非謂語動詞詳細講解

1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），即動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外，可以承擔句子的任何成分。定義在句子中充當除謂語以外的各種句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非謂語動詞也是動詞的一種，他們有著動詞的其他特點，可以充當主語、賓語、狀語等。非謂語動詞與謂語動詞是相對的概念。動詞不定式動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。否定式：not + (to) do以do為例，動詞不定式的構成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)

2、生在謂語動詞動作之后.例如：Im nice to meet you. 很高興見到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起來懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit. 我們計劃花錢去參觀。He wants to be an artist. 他想成為一個藝術家。The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求馬上手術。The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老師要求完成工作。（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretende

3、d to be working hard. 男孩假裝工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起來他正在他的房間里面讀書。（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我說謊了。I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看過這部電影。He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高興能遇上他的朋友。不定式的句法功能：（1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes

4、 is very hard. 十分鐘之內完成這項工作是很難的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味著失敗。動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分鐘之內完成這項工作是很難的。It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味著失敗。常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+o

5、f sb +to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。（2）作表語：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打掃大廳。He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。（3）作賓語： 常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, he

6、lp, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國的情況是很重要的。動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在這里，別無選擇。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行車什么也沒干。動詞不定式前有時可與疑問

7、詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他給了我們一些學英語的建議。（4）作賓語補足語：在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the

8、cinema 他有很多工作要做，所以沒去電影院。有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. 我看見他橫過公路。 He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看見橫過公路。（5）作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系：動賓關系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一個會議要出席。注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介

9、詞，如：He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一個居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 這個孩子無憂無慮。What did you open it with? 你用什么打開它？如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live. 他無處安身。This is the best way to work out this problem. 這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：Have you

10、got anything to send? 你要送什么東西嗎？Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么東西需要送嗎？說明所修飾名詞的內容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我們制定了一個完成工作的計劃。被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here. 他第一個來到這兒。（6）作狀語： 表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以繼日地工作來賺錢。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain

11、. 她賣掉了自己的頭發(fā)來買那條表鏈。注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means. 為了省錢，他使出了渾身解數(shù)。wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 為了學好英語，他需要一本詞典。表結果(往往是與預期愿望相反的結果 意料之外)： 常放在nev

12、er only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他來晚了，只見火車已經走了。I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜訪他，只見他出去了。表原因：常放在形容詞后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他們聽到這條新聞非常傷心。表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我們什么也看不見。The question is simple for him to answer. 這問題由他來回答是很簡單的。（7）作目的狀語

13、：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 說實話，我不喜歡他講話的方式。（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. 如果你不想做這件事，你就不必做。（9）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望學醫(yī)并成為醫(yī)生。動名詞動名詞：動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。一般式（謂語動詞同時發(fā)生）doingb

14、eing done完成式（謂語動詞發(fā)生之前）having donehaving been done動名詞的形式： Ving否定式：not + 動名詞（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。（2）被動式：He came to the party without being invited他未被邀請就來到了晚會。（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。（4）完成被動式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他

15、忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。（5）否定式：not + 動名詞I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（6）復合結構：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。動名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有

16、趣。當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。Its no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。（2）作表語：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。（3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：We

17、found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dr

18、eam of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like（4）作定語：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池

19、嗎？（5）作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習慣仍未改變?，F(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：They went to the par

20、k, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯

21、誤?，F(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years thatfollowed; the man speaking to the te

22、acher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構成系表結構。（3）作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：see, watch, hear, feel

23、, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語：Being a League mem

24、ber, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。作結果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結果摔得粉碎。作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前

25、他去游泳了。作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已經賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。有

26、時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。作獨立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.從外表看，他一定是個演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。過去分詞過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。1過去分詞作定語：Our class went on an or

27、ganized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。2過去分詞作表語：The window is broken. 窗戶破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結構，如果表示

28、被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被動）有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3過去分詞作賓語補足語：I heard

29、 the song sung several times last week.上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。4過去分詞作狀語：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）Given more time,

30、 Ill be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。不定式1 “to” 是不定式符號還是介詞，下列短語中的to 都是介詞。agree to object to close to , come to , lead to

31、, refer to ,equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to2 帶to 還是不帶toI have no choice but to give inI cannot do anything but give inI saw him enter the classroom .（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）3 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of

32、 .區(qū)別：當使用for時，句中形容詞修飾的是不定式；而用of時，句中形容詞修飾邏輯主語。Its necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修飾 to study hard，表示學習努力是有必要的）Its foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修飾邏輯主語him）與of 連用的形容詞有：good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , 與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含

33、義的形容詞：possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary，4后接不定式作賓語的動詞有：want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.需要賓語補足語

34、的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如：通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it important to obey the laws .5. 不定式作賓語補足語時省略to的情況：若不定式前的謂語動詞是使役動詞make，let，have（表示“讓、使”）、感官動詞see，watch，look at，observe， notice，hear，listen to， feel時，不定式符號to可以省略。這些動詞亦可總結為口訣：“三使五看兩聽一感覺”。例如：Lets （to）go！走吧！He saw

35、 the thief （to）steal a ladys cellphone.注：改為被動句時要把to還原，例如：The thief was seentosteal a ladys cellphone.6不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to 。want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to7不定式作定語，應注意兩種關系：1）動賓關系：He has a lot of m

36、eeting to attend .Please lend me something to write with .He is looking for a room to liveHe is looking for a room to live in .He has no money and no placeto live ( in ) .I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .There is no time to think ( about ) .2）主謂關系：She is always the last ( person) to

37、 speak at the meeting .-Im going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I )-Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I )7不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義：1） 原因He is lucky to get here on time .這種結構中常用的形容詞有：happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , fri