生命美學(xué)觀視角下的草葉集詩(shī)歌主題LiteratureReview

1、附件三：2 浙江理工大學(xué)科技與藝術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述姓名彭加寧班級(jí)09英語(yǔ)3班指導(dǎo)教師戚婕論文題目生命美學(xué)觀視角下的?草葉集?詩(shī)歌主題研究 Thesis TitleLife aesthetics of Thematic Analysis on Leaves of Grass1. Introduction It is the echo of readers' hearts that, to paraphrase Sir Francis Bacon's Of Studies, reading Leaves of Grass makes a full man, conference

2、 a ready man, and researching an exact man, for its vital subjects back grounded in the 19th century are still in tune with our contemporary values. This American pioneer poet, Walt Whitman(1819-1892), self-consciously brought American slang, Native Americans, mothers, lovers, and even those controv

3、ersially underclass like workers, blacks and prostitutes into his poetry. More importantly, his poetry contains life thinking of soul and flesh, nature and life practice, and sing for them.The data of "Whitman: a current bibliography" based on Walt Whitman Quarterly Review show a strong gr

4、owth of global research on Whitman for long, and have made monumental contributions to the interpretation of Leaves with various Critical Theory. Though it has now become a natural subject for an array of students and scholars working in such a diverse field as Africa-American, feminist, Native Amer

5、ican, gay, semiotic popular culture and print culture studies. Both in home and abroad, scholars who have dabbled in the study of the theme construct in Leaves of Grass are scare. Let alone to interpret his themes with the newly founded life aesthetics.This thesis, apply life aesthetics to examine t

6、he subject of Leaves in details based on macro analysis, is laid out in three chapters to discuss the positive effects of Whitmans themes as love for democracy, praise of self and celebration of nature by example analysis, and in the end, find out the thematic progressiveness and Whitmans life aesth

7、etic value.2. BodyStudies of Whitman have typically gone beyond him to become analyses of American culture and society, and discussions of his work readily rise to a higher level than his contemporaries.A multitude of these critics dissected Leaves in micro view. Among them, Professor Greenspan, et

8、al's (2000) symposium is a typical classic one. They brief Whitman as singer of movement and mobility, poet of ferries and bridges, coquette-lover of crowds, celebrator of diversity, master of self-advertising, and manipulator of images, and meticulously probe element of the poetry such as civil

9、 war, feminism, modernism and photography in contemporary perspective. For instance, they extol Whitman had sharp eyes and ears for the artsopera, drama, painting as well as an uncanny appreciation for the creative process. So they trace to the close relationship between Whitman and modern dance alo

10、ng with his keen interest in photography and its profound effect on the non print media. At the same time, the nationality of Leaves, Whitman in the Civil War, the style of poems and then the changes in the later period, the structure and theme and so on, all become the topics of their study. While

11、the core of their discussion is democracy and self in their describing of Whitman as a poet who challenged the traditional hierarchies of power and dominations, who celebrated the liberation of male and female, sex and the body, workers and poor persons, immigrants and slaves, and who placed the val

12、ues of liberty and equality, comradeship and solitary at the heart of his democratic songs.In a similar line, Folsom & Kenneth (2005) pursues the metonymic relation that Whitman famously employed between himself and his work, and points out that poet's desire was for a democracy that celebra

13、ted the self yet sang the ensemble, that worshiped the individual and the communal, that indeed defined democratic individuality as the ability to imagine and empathize with the vast variety of other individualities that composed the nation. This monograph has a direct relationship to their editoria

14、l work with the Walt Whitman Archive ( ), which offers the latest resources like reviews, critics. They are motivated by a desire to address the dated scholarship, and the gaps, peculiar orderings, errors, incoherencies, and other inadequacies, which characterizes that edition.Leyp

15、oldt (2007) states that contemporary critics continue to be intrigued by Whitman's idea of "language experiment" embodied a radical politics as a "lawless music", which emerges directly from the Democratic Muse. The musical trope is significant because it relates a "pure

16、" aesthetic form a political practice, implying therefore that Whitmanian poetry does not merely talk about democratic issues but transforms the essence of democracy into a stylistic embodiment that constitutes the founding moment of a genuine American aesthetics. Premalatha (2021) concentrates

17、 on Whitman's symbolism, discovered that, when expressing his democracy, love, sex, mysticism and science ideas, he used symbols from nature, such as grass, plants, birds and heavenly bodies, to enable readers to understand his ideas clearly. In his poems, he has made use of indirection and symb

18、olism, as well as sensuous and concrete imagery in a highly sophisticated manner, to convey his perceptions.Lawson(2003) integrated sex, class, and commerce into his study in such respects as Whitman's poetry reveals the inner life of the lower middle class, and the preface to Leaves of Grass re

19、states Whitman's laissez-faire position by explicitly linking the poetic and the economy. Warner (2004) gathered the Whitmaniacs into a kind of cult toward the end of Whitman's life, and brought together each of the forewords and after-words that Whitman wrote for various editions of his poe

20、try, allowing a unique overview of his shifting manifestos.Bertolini (1995) discusses the notebook entries of Walt Whitman to his personal debate concerning questions of liberty, race, slavery, as well as the philosophical question of racial and social inferiority. He stressed that Whitman was inten

21、ding to include slavery and race as integral components of his democratic vision in Leaves of Grass, which may have been influenced by contemporary discursive and artistic representations in his equation of slavery with Lucifer.Asselineau (1999) is a great-grandparent of a wide variety of Whitman sc

22、holarship since the late 1960s,who insisted on viewing Whitman's life and work as an "evolution", inaugurated the study of Leaves of Grass as an altering lifelong work in progress, orchestrated the main themes and progress of his art into his study, and discovered that after the Civil

23、War, the chaotic, anarchistic poems were succeeded by well-constructed poems in which the various themes were skillfully intertwined.Bertolini (2002) is explicit that a cluster of related tropes from the first three editions of Leaves"hinting", "reminding", and "translating&

24、quot; make out some of the ethical and political motives behind the slippery rhetorical game. These are metaphors that, when read against some of the text's highly unstable representations of embodiment, sensuality, sexuality, and bodily agency, can be construed as a rough theory-in-poetic-pract

25、ice called rhetoric of embodied performatory. He argued that, conflating the historical Whitman with the speaker of his lyric remains tantalizing even to sophisticated post-identitarian critics is a sign of the rhetorical ethico-politics of subjectivity operating in Whitman's text. In terms of p

26、oetry theory, Preminger (1993) lay out overall poetics and poetry, which was acknowledged as an classic analysis.Chinese researches also tend to be comprehensive. Li Yeguang's (2003) scholarly work was considered as the most systematic and comprehensive study of Whitman in China, and referenced

27、by many articles published in the newspapers. The study included retrospective illustration of his life and his influence especially in China ever since. Tian Han first introduced Leaves in 1919, and then Guo Moruo, whos most poems showed a deep impact of Whitman's poetical style. Mao Dun, Lu Xu

28、n and many other litterateurs followed to introduce more about Whitman. Projecting Whitman into the 21 century, he presents a general overview of poet's philosophy and social ideology by modern notion that Whitman's philosophy origins from both West and East, and praise of individuality and

29、democracy are the poet's main thought.Zhu Xinfu (2006) interpreted from different angles with drawing resources from Ecocriticisma literary critic stem from 1990s' America with the intensification of ecological crisis, focusing on environmental protection, which is the study of the relations

30、hip between literature and environment. In studying how nature is represented in Whitman's work, he digged out ecological wisdom, philosophy and ethics manifested in the stanzas that nature is the Pierian spring and the measure standard of literature.Hu Xuanen (2005) analyzed different types of

31、culture in terms of Transcendentalism, American democracy, Eastern culture and Italian opera that were reflected in the Leaves from a pluralism perspective, demonstrating that the work comprises not only American culture, but the cultural essence of the East and the West as well. And Zhang Cha (2021

32、) discussed six implications of wild grass, Whitman himself, the American people, freedom and democracy, the United States, and his poems. Fan Xing (2007) compared the Romantic literature between America and China, and their ideas reflected in the Chinese words. Hu Shanlin (2006) make exhaustive app

33、reciation of every psalms in Leaves of Grass, While critics seldom do concrete studies on theme in Whitman's poems, few as Liu Shusen, who issued series of studies adopted the historical dialectic view on Whitman, reconsidered Leaves from a macro perspective. He (1995) points out the unique valu

34、e of James E. Miller's Leaves of Grass: America's LyricEpic of Self and Democracy (1992) lays his focus on the scarcely studied macrostructure and micro-analysis on value. As an illustration, he put forward that, singing for democracy and self is universally acknowledged as the two principal

35、 themes in Leaves, while Miller's affirmation of the two themes as America's lyric is a new concept, which not only manifests America identity, but represent masterpiece of America culture. Moreover, Liu can't agree more with Miller's thematic structure which classified by self, peop

36、le, history and world, saying it skillfully depicted the lyric protagonist "I" who undergo the major life phase, namely, born, grow up, into society, and pursue ideal. He (2004) concluded that most recent research emphasized on Whitman's social acceptance and influence.Here the thesis

37、author creatively apply life aesthetics to appreciate the America epic poem, and adopt the theory of Professor Pan Zhichang (2001) and Wang Xiaohua (2004) , who are both specialize in thise field of life aesthetics, supporting that the mission of life aesthetics is to explore issues around the organ

38、ic life into three dimensionssomaesthetics, practice aesthetics, eco-aesthetics. It is obvious to see the life aesthetics take the body, life activities and nature as aesthetic object, which also are the main themes in Leaves of Grass.For purpose of a better comprehending, a major part of the thesis

39、 also mirrored Hu Shanlin's (2006) exhaustive appreciation of every psalms in the poetry, and based on the theory by Preminger's (1993) poetic.3. ConclusionThere are a thousand notions of Leaves of Grass in a thousand readers views. Nonetheless, scholars preference to study the content on th

40、e spot of micro views in outmoded theories, resulting in an incomprehensive data of macro analysis in dull. While macro research like thematic analysis is more a shortcut to get the hang of very essence of literature works, and life aesthetics, a new approach more fit to appreciate the masterpieces.

41、 And the critic analysis above see that Whitmans distinguished themes like democracy, self, eco-friendliness are still the mainstream culture in the world today. Therefore, the author takes it necessary to interpret the thematic analysis on life aesthetics. Then the thesis' present study is to appreciate Whitmans themes from life aesthetics, and refine those micro researches into thematic comprehending, and find out the relationship between those subject elements and their core. 4. Bibliography1 Asselineau, R. The Evolution of Walt Whitman M. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press,M.