeakingisquiteformal.Thelengthofwordsalsoincreases.Consequently,inpublicspeaking,“bigwords"areusedextensively.Forexample,inNi

31、xon'sspeechthereare147wordsthatcon-tainmorethansixletters.Thisconstitutes24.21%ofthetotalnumberofwords.Thereare91wordsthatcontainmorethansevenletters.Thismakesup14.99%ofthetotal.Inconversation,commentaryand哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文advertisement,wordsofmorethan6lettersonlymakeuplessthan20%ofthetotal.(WangZuoli

32、ang1987:235)Obviouslytheratiooflongwordsinpublicspeakingishigherthanthatofothervarietiesmentionedpreviously.Thelongestwordinthisspeechcontains18letters.Anumberofveryfor-malwordsthatseldomappearindailyconversationareemployedinpublicspecking.Justciteafewasanexam-ple,Nixonusedthefollowingwordsinhisspee

33、ch"distinguished,incomparable,hospitality,legacy,magnificent,immeasurably,transcend,compromise,lockstep,plagueetc.”Thuseofthesewordscontributessignificantlytotheformalityofthestyle.Itgivestheaudienceanimpres-sionthatthespeakerisseriousaboutthetopic.Theuseofformalwordsalsomakesthespeakersoundmor

34、econ-vincing.Anothertendencyinthedictionofpublicspeakingisthereplacementofverbswithnounsandthesubstitutionofadjectivesfornouns.Forinstance,thesentence"Atthisverymomentthroughthewonderoftelecommunica-tions”,Thenounphrase“thewonderoftelecommunica-tions,isareplacementoftheadjectivalphrase“wonderfu

35、ltelecommunications”ItisobviousthatabstractwordsarefrequentlyusedinNixon'sspeech.Forexample,“hospitality,frank-ness,difference,greatness”,etc.Theuseofabstractwordsisduetothefactthatthespeakeroftentalksaboutsomeabstractdoctrinesorideals.Theuseofabstractwordsincreasestheformalityofthespeechandmake

36、sthespeechsoundloftyandconvincing.Anotherfeatureofpublicspeakingisthefrequentuseofpersonalpronouns.Thefirstperson,bothsingularformandpluralform,isextensivelyused.Thesecondpersonisalsoveryoftenused.Butthethirdpersonsel-domappearsinpublicspeaking.Duringthecourseofthespeech,thespeakerhastomentionhimsel

37、ffromtimetotime.Itisonlynaturalforhimtouse"I”and"me'."Weor"usareveryhelpfulwordsinpublicinthesarhebstatners,.Toithetspeaking.As“we”includesboththespeakerandthelistenersandtheuseofmoreexact,theuseof“us”indicatesthatthespeakerputshimself“we”and“us”showsclearlythatthespeakerison

38、thesideofhis哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文audience.Thisshortensthedistancebetweenthespeakerandtheaudiencesothatitarousestheaudience'saffirmativefeelingsandsympathet-icresponses.Furthermore,“we”isamildwayofrequestingandcommanding.Thespeakercallsuponhislis-tenersbyusing“we”.InNixon'sspeech,40personalpronounsareu

39、sed."I(me)”,areused34times.Theuseof“we”and“u60%mafkteuptal.4.3 AnalysisofpublicspeakigatthePhonologicalLevelManyphonologicaldevicessuchasprosody,intona-tion,rhyming,assonance,alliterationetc.areemployedinpublicspeakingtointensifytheeffect.Thoughaspeechisdeliveredorally,itdiffersgreatlyfromconve

40、rsa-tion.Allthewordsarespeltandsaidintheircompleteforms.Abbreviationsofwordsandelisionsofsoundsrarelyappearinpublicspeaking.TakeNixon'sspeechasanexample,suchwordsas“wehave,wewill,cannot,letus,thereis"arenotspeltandsaidas"we've,we'lllet's,there's”.Theabsenceofabbreviatio

41、nsandelisionsmaintainstheformalityofstyle.AlliterationisemployedinNixon'sspeechtoachievethebeautyofsound.Forinstance,"Mr.PrimeMinister,Iwishtothankyouforyourverygraciousandeloquentremarks.Atthisverymomentthroughthewon-deroftelecommunications,morepeopleareseeingandhearingwhatwesaythanonanyot

42、hersuchoccasioninthewholehistoryoftheworld.Yet,whatwesayherewillnotbelongremembered.Whatwedoherecanchangetheworld."Inthisshortparagraph,thesound/w/isereieattimes.Whenreadingthespeechwefindthatitisveryrhythmical.Rhythmicspeechiseasytoreadandpleasingtotheears.ThiscanbeeasilyrecognizedinNixon'

43、sspeech.Takethethirdparagraphasanexample,“Asyousaidinyourtoast,theChinesepeopleareagreatpeople,theAmericanpeopleareagreatpeople.Ifourtwopeo-plesareenemiesthefutureofthisworldwesharetogetherisdarkindeed.Butifwecanfindcommon哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)期論文groundtoworktogether,thechanceforworldpeaceisimmeasur-ablyincreased."Thereapleasantrhythminit.Theau-thorofthespeechhasarrangedstressedsyl