第二章全部教案

1、Distress, Urgency and Safety Communications2.1 GMDSS GENERAL PROVISIONS總則為了完善新系統(tǒng)，并且使新的遇險安全系統(tǒng)更為有效， 當時制訂了一系列新規(guī)章， 當時主要體現(xiàn)在ITU“無線電規(guī)則”新九章的制訂。要求：GMDSS船舶， 遵守ITU N IX非GMDSS船舶， 遵守ITU IX規(guī)定了諸如：呼叫程序、頻率、發(fā)射、調制的種類等等。但是， 涉及遇險時有例外情況?！綠lobal Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) was set up to provide an internat

2、ional communications network to assist vessels in distress. All distress communications in the maritime mobile service by radiotelephony, digital selective calling and satellite whether and/or direct printing telegraphy (telex), must be conducted strictly in accordance with the correct procedures. T

3、his ensures that vessels in distress obtain help without delay. Ships equipped for and operating under GMDSS conditions are obliged to comply with chapter N IX of the ITU Radio Regulations. Some provisions of this chapter also apply to the aeronautical mobile service except in the case of special ar

4、rangements between the governments concerned. However, stations of the maritime mobile service when equipped to conform to chapter IX of the ITU Radio Regulations, shall comply with the provisions of that chapter. 】 只要涉及到海上移動業(yè)務， N IX 即可生效： 船對船船對航空器【The procedures specified in chapter N IX of the ITU

5、 Radio Regulations are obligatory in the maritime mobile satellite service and for communications between stations on board aircraft and stations of the maritime mobile satellite service, wherever this service or stations of this service are specifically mentioned. The International Convention for t

6、he Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, prescribes which ships and which of their survival craft shall be provided with radio equipment, and which ships shall carry portable radio equipment for use in survival craft. Although the procedures are obligatory for all stations using communications in the

7、 maritime mobile and maritime mobile satellite service they do allow: (a)Mobile Earth Stations (MESs) in distress to use any means at their disposal to attract attention, make known their position and obtain help;(b)Any stations whether mobile (ship/aircraft) or land stations or coast stations invol

8、ved in search and rescue duties to use, in exceptional circumstances, any means at their disposal to assist a mobile station or a mobile earth station in distress;(c) Any land (or coast station) or LES may use, in exceptional circumstances, any means at their disposal to assist a mobile station or M

9、ES in distress. 】遇險報發(fā)送時的基本要求：【W(wǎng)hen transmitting distress, urgency or safety messages by radiotelephony, transmissions should be made slowly and distinctly with clear pronunciation. The use of the International Code of Signals is recommended, including the use of abbreviations and the phonetic alphab

10、et, particularly in situations where language difficulties exist. Mobile stations may communicate with aircraft for safety purposes, but they must use the approved frequencies and observe the correct procedures. Aircraft which are required by national or international regulations to communicate with

11、 maritime mobile stations for safety purposes must comply with GMDSS provisions. Therefore until the full implementation of GMDSS, they must be able to transmit and receive:(a) Class J3E emissions on carrier frequencies 2182kHz and 4125 kHz; J3E：抑制載波的單邊帶電話(b) Class G3E emissions on Channel 16 VHF an

12、d optionally Channel 6 VHF. G3E：調頻電話 】 2.1.1 Distress frequencies 衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)遇險頻率 地面系統(tǒng) 為了保障遇險通信的可靠性， 在ITU N IX中分配了一系列遇險和安全頻率。特點(地面系統(tǒng))：1） 主要的呼叫方式：數(shù)字選擇性呼叫技術。2） 主要的后續(xù)通信方式：電話、電傳。3） 主要的工作方式：單工單頻【W(wǎng)ithin GMDSS a number of frequencies are specifically allocated for distress communication purposes depending on the

13、communication medium being used. These frequencies should be used by ships, aircraft or survival craft when seeking assistance in the maritime mobile service. They should be used for the distress call and distress traffic and for calls preceded by either the urgency signal or the safety signal. 】 DS

14、C, radiotelephone and telex distress and safety frequencies are listed below.Band DSCRT Telex MF2187.5kHz2182kHz2174.5kHz.HF/4Mhz4207.5kHz4125kHz4177.5kHzHF/6Mhz6312kHz6215kHz6268kHzHF/8Mhz8414.5kHz8291kHz8376.5kHzHF/12Mhz12577kHz12290kHz12520kHzHF/16Mhz16804.5kHz16420kHz16695kHzVHFChannel 70Channel

15、 16 4125KHZ：船和航空器之間的通信頻率 The frequency 4125 kHz may be used by aircraft engaged in search and rescue (SAR) operations for distress/safety communications to stations in the maritime mobile service.2182KHZ：船對船、船對航空器的遇險和安全頻率； 兼作海事移動業(yè)務中的呼叫回答頻率2182 kHz is used as the international distress and safety fre

16、quency and also for international call and reply at the present time. However with the full implementation of GMDSS 2182 kHz is likely to be used exclusively for distress and safety purposes.3023， 5680KH： 航空器電臺和岸基電臺的通信頻率The aeronautical frequencies 3023 kHz and 5680 kHz are used for intercommunicati

17、on purposes between mobile stations and to participating land stations during coordinated SAR operations.2.1.2 Aeronautical frequencies航空器緊急頻率：121.5MHz, 既是航空器的緊急甚高頻無線電話頻率，也是海事移動業(yè)務中衛(wèi)星示位標頻率之一。 2.1.3 GMDSS VHF Channel usageChannel 6 VHF1） 搜救協(xié)調通信：船航空器2） 為了航行安全目的： 船航空器3） 國內船舶： 船舶之間的操縱、避讓，中國沿海或有類似規(guī)定的沿岸航行時

18、必須守聽?！綰sed for communication between ships and aircraft for coordinated SAR operations. May also be used by aircraft to communicate to ships for safety purposes. Channel 13 VHF國際航行船舶：船舶之間的操縱、避讓Used for ship to ship communication relating to safety of navigation. Channel 16 VHF遇險和安全頻率， 兼顧呼叫與回答Used fo

19、r distress and safety traffic on RT, may also be used by aircraft for safety purposes. Channel 70 VHFITU專門分配的VHF-DSC通信頻率Used as a DSC distress and safety calling channel in the maritime mobile service. 】2.1.4 Satellite service衛(wèi)星通信衛(wèi) 星 1.6G 1.5G 4G 6G 陸地地球站船舶地球站 PSDN PSTN15301544 Mhz 下行頻率 常規(guī)、遇險、安全通信15

20、44-1545 Mhz 下行頻率 遇險、安全通信1626.51645.5Mhz行頻率 常規(guī)、遇險、安全通信1645.51646.5Mhz上行頻率 遇險、安全通信2.1.5 Survival craft 救生艇的相關頻率歷史：GMDSS實施以前， 救生艇電臺以MORSE模式， 工作在500KHz和RT模式工作在2182KHz。Survival craft using equipment for emergency radio communication, location or alerting signals have to comply with certain conditions: TW

21、O-WAY VHF：CH16和至少其他另外一個頻率【(a) Where portable VHF RT equipment operating in the allocated band (156-174 MHz) is used, it must be able to transmit and receive on Channel 16 and at least one other channel in this band. 】 SART：9,200MHz-9,500MHz【(b) Radar Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs) transmitti

22、ng locating signals must be able to operate in the frequency band 9200-9500 MHz (3 cm. or X-band). 】 DSC: 甚高頻波段 CH70 高頻 8414.5MHz 中頻 2187.5MHz【(c)Digital selective calling equipment if capable of operating on the indicated bands must be able to transmit on: (i) 2187.5 kHz in the band 1605-2850 kHz;

23、(ii) 8414.5 kHz in the bands 4000-27500 kHz; (iii) Channel 70 VHF in the band 156-174 MHz. 】2.1.6 Protection of distress frequencies頻率的保護【It is imperative（重要） that distress and safety communications maintain the best possible integrity and the distress and safety frequencies are protected from harmf

24、ul interference, harmful interference being interference which puts at risk the operation of safety services or radio navigation services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts any radio communication services. Therefore to protect distress integrity and to prevent harmful interf

25、erence it is absolutely forbidden to broadcast or cause harmful interference by any emissions on any frequency especially those allocated to distress working. 】 例：14 156.7000.05MHz 74 156.725 15 0.05MHz156.7500.05MHz 75 保護頻帶 16 0.05MHz 156.8000.05MHz 76 保護頻帶17 0.05MHz 156.850 77 156.875分析： 伴隨通信技術的發(fā)展

26、，頻道之間的距離允許設置得較小，從最初的0.05MHZ發(fā)展成為0.025MHZ，節(jié)省了大量的頻率資源。但是，為了保證遇險通信的有序進行，CH16信道上下未做擴展，設置為保護頻道，即：156.800+0.025MHZ作為保護頻道。為進一步保護該信道， ITU的“N IX”決定，禁止在156.800+ （0.025X1.5）=156.7625156.8375MHZ2.1.7 Transmitter tests發(fā)射測試【Test transmissions should only be made when absolutely necessary and be kept to a minimum t

27、o avoid harmful interference especially on the distress and safety frequencies. Whenever practicable, artificial aerials （假負載）should be used but where aerials do have to be used tests should be conducted on low power and coordinated with competent authorities. Testing on distress and safety calling

28、frequencies should be avoided. Testing stations must always identify themselves and make it clear they are sending a test transmission. Before making a test operators should listen on the frequency to be used to ensure that no distress or safety communications are in progress. 】2.1.8 GMDSS watch kee

29、ping arrangementsGMDSS 的執(zhí)守2.1.9 Watch keeping: alert callsSome HF coast stations offer a watch facility on the HF DSC safety frequencies for GMDSS sea areas A3 and A4 are As per Regulation 12 of Chapter IV of the Amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention (concerning radio communications for GMDSS), ev

30、ery ship, while at sea, shall maintain a continuous watch: (a) on DSC Channel 70 VHF, if the ship, in accordance with the requirements of regulation 7.1.2 (of the amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention), is fitted with a VHF radio installation; (b) on the distress and safety DSC frequency of 2 187.

31、5 kHz, if the ship, in accordance with the requirements of regulation 9.1.2 or 10.1.3(of the amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention), is fitted with an MF radio installation; (c) on the distress and safety DSC frequencies of 2 187.5 kHz and 8 414.5 kHz and at least one of the other HF DSC frequenci

32、es (4207.5, 6312, 12577 or 16804.5 kHz), the frequency chosen will be appropriate to the ship's position and time of day, if the ship, in accordance with the requirements of regulation 10.2.2 or 11.1 (of the amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention), is fitted with an MF/HF radio installation. Th

33、is watch may be kept by means of a scanning receiver; (d) for satellite shore to ship distress alerts, if the ship, in accordance with the requirements of regulation 10. 1. 1 (of the amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention), is fitted with an INMARSAT MES. 2.1.10Dedicated DSC watch keeping receiver特

34、點： 1） 單頻或多頻守聽2） 自動接收、存盤，產生生光報警3） 編發(fā)簡單的報文， 如遇險、緊急、安全、 常規(guī)等形式4) 可以在單個或多個頻率上滾動發(fā)送報文：重要概念：單頻呼叫嘗試、單頻呼叫嘗試頻率設置：VHF CH70/156.525MHz，為強制接受頻率。 MF 2187.5KHz（遇險、緊急、安全頻率，是強制接收頻率）+2177.0KHZ等（常規(guī)通信頻率）。 HF 8414.5KHz（遇險、緊急、安全頻率，是強制接收頻率）+4M，6M，12M，16M（非強制接受遇險、緊急、安全頻率）+4M，6M，8M，12M，16M，18M，22M, 25M（常規(guī)通信頻率）?！綯his is a sca

35、nning type of receiver which sequentially switches between 2187.5 kHz and 8414.5 kHz(兩個強制接收的遇險、緊急、安全頻率). The receiver is able to detect a special "dot pattern"（點陣） at a particular speed (100 baud) which is sent at the beginning of every DSC call. Should a distress alert be intercepted(截獲)

36、on any band the call will be processed and an audible alarm will sound. When the receiver is connected to an associated DSC controller the incoming call will be displayed. Some types of equipment may have an automatic printer fitted to give a hard copy of any incoming calls. The equipment can be man

37、ually programmed to scan any of the other four remaining HF maritime DSC distress and safety calling frequencies as well as the two frequencies mentioned above. It performs this scanning operation within two seconds before repeating the operation. 】2.2 DISTRESS COMMUNICATIONS遇險通信1）本節(jié)的主要內容：報警、確認、轉發(fā)、強

38、制靜默及其解除；2）相關的課外內容報警的各種方式及各相關單元的動作： INMARSAT EPIRB 衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng) MF/VHF 船岸；船船報警；難船： DSC HF 以8414.5為主船岸報警； 其他手段：無線電話， 手機等 A如果從衛(wèi)星收到報警 1. 轉發(fā)到RCC； 2. 以NAVTEX EGC 形式向海上轉發(fā) B如果從地面系統(tǒng)收到報警DSC岸臺： 1. 轉發(fā)到RCC，由RCC確認； 2. 或岸臺直接確認：VHF馬上確認； MF/HF推遲12分45秒確認； 3. 然后， 岸臺或RCC向海上轉發(fā)。非遇難船舶：A 如果直接從難船收到報警 1守聽相應的頻率（CH16 2182 KHz） 2MF/VHF

39、上以RT形式確認， 以免使難船DSC設備停止工作；如果3分鐘無人確認，可以使用DSC確認，使難船DSC停止工作，避免占用遇險頻率時間過長； 3HF上， 可以3分鐘之后轉發(fā)。B 如果收到岸臺轉發(fā)的報警1 守聽相應的RT信道；2 RT 的形式確認；C 如果收到其他船舶轉發(fā)的報警（DSC） 操作的步驟同“A”2.2.1 Distress & safety operational procedures遇險報警的主要步驟1. 前提：船長授權2. 報警：使用衛(wèi)星的絕對優(yōu)先等級，在常規(guī)通信信道進行； 使用衛(wèi)星的遇險信道進行；使用地面系統(tǒng)的DSC在VHF，MF，HF波段進行?！維ervices ava

40、ilable for distress and safety communications are terrestrial radio communication in the MF, HF and VHF bands and satellite Communication. Distress alerts are transmitted either:(a) Via satellite with absolute priority using the general communication channels; or(b) Via satellite using exclusive dis

41、tress and safety frequencies; or(c) Using DSC on the appropriate distress and safety frequencies in the MF, HF or VHF bands. The authority of the master or person responsible for the ship, aircraft or other vehicle is required before a distress alert can be transmitted. All stations receiving a DSC

42、distress alert must immediately cease any transmission which may interfere with distress traffic. Stations must continue the watch until the distress alert has been acknowledged. 】2.2.2 Distress alerting遇險報警定義：當有一個移動單元（船、航空器或其他交通工具）或一個人處于緊迫危險且需要援助時， 才可以發(fā)送。 衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)主要方式： 地面系統(tǒng)【A distress alert transmissio

43、n implies that a mobile unit (ship, aircraft or other vehicle) or a person is in distress or imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. A distress alert may be defined as: (a)In the terrestrial radio communication bands:digital selective call using the distress call format; or(b)In the satel

44、lite service:message using the distress format for relay through space stations. The distress alert must include the identification of the station in distress and its position. Other information such as the nature of the distress and type of assistance required or anything else which may facilitate

45、rescue may be included in the alert. Ship to shore distress alerts are used to warn Rescue Coordination Centers (RCC) that a vessel is in distress. This alerting is routed via LES using satellite transmissions from MES or EPIRB. Alternatively, using the terrestrial service, alerts from ship stations

46、 or EPIRBs are made to coast stations. Ship to ship alerts to warn other vessels in the vicinity of the distressed vessel of the distress situation using DSC techniques in the MF and VHF terrestrial bands. The HF band may also be used. 】2.2.3 Shore to ship distress alert relay岸對船的遇險轉發(fā)重要意義：標志著新的系統(tǒng)把報警

47、重點由船對船轉為船對岸，兼顧船對船的方式。A coast station or an RCC which receives a distress alert shall initiate the transmission of a shore to ship distress alert relay. This distress alert relay will be addressed to all ships, to selected ships or to an individual ship using the satellite or terrestrial service. Suc

48、h alert relay messages must contain the identification of the mobile unit in distress, its position and any additional information which facilitates rescue operations. 2.2.4 Distress alert by a station not itself in distress船臺對遇險報文的轉發(fā)前提條件：遇難船舶沒有能力發(fā)送遇險報文； 其他船舶認為有必要這樣做。重要意義：標志著新的系統(tǒng)繼承了老系統(tǒng)中船舶互助的模式【W(wǎng)here

49、 a station in the mobile or mobile satellite service learns another mobile unit is in distress it must transmit a distress alert when:(a)the mobile unit in distress is not in a position to transmit the distress alert itself; or(b)the master or person responsible for the mobile not in distress or the

50、 person responsible for the land station considers further help is required. A station transmitting a distress alert relay must make it very clear that it is not itself in distress.】2.2.5 Acknowledgement of receipt of distress alerts遇險報文的確認定義：對于一份遇險報文的確認，應該首先得到船長的授權，它標志著有臺站收到遇難船只發(fā)出的報文， 表明收妥方收妥報文并將按規(guī)

51、定的程序采取救助行動， 即展開救援或將報文向相關的部門轉發(fā)。此時，遇難船只可以采取進一步的脫險措施。1） 岸站在衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)收到遇險報文，應該在衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)馬上進行確認。2） 如果岸臺在地面系統(tǒng)的DSC收到報警，應該：VHF-DSC ：馬上使用DSC確認。MF/HF-DSC：推遲1到2 ¾分鐘，使難船DSC發(fā)信機完成一個多頻呼叫嘗試工作周期，然后使用DSC進行確認。注意：應該遵循同頻率的原則。3） 如果船臺在地面系統(tǒng)的DSC收到報警，應該：VHF-DSC：如果確認遇難船就在附近，并且在岸臺覆蓋范圍以外，可以馬上進行確認；否則推遲確認，讓岸臺首先使用DSC確認。MF：讓岸臺首先使用DSC確認，

52、船臺可以首先使用RT確認。HF：守聽3分鐘，如果沒人確認，船臺只能轉發(fā)。注意：應該遵循同頻段的原則。重點內容：RT的確認格式Satellite serviceAcknowledgement of receipt of an alert from a MES must be sent immediately. Acknowledgement of receipt of a distress alert by DSC on terrestrial bands must be in accordance with relevant recommendations.RadiotelephonyAckn

53、owledgements from a ship or MES are given after the distress message has been received and must take the standard RT form:l the distress signal MAYDAY;l the call sign or other identification of the station sending the distress message, spoken three times;l the words THIS IS (or DE spoken as DELTA EC

54、HO in the case of language difficulties);l the call sign or other identification of the station acknowledging receipt, spoken three times;l the word RECEIVED (or RRR spoken as ROMEO ROMEO ROME in the case of language difficulties);l the distress signal MAYDAY.Example: MAYDAY NONSUCH NONSUCH NONSUCHT

55、HIS ISSEASTAR SEASTAR SEASTARRECEIVED MAYDAYradiotelexknowledgements must be given in the form:l the distress signal MAYDAY;l the callsign or other identification of the station sending the distressl alert;l the word DE (meaning "this is" or "from"); the callsign or other identification of the station acknowledging receipt of the distress alert;l the signal RRR;l the distress signal MAYDAY. Example:MAYDAYBXXX DE BAAARRR MAYDAY Acknowledging receipt of the distress alert