Lecture_4 noun and noun phrase

1、Lecture 4Noun and Noun PhraseClassification of Nouns Number Forms of Nouns (名詞的數(shù)名詞的數(shù)) Unit Noun (Partitive) (單位名詞單位名詞) Classification of NounsWord formationLexical meaningGrammatical formSimple nounsSimple nounsCompound nounsCompound nounsDerivative nounsDerivative nounsCommon nounsCommon nounsPrope

2、r nounsProper nounsCountable nounsCountable nounsUncountable Uncountable nounsnounslSimple nouns: a noun that contains only one free morpheme. man, chair, land, ship, water, gas, faithlCompound nouns: a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes. armchair, farmland, seaside, forget-me-notlDeriva

3、tive nouns: a noun that comes from a verb, an adjective or a simple noun with affix. arrangement, greatness, ability, expectationP41 Ex.4A Common Noun Proper Noun個體名詞個體名詞 Individual Noun(boy, house, tiger, insect)集體名詞集體名詞 Collective Noun(family, team, cattle, police)物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞 Material Noun(air, snow,

4、 bread, rice)抽象名詞抽象名詞 Abstract Noun(glory, honesty, education)A proper noun is a name used for a particular person, place or thing, and spelt with a capital initial letter.Anderson, China, San Francisco, the Democratic Party, the State Council, the 12th Five-Year PlanCount and non-count nouns A coun

5、t noun (or countable noun) is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n), many, few, these, those, several, etc. A non-count noun (or uncountable noun) is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned words.Three main number classes of Nsl1) vari

6、able NslRegular Vs irregularl2) singular invariable NslNoncount Ns: goldlAbstract adjective heads: the unreallProper Ns: Henryl3) plural invariable NslSummation plurals: scissorslPluralia tantum in s: thankslUnmarked plural Ns: peoplelPersonal adjecitve heads: the richlProper Ns: the Alps1)Ns with i

7、rregular plurallVoicing and s plural calf calveslMutation plural foot feet l-en plural child childrenlZero plural sheep sheeplForeign plurals stimulus stimuli (Latin)l larva larvae /i:/ l stratum stratal index indicesl matrix matrices /isi:z/l thesis theses (Greek)l criterion criterial bureau bureau

8、x (French）l tempo tempi （Italian）l kibbutz kibbutzim （Hebrew）Zero plurallZero plural ns can be both singular and plural; while invariable ns are either singular or plural.lThis sheep looks small.lAll those sheep are ours.lThis music is too loud.lAll the cattle are grazing in the field.lNs with equiv

9、ocal numberlThere are also nouns such as barracks(營房營房), headquarters(總部總部), means(方法方法,手段手段), series(系列系列), alms(施舍施舍), species(種類種類) and works(工廠工廠) whose singular and plural number share the same form. These nouns are treated as plural when used in the plural sense, or vice versa:lThe only means

10、to achieve success is to appeal to arms.lAll means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.2)Singular invariable NslSome concrete noncount ns can be reclassified as count ns with specific meaningslButters kind(s) of butterlA beer a glass of beerlSome abstract noncount ns can be recla

11、ssified as count ns where they refer to an instance of a given abstract phenomenonlInjustices, regrets, kindnesses, pleasures, etc.lSome noncount ns, particularly those denoting natural phenomena, may be pluralized, eg；lWalking through the woods lLets play on the sandslI have serious doubt/grave fea

12、rslRaise someones hopeslSome plurals express intensity, great quantity or extent, and a literary flavour.lThe sands of the desertlSailing on the great watersReclassification of material nslBreads幾種（客）面包lCoffees幾杯咖啡lLemonades幾瓶檸檬汁lDeserts一片片沙漠lSands一片沙漠lFats各類脂肪lFishes各類魚lFoods各類食物lFruits各類水果lTobacco

13、s各類煙草lMetals各類金屬lSteels各種鋼材lTeas各種茶葉lWheats各種小麥Reclassification of abstract nslAnxiety 焦慮焦慮 anxieties 使人憂慮的事情使人憂慮的事情lBusiness生意生意 businesses多片商店貨多家企業(yè)多片商店貨多家企業(yè)lDelicacy微妙微妙 delicacies山珍海味山珍海味lDisorder混亂混亂 disorders小病小病 微恙微恙lExperience經(jīng)驗經(jīng)驗 experiences 經(jīng)歷經(jīng)歷lFear恐懼恐懼 fears種種擔(dān)心種種擔(dān)心lFriendship友誼友誼 friends

14、hips表示友誼的事例表示友誼的事例lJoy歡樂歡樂 joys令人快慰的人或事令人快慰的人或事lKindness善意善意 盛情美意盛情美意 kindnesses善行善行l(wèi)Pity憐憫憐憫 pities不幸不幸lSecurity安全安全 securities證券證券 債券債券lSympathy同情同情 sympathies同情同情 慰問慰問 表示慰問的函電等表示慰問的函電等Invariable ns ending in s lSubject names ending in ics are generally singular nouns, lPhysics is an important sub

15、ject in middle school.lAthletics is a required course for the students of all grades.lHowever, some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names:lAthletics (體育運動）have been greatly promoted at this college.lPolitics政治學(xué)；政治觀點或態(tài)度, linguistics, electronics, mathematics, i

16、nformatics, mechanics力學(xué), statistics統(tǒng)計學(xué)；統(tǒng)計數(shù)字或資料, acoustics聲學(xué)/音響學(xué);音響效果, optics, economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)；經(jīng)濟(jì)要素/經(jīng)濟(jì)上的利弊lDisease and game names ending in s are generally treated as singular:lMumps is a kind of infectious disease.lDarts (投鏢游戲）is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.lDiabetes糖尿病,

17、 mumps腮腺炎, measles麻疹, phlebitis靜脈炎, rickets軟骨病, shingles帶狀皰疹, arthritis關(guān)節(jié)炎;lBowls保齡球, dominoes多米諾骨牌, checkers/draughts跳棋, fives英國兩人或四人玩的對墻投機之手球, ninepins九柱戲, darts擲鏢游戲, billiards玩桌球lBut there are a few exceptions, e.g. measles and rickets can be used either as singular or as plural, while cards is u

18、sually treated as plural:lRickets is/are caused by malnutrition (營養(yǎng)不良）.lCards are not allowed here.lThe news of the losses suffered by our troopsl Al were much worse than expected.l B C DSome nouns ending in s are treated as singular, eg: news, summons傳票傳票, gallows絞架絞架3)Plural invariable nsli) summa

19、tion pluralslSummation plurals denote tools, instruments, and articles of dress consisting of two equal parts which are joined togetherlNames for things made of two parts such as scissors, pincers(鉗子鉗子), calipers/callipers(火鉗火鉗), shades(太陽太陽鏡鏡), glasses/spectacles, shorts, trousers, jeans, pants, sl

20、eeves, suspenders(吊帶褲吊帶褲),scales, pliers(老虎鉗老虎鉗), shorts, tweezers(鑷子鑷子), stockings, socks, tongs(夾具夾具), shears(大剪刀大剪刀), handcuffs(手銬手銬), slacks(便褲便褲), braces(背帶褲背帶褲), binoculars(雙筒望遠(yuǎn)雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡鏡), compasses(圓規(guī)圓規(guī)), flares(喇叭褲喇叭褲), forceps(鑷子鑷子) , etc are usually used as plural. lThe sugar-tongs (方糖鉗) are

21、not in the sugar bowl.lJoes trousers are black and white.lBut when they are preceded by such unit nouns as a pair of and two pairs of, the number form of the following verb is generally determined by the number marker of the unit noun.lOne pair of scissors isnt enough.lTwo pairs of pliers are missin

22、g from my tool box.lIi) pluralia tantum ending in slSome pluralia tantum (ie ns that occur only in the plural) end in s, whereas others have no plural marking, eg: people. They have plural concord.lThese damages have not yet been paid, have they? (damages=compensation in money imposed by law for cau

23、sing loss or injury)lIn many cases, pluralia tantum ending in s also have singular forms, which can be dissociated in meaning from the plural.lThat damage was repaired long ago. (damage=loss, harm)lNouns usually taking plural endings such as archives(檔檔案案), arms(武器武器) , contents(內(nèi)容內(nèi)容,目錄目錄), eaves(屋檐

24、屋檐), clothes, fireworks(煙火煙火), goods(貨物貨物), minutes(記錄記錄), morals(道德道德,品行品行), remains(遺體遺體), stairs(樓梯樓梯), suburbs(郊區(qū)郊區(qū)), thanks(謝意謝意) and wages(工資工資) are generally used as plural：lThe contents of this book are most fascinating.lA few such nouns, e.g. whereabouts(行蹤), dramatics(舞臺藝術(shù)), may be treated

25、 either as plural or as singular:lHis whereabouts were/was known only to his personal staff.lNouns ending in ings such as clippings(剪下來的東西剪下來的東西), diggings(挖出來的東西挖出來的東西), belongings, savings(存款存款)，earning(收入收入), filings(銼屑銼屑),shavings(刨花刨花)，winnings(獎金獎金), greetings, findings, lodging(租住的房租住的房間間), s

26、urroundings(環(huán)境環(huán)境), sweepings(掃攏的垃圾掃攏的垃圾), etc are generally used as plural with the exception of tidings(消息消息) which can be used both ways:lThe clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.lThe tidings has/have come a little too late.P26 Ex. 2AlIii) unmarked plural ns: people, police, etc.lPolice: The

27、police have caught the burglar.lT denote individual police officers we normally use a police officer, or a policeman/policewoman with the plurals police officers, policemen, policewomen. In a collective sense the police force, only police can be used:lHe wants to join the police.Number forms of comp

28、oundsli) plural in the last elementlClose-ups特寫lGrown-ups成人lForget-me-nots勿忘我草lBrainpowers智囊團(tuán)lTelltales搬弄是非者lPathfinders開路先鋒lii) plural in the first element occurs especially when the compound includes a postmodifier or final particlelsome lookers-onlTwo sons-in-lawlCommanders-in-chiefliii) appositi

29、onal compounds whose first element is, or includes, man or woman pluralize both the first and the last elementlGentlemen farmerslWomen doctorslWhen the plural is in the last element when the compound is not appositionallWoman-haterslMan-eaterslIV) number-n singularlA five-year plan lThe eight-hour d

30、ay八小時工作制lA ten-dollar bill一張十元的美鈔Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper nounslSome collective nouns are countable, some are not. Countable collective nouns behave just like individual nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we

31、have to use a kind of individual noun related semantically to the collective.Number forms of the collective nslCollective individuallPoetry poemlMachinery machinelClothing garment, coat, etclFurniture table, chair, etclCutlery knifelEquipment toollCollective individuallWeaponry gun, pistol, etclCorr

32、espondence(信件) letterlFoliage leaflLuggage trunk, bag, etclPolice policeman, Clergy clergymanNumber forms of the material nslMaterial nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either uncountably when used to mean the material itself, or

33、countably when used in other senses.Number forms of the abstract nslAbstract nouns are mostly uncountable, e.g.:lHonesty is the best policy.lBut there are some abstract nouns that are countable like individual nouns, e.g.:lvictory / a victory / two victoriesSome abstract noncount nouns have semantic

34、ally related individual nouns as their countable equivalents:abstract noun individual noun laughter laughs; work jobs; correspondence letter, notes, etc.photography photos; permission permit; music songs; fun joy; homework exercises Some English nouns such as family, room, mouth, ear, etc. seem to b

35、e only countable nouns. However, they can express abstract senses in certain collocations: to have too much family(= too heavy family burden)to have too much winter(= a too long spell of cold weather)to have too much mouth(= to talk too much)to have too little ear(= to be not inclined to listen to o

36、thers)to have room for(= to have a need for)to feel the patriot rise(= to feel the patriotic feelings rise) Some English nouns (fool, man, coward, coquette, scholar, poet, politician, sportsman, etc.) that are usually countable can become uncountable when referring to peoples features:to be fool eno

37、ugh (= to be foolish enough);more of a fool (= more foolish);less of a fool (= less foolish);as much of a fool as (= as foolish as);too much of a fool (= too foolish);He was enough of a man to tell the truth.Number forms of the proper nounlProper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no p

38、lural forms, except for such proper names as the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands, etc. which are themselves plural in form. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, e.g.:lHave you invited the Browns?lThere are two Miss Smiths / Miss

39、es Smith in the class.P51, 52 Ex.4ElAdvice忠告advices通知lAuthority權(quán)威authorities當(dāng)局lColor顏色colors顏色，軍旗lCorn玉米corns雞眼lForce武力 力量forces軍隊lGreen綠色greens青菜lImport進(jìn)口imports進(jìn)口品lStone石料stones一塊塊的石頭legg蛋漬 蛋白eggs一個個的蛋l(fā)Lamb羊肉lambs羔羊lRubber橡膠rubbers膠鞋lOnion洋蔥味onions洋蔥頭lManners禮貌lPapers證件 文件lProperties性能lSands沙漠lTim

40、es時代lWoods森林lAirs擺架子lBrains頭腦lEffects效果 財物lExporters出口品lLook神色 臉色looks 外貌lIrons腳鐐手銬lPain疼痛pains疼痛努力lPart部分parts部分，才能 a man of partslQuarter一刻鐘 四分之一quarters一刻鐘 四分之一 住處 營房lRuins廢墟lSpirit精神spirits情緒 酒精lWit機智wit智力 聰穎理智lWork工作 works著作lLetter字母,信letters字母,信,文學(xué),學(xué)問 Partitives are also called unit nouns.General partitivesPartitives related to the shape of thingsParitives related to volumeParitives related to the state of actionPartitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etcGenitive partitivesl這類單位詞包括piece, bit, item, article, 它們