（精心整理）賴世雄 英語語法

1、第1章 句子的構(gòu)成最后，來翻譯英文觀止里面的句子。弄完了以后，打印出來，裝訂好。語法的目標(biāo)：看懂句子，分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是學(xué)習(xí)語法的終極目標(biāo)。修飾的時候不一定是連接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大塊結(jié)構(gòu)的形式來分析.動詞塊, 不定式塊.1.句子由主語（subject）+謂語(verb)構(gòu)成；2.主語省略時，構(gòu)成祈使句。 Work hard! Be quite! Dont be silly.1.1 可充當(dāng)主語的詞類1.名詞2.代詞3.動名詞，不定式短語Seeing him makes me angry.其實(shí)應(yīng)該是動名詞短語做主語或不定式短語作主語To see him makes me angry.

2、但是，這種動名詞或不定式短語做主語時，一般用形式主語。It makes me angry seeing him.這里不是修飾angry。 It makes me angry to see him. 分析句子時，先看一看是不是形式主語。4.名詞從句做主語That he doesnt work hard makes me angry.三種形式：that從句，whether從句，疑問從句（when what how where why）Where he lives is still a doubt.一、名詞從句：名詞從句作動詞賓語I know that he will go abroad in th

3、e nearest future(名詞從句作動詞賓語)I dont know how hell handle it.名詞從句作介詞的賓語I am worried about whether he can do itI am sure of how hell cope with the problemI am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.I am worried about the fact that he can do it.這里因?yàn)榻樵~+ that從句，所以，需要在介詞后加the fact ,that 從句變?yōu)閠he fac

4、t的同位語，都是介詞的賓語。I am worried about his playing around all day.I am worried about his not studying.這里，介詞后邊的還是賓語，其實(shí)是由that 引導(dǎo)的。但是介詞加that從句，需要變換，所以變成這樣了。原句是：that he plays around all day.->his playing around all day. that he not study.-> his not studying.變化的過程中，去掉that,助動詞，變所有格，動詞變成動名詞。that he doesnt

5、study-> his not studying.That the team will win the gameàthe teams winning the game.be + adj. + that 從句I am worried that he plays around all day.(狀語從句，修飾形容詞)I am sure that the team has won the game(狀語從句).有時，介詞后也可以直接加that從句。是固定的。In that = becauseExcept that He is great in that he can speak fi

6、ve different languages.二、名詞短語做主語名詞短語：疑問詞+不定式短語Where to liveWhether to try again.When to talk to hime三、表距離的地點(diǎn)副詞短語做主語From .to It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.1.2 動詞的種類及其用法完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 兩種修飾，出來4個形態(tài)，還有一個是授予動詞(Dative)，所以總共有5種動詞。 A transitive verb has a dir

7、ect object. (動詞) 及物的; 傳遞；及物動詞1. 完全不及物動詞 判斷方法：把動詞放入中間。我。他他被我。兩句都沒有毛病的及物，有毛病的，不及物。如kill 我殺他 他被我殺，可以，為及物動詞Dance 我跳他，他被我跳，不及物動詞有的動詞既是及物動詞，又是不及物動詞。如kill 有殺某人，也有殺戮的意思，前者是及物，后者是不及物動詞2. 不及物動詞+同源名詞有些不及物動詞，以同源名詞作賓語后，可以變?yōu)榧拔飫釉~Dream a terrible dream.Live a happy lifeSmile a bright smile.3. 完全及物動詞與完全不及物動詞完全及物動詞(需

8、要加賓語的動詞)：即加了賓語后，意思完全。He killed her. 有一個作用對象的動詞。完全不及物動詞（無需加賓語）：He laughed.The book was written by himThe book :主語，此時，為write的對象。He wrote a book.4. 完全不及物動詞出現(xiàn)的形態(tài)。Something happened.過去時Something was happening. 進(jìn)行時。完全不及物動詞：完整的動詞，放在主語后，可單獨(dú)存在，意義完整，無需任何詞類補(bǔ)充其意思的不足；但，完全不及物動詞之后，可接副詞或副詞對等語（如介詞短語，狀語從句），以修飾該動詞。Som

9、ething happened yesterday. 時間名詞作狀語，修飾happened.這里，yesterday做時間狀語He died in an accident. 介詞短語，做副詞，修飾died.He left because he didnt want to see Mary again. 狀語從句，做副詞，修飾left5. 不完全不及物動詞即，系動詞，意思不完全，無法單獨(dú)存在，周后要接名詞、形容詞的對等語（如代詞，動名詞，不定式，動名詞從句，名詞短語等），以補(bǔ)充其意思的不足。此類補(bǔ)足語，同時修飾主語，故稱為主語補(bǔ)足語或表語。He looks happy. Look是系動詞，形容詞

10、happy做補(bǔ)語，做主語補(bǔ)語。He became a good student. 名詞做補(bǔ)語，做主語補(bǔ)語，修飾主語。My trouble is that I have no money 名詞從句做補(bǔ)語，做主語補(bǔ)語。He is in danger now. 介詞短語做補(bǔ)語，做主語補(bǔ)語。6. 不完全不及物動詞的判定方法 系動詞我。他他被我。 如become（1）確定及物不及物我變成他他被我變成。所以為不及物動詞（2）確定完全不完全。 主語+動詞 主語+be+動詞-ing 我變成 我在變成。 所以為不完全動詞。綜上為，不完全，不及物動詞，需要加補(bǔ)語。什么是完全，即看看要不要加補(bǔ)語。7. 不完全不及物

11、動詞的種類及其主語補(bǔ)語用法 系動詞7.1 be動詞be動詞后用名詞對等語（名詞，名詞從句，名詞短語，動名詞，不定式），形容詞（做形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞，介詞短語，地點(diǎn)副詞或地點(diǎn)副詞短語）做補(bǔ)語。Be動詞的三種翻譯：名詞作補(bǔ)語時，翻譯為“是”；形容詞做補(bǔ)語時，be動詞，不翻譯；地點(diǎn)副詞或地點(diǎn)副詞短語做補(bǔ)語時，be動詞，翻譯為“在”。He is a great hero 名詞作補(bǔ)語。The problem is whether he can join us 名詞從句做補(bǔ)語。The question is when to set off 名詞短語做補(bǔ)語。My hobby is collectin

12、g stamps. 做名詞用的動名詞短語，即名詞，做補(bǔ)語My purpose is to see him. 做名詞用的不定式短語，即名詞，做補(bǔ)語。She is beautiful. 形容詞做補(bǔ)語。The question is interesting. 做形容詞用的現(xiàn)在分詞做補(bǔ)語。I am interested in the question.做形容詞用的過去分詞做補(bǔ)語。 The book is of no use.做作形容詞用的介詞短語做補(bǔ)語。Of+抽象名詞（形容詞） She is there.地點(diǎn)副詞做補(bǔ)語。 They are upstairs.地點(diǎn)副詞做補(bǔ)語。 Is he home no

13、w?地點(diǎn)副詞做補(bǔ)語。Be 動詞后的現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種形式：做形容詞，做動詞。形容詞時，翻譯為“。的”動詞時，翻譯為“正在?！盉e 動詞后的過去分詞也有兩種形式：形容詞，動詞的被動語態(tài)。形容詞時，翻譯為：的。動詞時，翻譯為：被是哪個詞性的判斷方法：把be動詞后面的和主語互換，看能不能換。He is washing the car.換了以后：Washing the car is he.不可以，所以是現(xiàn)在分詞，不是動名詞。His job is washing cars.換了以后：Washing cars is his job?？梢裕?，是動名詞，動詞短語做主語。Whether從句做及物動詞的賓語時，名

14、詞從句連接詞whether可用if代替。I dont know whether the typhoon will come.= I dont know if the typhoon will come. Whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句，作賓語。介詞之后無賓語時，可單獨(dú)存在做副詞使用，和地點(diǎn)副詞一樣，有形容詞的功能，也可以作為be動詞之后的補(bǔ)語。He is in.介詞副詞。He is in the house 地點(diǎn)副詞短語，有形容詞功能，做補(bǔ)語。強(qiáng)迫/要求/催促。此類動詞+賓語+不定式短語。此時，不定式短語賓語補(bǔ)足語。I forced him to recite the lesson. 不定式短語

15、做賓語補(bǔ)足語，即修飾賓語。I asked him to write the letter. 不定式短語做賓語補(bǔ)足語，即修飾賓語。He was asked to write the letter 不定式短語修飾主語，做主語的補(bǔ)語。任命動詞：選舉，指派，賓語之后用表支委的名詞作補(bǔ)語，通常該名詞之前要省略冠詞。Elect ,assign.We elected him chairman of the committee.We assigned him platoon leader.認(rèn)定動詞：即，表“視為”的意思，加了賓語以后，用名詞或形容詞做賓語的補(bǔ)語We regard him as a genius

16、We take him for a genius.We consider him to be a genius.也可以省略to beàWe consider him a genius.一般介詞之后只能用名詞或動名詞做賓語，但表示“視為”意思的動詞與介詞as或for連用時，該介詞之后省略了動名詞being,而直接連接形容詞與其后。所以，動詞表“視為”的意思時，后面的介詞后直接加形容詞。其他情況，加名詞或動名詞。I regard him as nice(adj. 介詞后的形容詞，做賓語的補(bǔ)語)虛賓語：Think,believe,find,deem,consider這五個動詞做不完全及物動

17、詞時，不得直接用不定式短語做賓語，一定要用虛賓語，即it取代。主語+think+it+賓語補(bǔ)語+to V(真賓語)I think it necessary to do the job.It是形式賓語，necessary 形容詞，做賓語的補(bǔ)語，to do the job 真正的賓語。但find, believe, think, deem, consider也可做完全及物動詞，此時要用that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句做賓語。I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard. 賓語從句做賓語有時，that從句做及物動詞的賓語時，that可以省略。I believe i

18、t is worthwhile to study hard. 省略that的賓語從句做賓語。Make 表示“使成為”時，為不完全及物動詞，此時不定式短語不能做賓語，必須要用It做形式賓語。He make it a rule to get up early. 不定式做真賓語 it做形式賓語，a rule做賓語補(bǔ)語。授予動詞授予動詞有兩個賓語：第一個賓語做間接賓語，表授予的對象，第二個賓語做直接賓語，表授予的東西。I will give you his watch. you 做間接賓語，his watch做直接賓語。直接賓語與間接賓語倒置的方法：1. 表“給予”的意思，用to.I gave him

19、 the books.= I gave the books to him.2. 表“代勞”的意思，用forI made him a chair. = I made a chair for him.3. 表“從中”用of.I asked him a question à I aske a question of him.He required nothing of me. 這里me 和 nothing都是賓語，不是做修飾。與授予動詞并用的ofHe robbed me of my money. me和my money是賓語，但是rob時，對象是Of前面的。表“提供”的授予動詞。Offer

20、,proviede，除offer以外，要和介詞with 連用。He offered me all I needed. Me 間接賓語，all I needed直接賓語。He provided me with all I needed = He provide all I needed for me.Present時，用to.He presented a watch to me = He presented me with a watch.第2章 句子的連接2.1 破折號破折號，連接句子或同位語。第一種用法：補(bǔ)充第一個句子。用來強(qiáng)調(diào)第一個從句，補(bǔ)充意思的不足，翻譯為“也就是說”，“換句話說”。H

21、e is a trashhe is good for nothing.破折號前后都是句子，翻譯為：他是個垃圾，換句話說，他什么都不是。第二種用法：連接同位語His hobbytaking picturesis a far cry from mine.此時，不能His hobbytaking pictures is a far cry from mine.He finally made his purpose known to usto run after Susan不定式，做purpose的同位語，即，放在修飾后面。不是直接連接一起的。2.2 冒號冒號連接句子時，強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的名詞。He has

22、 made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.2.3 分號2.3.1分號=，+連詞He is a man of principle, so we all respect him.è He is man of principle; we all respect him.2.3.2 句號代替逗號。He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to h

23、elp him.Because of his ill temper是插入語。He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.有三個that從句，做said的賓語，叫做，并列從句，用逗號相隔。加上插入語 because of his ill temper時，怎么插呢，插在中間時，因?yàn)椴迦胝Z會引入兩個逗號，這樣就看不出來，哪個是并列從句，哪個是賓語，所以加上分號。這樣一看就看出來是并列的賓語。è He said that he had

24、 no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.劃線的是said的三個that賓語從句。He enjoys dancing, swimming and jogging.加上插入語后。He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming; jogging.或者：He enjoys dancing; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; a

25、nd jogging.或者：He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.2.4 并列連詞And ;or;but;not only.but also;rather than1.連接單詞詞，只有三個and or ,but He is kind and handsome.并列連詞做主語補(bǔ)語。2.連接短語He came to see him and tell him the truth. 并列的不定式短語。第二個to省略了，找不到的一般是省略了。He came

26、to see him and to tell him the truth.4. 連接句子He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard. 并列的狀語從句。Not only can she sing, but he can dance. 并列的句子。連詞的獨(dú)立用法：此時是根據(jù)上下文。.And he took my advice.2.5 連接副詞只能用于連接句子和句子之間，即連接從句。I like him because he is easy to get along with.When he came

27、 , I was writing a letter.這里是，連接副詞。常用的連接副詞：because, though, if, unless, as soon as, when, once等等。連接副詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句，修飾主句。連接副詞冠于任何一個從句前面，該從句就成為一個狀語從句，即狀語從句。狀語從句不能單獨(dú)存在，需要依賴主句，整個狀語從句可視為副詞，用來修飾主句。I like him because he is nice 狀語從句，修飾主句。è Because he is nice, I like him.任何一個連接副詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句置于主句之后，兩句間不置逗號，若，狀語從句置于

28、主句之前，則兩句間通常置逗號。Though he did poorly on the exam, his father didnt blame him.= His father didnt blame him though he did poorly on the exam.偶爾，當(dāng)然，有的人也可以加逗號的，只是不專業(yè)。His father didnt blame him, though he did poorly on the exam.連接性副詞：即，副詞有連詞的意味，但卻不能做連詞用，此類副詞稱為連接性副詞；此類副詞前要有分號，用以連接兩個句子，即不加分號時，看著就不對。He is ni

29、ce; however I dont like him.He is kind; we, therefore, like him. 一樣的，此時把however插入到句子中。即。He is nice; however I dont like him= He is nice; I , however, dont like him. 就是把逗號換成分號而已。While做連接副詞及并列連詞表“當(dāng)”時，while視為連接副詞，引導(dǎo)狀語從句；表“而”時，視為并列連詞，引導(dǎo)主句。He is nice, while his brother is bad. 并列連詞。è While he is nic

30、e, his brother is bad. 把while提前了，但意思時一樣的，都是引導(dǎo)主句。He is nice 和his brother is bad 都是兩個主句。While I was writing a letter, she was doing dishes.While I was writing a letter做狀語從句She was doing dishes 主句。第3章 關(guān)系詞3.1 關(guān)系代詞relative pronoun 關(guān)系代詞；相對的代詞。 關(guān)系代詞有連詞的功能，用以引導(dǎo)定語從句。He is a man who always means what he says.

31、Who指代a man這個詞。Thats the book which I like.Which 指代the book這個詞。He works hard, which is a fact that we all know.Which前有逗號，所以which指代的是he works hard這個句子。That指代的是a fact.指代人時，主格用who，即在who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中做主語，賓格用whom，即，在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中做賓語。Which主格賓格都是which,代替事物和句子時也都是which關(guān)系代詞之前要有它要代替的先行詞；關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中要做主語、賓語或be動詞的補(bǔ)語（補(bǔ)語只

32、有be動詞有）；否點(diǎn)關(guān)系代詞之前一定要用介詞。He is a good student who studies hard.Who指代student,在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句who studies hard中，who是主語，studies是謂語，hard做狀語。He is a boy whom everyone loves.Whom指代 a boy，在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句whom everyone loves中whom做及物動詞loves的賓語，everyone做主語。He is a man for whom I enjoy working.Whom指代a man ,所引導(dǎo)的定語從句for whom I

33、enjoy working中I做主語 enjoy 做謂語，working做賓語，所以for whom什么都不做，即關(guān)系代詞之前有介詞即表示，只是一個連接詞，什么成分都不做，但翻譯時要翻譯出來。He is a man for whom I enjoy working 他是一個我很樂意為他工作的人。è He is man with whom I enjoy working.The house in which we live is very largeWhich指代the house ，引導(dǎo)的定語從句we是主語，in which we live中，live為不及物動詞，所以which什么

34、都沒做，就需要在前面加上介詞，怎么在關(guān)系代詞前面加介詞呢，看后面的謂語live而加上去。關(guān)系代詞之前有介詞時，介詞可移動到所引導(dǎo)的定語從句末尾，此時可省略關(guān)系代詞。即關(guān)系代詞的省略。只是移動到所引導(dǎo)定語從句的末尾，而不是整個句子。還原的時候找先行詞的位置，加上去即可。He is a man I enjoy working with. A man 是先行詞，在后面加上關(guān)系代詞即可，疑問是，什么都不做，為什么要用賓格呢，有介詞要用賓格？à He is a man whom I enjoy working with.è He is a man with whom I enjoy

35、working.The house we live in is very large. 找到先行詞the house在后面加上whichè The house which we live in is very largeè The house in which we live is very large.有些固定的動詞短語，即動詞+介詞/動詞+名詞+介詞，在定語從句中出現(xiàn)時，介詞不能置于關(guān)系代詞之前，以保持該動詞的完整性。如，pay attention to ; call on; take over; warm up等有介詞的動詞短語。This is a question

36、you should pay attention to .è This is a question which you should pay attention to .è This a question to wich you shoud pay attention.但這個句子不好，不要這么寫。John, who was lazy, scored quite high marks on the exam, which somewhat surprised me.Which前面有逗號，所以代表整個句子 。那中間的插入語時怎么回事呢，只要是個句子，或者短語都可以做為插入語，或

37、者看著像非限制性定語從句。We spread our clothes in the sun to dry, which they did very quickly.這里有逗號which, they 指代our clothes, which代替了dry的概念，這里，which指代了前句中的部分概念。所以逗號+which可能是指代前面的一整句，或者指代前句中的部分概念。限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，即獨(dú)一無二的就不能限定，比如媽媽，爸爸只有一個就不能限定。專有名詞或獨(dú)一性名詞本身就有特殊性，不用再用形容詞來限定。I met John, who is my classmate.I went to

38、 the train station this morning,寫到這里，下邊一句可以用非限制性定語從句來修飾其中的某個概念，這樣就不用直接加which，還不知道修飾的什么。當(dāng)不知道要定語從句要怎么加在后面時，這時，可以用非限制性定語從句來修飾。所以這里我想修飾一下the train station就可以用非限制性定語從句。I went to the train station this morning, which was crowded witch passengers.限定修飾：一些名詞本身未具有特殊性，可用定語從句加以限定修飾，以加強(qiáng)其特殊性。限定修飾的定語從句，其關(guān)系代詞前不用逗號。

39、翻譯時，限制性的定語從句要先翻譯定語從句部分，再翻譯被修飾的部分。當(dāng)時是直到翻譯名詞時，再用修飾來修飾名詞。He is a boy who works hard.限定性的定語從句，翻譯時先翻譯后面的定語從句部分，而who就不要翻譯。他是工作認(rèn)真的一個男孩。當(dāng)然也可以用非限制性定語從句。限制的可以用非限制，非限制的不能用限制。為什么呢，因?yàn)檫@時，一般名詞已經(jīng)有形容詞在修飾了。比如。He is a good boy, who works hard.關(guān)系代詞的省略。This is the boy I saw yesterday.è This is the boy whom I say ye

40、sterday. 即，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時，可以省略。還有就是關(guān)系代詞是介詞的賓語，介詞移動到句尾時，關(guān)系代詞也可以省略。This is the house we lives in.è This is the house which we lives in.è This is the house in which we lives.3.1.1 That做關(guān)系代詞That可以做關(guān)系代詞，去到who whom which，但that做關(guān)系代詞時，不能有逗號，即只能用在限制性定語從句中，也不能用于有介詞的定語從句中。I like the girl that is sitting th

41、ere.è I like the girl who is sitting there. 為限制性定語從句 that is sitting there是修飾作用的，不止是一個句子，還是一個定語從句。He is a man that we all respect.è He is a man whom we all respect.還有一種情況是定語從句中不能用who whom which，只能用that.The first man that came here was Peter. That came here was Peter是一個限制性定語從句，這里前面有一個first，

42、即序數(shù)詞，所以后面只能用that做定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。Who is the man that is standing there? 這里前面有疑問詞who，所以用who, which ,whom的話會重復(fù)，只能用that.這里that引導(dǎo)的that is standing there做定語從句修飾 man.除了who之外，還有what where how 之后也只能用that.He is the best student that Ive ever taught.這里有最高級，后面也只能用that.He is the very man that I met yesterday.The very+

43、名詞后面也只能用that.還有幾種情況，但不了解了，我的目的是看懂文章，不用理那么多，只要記住，that還可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。限定修飾的定語從句簡化為分詞短語：The girl dancing here yesterday is my sister.其實(shí)原來是一個定語從句= who danced here yesterday.所以分詞短語有時也是一種定語從句。非限制性定語從句不可簡化為分詞短語。I met John, who said that he loved Mary very much.這里不可等價于 saying that但是，非限制性定語從句可簡化為先行詞的同位語I met John,

44、 a good friend of mine.è I met John, who is a good friend of mine.這里，a good friend of mine是John的同位語，相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句。即去掉who或which+和be動詞之后就可以變成同位語。He works hard, a fact known to us.è He works hard, which is a fact known to us.è He works hard, a fact that is known to us.è He works har

45、d, which is a fact that is known to us.A good friend of mine, John came to see me yesterday.è John, a good friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.這里a good friend of mine是John的同位語。主語的同位語可置于主語前或者后的位置。3.1.2定語從句與插入語什么是插入語？即 主語+表認(rèn)知的動詞。其他的都是非限制性定語從句，或其省略。I believe ; I think; I fell; I know; I consi

46、der; I find.He is a man who I think never breaks his word.I think 是插入語，who沒有變成whom 因?yàn)閣ho還是never breaks his word的主語。He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.當(dāng)然有時，還是可以做后面的賓語的。He is a man whom I think to be nice.Whom做think的賓語 to be nice做whom的賓語補(bǔ)語。3.1.3定語從句變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶ZHe has no house to live in. 這里to liv

47、e in實(shí)際上是一個定語從句。= He has no house in which to live.Lend me your pen to write my address with.= Lend me your pen with which to write my address.To write my address with是定語從句。3.2 關(guān)系代詞的所有格關(guān)系代詞所有格和關(guān)系代詞一樣，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾前面的名詞。She has an uncle whose name is Peterè She has an uncle. His name is Peter.可以斷句，即關(guān)

48、系代詞的所有格，基本上可以斷句處理。但是翻譯的時候也可以一句話一起翻譯。他有一個名叫做Peter的叔叔。還是定語從句。其實(shí)是這樣的，想要在先行詞后再接一個名詞時，就可以用關(guān)系代詞的所有格來進(jìn)行處理。I like that house, whose location looks good to me.è I like that house. Its location looks good to me. 關(guān)系代詞所引導(dǎo)的名詞要做定語從句中的主語或賓語。I hate John, whose words are seldom true.Whose words做定語從句中的主語。I hate

49、John, whose words I dont believe.Whose words做 定語從句中的賓語。I hate John, whose words I have no trust inHave及物動詞 no trust 賓語 whose words 什么都不做，所以需要在關(guān)系代詞之前要加介詞in.è I hate John, in whose words I have no trust.即，關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的什么都不做時，要在前面后末尾加上介詞，分析的時候要注意，什么都不做的這種情況，其實(shí)一種做法就是看看有沒有介詞，有介詞的話，基本上都是這一種情況，即可認(rèn)為，關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的名

50、詞什么成分都不做。雖然不做成分，但是翻譯的時候需要翻譯出來的。I like to study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are topnotch.è I like to study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are topnotch.è I like to study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are topnotch.Whose可代替人和物。當(dāng)代替物時，w

51、hose + 名詞= the+ 名詞+ of which=of which +the+名詞。This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much.這里whose指代的物，所以可以做替換。è This is a fancy car, the color of which I live very much.è This is a fancy car, of which the color I like very much.所以以后看到of which+the+名詞時，可以直接理解為whose+名詞。This is Tom, whos

52、e father is an English teacher. 非限定定語從句。Tom獨(dú)一無二，所以無需再修飾。I met a boy whose father is an English teacher. 限定修飾。Boy沒有最終確定是誰，所以可以加上限定的定語從句，進(jìn)行修飾。3.3 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞有四個：where when why how 即除了what that which之外都是。關(guān)系副詞都可由，介詞+which替換而來。Where = in which; at which; on which When = in which ; at which; on whichWhy = fo

53、r whichHow = in which.即地點(diǎn)，時間，原因，方式；這4種為狀語，或副詞。This is the city where I met Mary.He came on Friday, when it was raining very hard.I dont know the reason why he cried.Thats the way how he handled the thing.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句用于修飾前面修飾的詞。Where : 大地點(diǎn)時用in, 小地點(diǎn)用at ;內(nèi)部時用In, 外面時，比如在上面時用onThis is the city where I met

54、 Mary.è This is the city in which I met Mary. 大地點(diǎn)。When:表那一天時，用on;表一段時間時用In,表時刻時用at.He came on Friday, when it was raining hard.è He came on Friday, on which it was raining hard.Why:只有for whichHoe:只有in whichI shall never forget the day he came.è I shall never forget the day when he cam

55、e.Thats the reason he leftè Thats the reason why he left.即when why how都可以省略引導(dǎo)詞，還是定語從句。所以定語從句的幾種情況：Who;whom;which ;that; when; where;why;how;介詞+which 引導(dǎo)，分詞短語引導(dǎo)，不定式短語，省略的情況。這都是定語從句。定語從句省略名詞的情況：有be動詞，定語從句做補(bǔ)語時就是省略掉了名詞，而我們看不到。Thats where he was born.è Thats the place where he was born.Thats whe

56、n hell come.è Thats the day when hell come.Thats why he left.è Thats the reason why he left.Thats how he did it.è Thats the way how he did it.Where; when; why ;how也可以視為疑問代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞從句，做及物動詞的賓語。I dont know when hell come. When引導(dǎo)的名詞從句做賓語。Put it where you found it. Where做副詞，做連接副詞。è Put it at the place where you found it.Where 做連接副詞時，等語in/at the place where .W