備考英語語法大全

1、高中重點(diǎn)語法精講高中英語語法現(xiàn)象很多。為了便于區(qū)別，不同的語法現(xiàn)象被賦予了不同的語法概念或名稱（每個語法現(xiàn)象對應(yīng)著一個自己的 “名字”）。語法概念或名稱是語法現(xiàn)象的高度濃縮和概括，準(zhǔn)確的理解把握語法概念或名稱對解決相關(guān)的語法題目，起著事半功倍的作用。下面所述的重點(diǎn)語法問題均從語法概念或名稱入手，使得繁瑣難懂的語法問題變得通俗易懂便于掌握。主謂一致概念透析:定義：主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。解法指南：1就近原則-謂語和最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致：1)兩個做主語的名詞或代詞由either or ,neithernor ,not only but also, or 連接時，謂語動詞與最近

2、的主語保持一致Not only he but also I am a teacher. Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.The manager or his assistant was planning to go. 2) there be/ here be 結(jié)構(gòu)中be 動詞與后面的最近的名詞保持一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk.Here is a letter and a book for you.3)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) He works well in th

3、e factory, sodoes she. The boy doesnt like playing football, neither/nor does his younger brother.On the top of the hill stands a temple.4) one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+which / that /who(引導(dǎo)定語從句) +謂語用復(fù)數(shù); that/which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，謂語動詞與先行詞一致。He is one of students who dare to catch snake.區(qū)別： He is the only one of students who

4、 dares to catch snake.I，who am a warm-hearted man, will do whatI can do to help you.2 就遠(yuǎn)原則謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最遠(yuǎn)（最前面）的主語保持一致：1）主語后面跟as well as, with ,together with, in addition to，besides，along with, including ;except, but, not; like 短語時謂語動詞和最前面的名詞一致A boy with his parents is going to zoo next week.Nobody but

5、the students is in the classroom.She not I likes playing volleyball.2）each 作同位語時，它不決定單復(fù)數(shù)。謂語動詞跟前面的主語一致。They each have a dictionary. （區(qū)別：each of them has a dictionary.）3) the only/very one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+which / that /who +謂語用單數(shù)He is the only one of students who dares to catch snake.3 意義一致原則-指主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)

6、數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義，這是謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。1）集合名詞，作為整體時看為單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)個體時看作復(fù)數(shù)。 如：Group/class/committee/family/army/team/audience/government/staffMy family are having lunch now. (family強(qiáng)調(diào)個體)My family has moved into the new house. (family強(qiáng)調(diào)整體)The basketball team consists of 20 players.（team強(qiáng)調(diào)球隊整體）The basketb

7、all team are having a bath now.（team強(qiáng)調(diào)個體-球隊球員）2）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的詞，根據(jù)主語本身要表達(dá)意思來判斷謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如means, cattle, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, works, species, fish A sheep is running along the riverEvery means of solving the problem needs discussing.The cattle are grazing near the river. 牛在河邊吃草3)表示數(shù)目，時間，金額或距離的名詞復(fù)數(shù)做主語根

8、據(jù)意義將其看作整體謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment.4）由and 連接的名詞短語如果表示同一人或事物，謂動用單數(shù)；若表示兩個不同的概念，謂動用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The bread and butter is my favorite. (同一事物指“黃油面包”) The singer and the dancer come from another country. (兩個不同身份的人，指那個歌唱家和那個舞蹈家)5）分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+

9、 of + n.； a majority/minority of +n謂語動詞跟后面的中心詞n. 保持一致。6)不定代詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如something，nobody，somebody7)each, either, neither, another, the other 做主語或主語被和他們有關(guān)的短語修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Neither answer is correct. Each of them likes eating cakes 8)有些以s 結(jié)尾的名詞本身不表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式，如news, mathematics, physics, politics等No

10、news is good news. Maths is popular in our class.9）the number of （謂動用單數(shù)）;a number of /a great many of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 (謂動用復(fù)數(shù)) The number of athletes is 40. A number of / a great many of the students arediligent.10）the +adj. 指人用復(fù)數(shù),指物用單數(shù).如：the wounded (傷員)，the old(傷員) 謂動用復(fù)數(shù)；the beautiful(美好的事物)，the good(好的地方優(yōu)點(diǎn)

11、)謂動用單數(shù)。 The old need taking good care of. The beautiful is worthy of being remembered.The good in him outweights the bad.11) “form（s） / kind（s） / type（s） of + 名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與form（s）等的單復(fù)數(shù)一致，此時，若名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞也要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：This kind of book sells well. Two kinds of salt have proved to be harmful to human

12、 body. 區(qū)別：Books of this kind sell well 4形式一致原則不注重短語表示意思，只注重其形式，形式為單數(shù)謂語動詞就用單數(shù)：many a + n（單數(shù)） / more than one +n（單數(shù)） / every(each) +n +（+and+ each +n）/ a majority(minority)/ one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 以上的短語做主語謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Many a student likes playing the computer games.More than one student has ever been to Beij

13、ing. One and a half hours is enough. Every man and every woman is at work.A majority is expected to be admitted to the famous university.習(xí)題精練：1. Either Jane or Steven _B_ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _C_enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.A. isnt B. is C.

14、 arent    D. are 3. How many lessons do you usually have a day? Six lessons a day. And each of them B_45 minutes.A. last B. lasts C. have D. are 4. Neither he or I is a professional football player.A. am B. is C. be D. are 5. There _A_ only one difficult sentence and few new words in

15、lesson one. It is very easy. A. is B. arent C. isnt D. are 6. The number of the students in our school _A_1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have 7. Mathematics _B_ my favorite subject. A. be B. is C. am D. are 8. The boy with the two dogs _A_ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleeping B is slee

16、ping C. was sleeping D. are asleep 9.Every one except Tom and John_D_there when the meeting began. A. are B. is C. were D. was 10. That place is not interesting at all, _A_of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some 11.NobodybutJane B_the secret. A. know B. knows C. have know D. is 12

17、. The office staff_D_ gathered to hear the president speak.A. is B. are C. be D. will 13. This pair of glasses _C_mine. A. are B. be C. is D. will be 14Both Lily and Lucy _A_to the party yesterday. A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invited15. Two months A_quite a long time. Yes, Im af

18、raid that he will miss lots of his lessons. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. In the city，the old _C_. A. take good care of B. are taken good care of C. is taken good care of D. are been taken good care of 17. His family _all very kind and friendly, His family _A_a happy one.A. are, is B. is, is C. ar

19、e, are D. is, are18. The singer and the dancer _C_come to Beijing. A. has     B. have C. are D. is 19. The children in this class each _C_new school bag. A. have B. has C. has got D. are having 20 If Bob's wife won't agree to go on holiday in winter,C.A. neither he will B

20、. neither won't he C. neither will he D. he won't neither21. Apples of this kind_.BA. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well22You as well as heCto blame for the accidentA. are B. is C. have D. has23. I, who _A_your teacher, will try my best to help you with my study.A. is B.

21、are C. be D. am24. Only _ C_ in our school _ been invited to the party.A. one third of the teachers; has B. one third teachers; haveC. on third of the teachers; have D. one third teachers; has 非謂語動詞術(shù)語導(dǎo)航簡單句：以句點(diǎn)為標(biāo)志有且僅有一套句子成份-主語+謂語+其他成分。The machine functions well. （主語+謂語+狀語） He is a famous professor in

22、 the city.（主語+系動詞+表語+時間狀語）下面的句子是簡單句么？ Being late for class, he felt very sorry. He is a professional football player and has won several prizes. The professor was respected by all students, for he is much learned. Blair, though he was born in Chicago, lived and worked in New York. The book I want to

23、 get has been sold out.復(fù)合句：又稱主從復(fù)合句包括一個主句和一個或多個從句，主句和從句之間由連接詞/關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接共同構(gòu)成一個整體-復(fù)合句。What you said is puzzling（主語從句）.The author thinks (that) the book he wrote is amazing(賓語從句). Though he failed, he never lost heart. (讓步狀語從句)。The village where I was born has been changing. (定語從句)（真實）主語：直接位于謂語動詞前，是動作的發(fā)出者或執(zhí)

24、行者。邏輯主語：是非謂語動詞動作的執(zhí)行著或承受著，它們與非謂語動詞有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系。She askedme to read the book. (me 是read的邏輯主語“我讀”)。Driven by his curiosity,he went to the secret place.(he是drive的邏輯主語，他們之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系 意為“他被驅(qū)使”)概念透析-非謂語動詞定義：不能充當(dāng)謂語的特殊的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)形式。理解：（1）作用：不能充當(dāng)謂語也就是說可以充當(dāng)其他成分如主語/表語/補(bǔ)足語或狀語或定語。To see is to believe 眼見為實 (不定式充當(dāng)主語和表語) T

25、he man following the woman was obviously in a hurry. 跟在那個女人的男人很顯然非常的匆忙 (現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語)He entered the hall followed by several people他進(jìn)入了這個大廳，后面跟著幾個人 (過去分詞短語充當(dāng)伴隨狀語) （2）特征: A)特殊的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)形式：to do /doing（現(xiàn)在分詞）/doing(動名詞)/ done B）非謂語動詞的否定式在非謂語的前面+not 如 not to do / not doing C) 非謂語動詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語(真實主語)。Not knowing

26、 anything about his work, he went to work as usual.（Not knowing 為非謂語動詞的否定式，he整個句子的（真實）主語，為非謂動的邏輯主語）試一試自己分析下面句子結(jié)構(gòu)：The Olympic Games, first played in 776B.C, didnt include women players until 1912. He did what he could do to help the children in the quake-hit area.I can hardly imagine Tombeing caught

27、cheating in the exam.結(jié)構(gòu)意義細(xì)化非謂語動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：1 to do 1）一般式：to do 表目的和將來；表一次性的動作。 I need to buy a pair of shoes. (表目的，表將來)It getting too hot, I like to swim. (表示當(dāng)時一次性的動作)2）完成式： to have done 表動作完成；表不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前 Come to the party to be held next week。(不定式一般式的被動語態(tài)表將來表被動)Im sorry to have troubled you. 對不起給你添了

28、那么多的麻煩。(不定式的完成式表示完成表trouble 發(fā)生在be sorry 之前) Im sorry to trouble you. 對不起要麻煩你一下。 （不定式一般式表示將來要進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作）注意：1. So + adj. + as to / such () as to He was so angry as to be unable to speak.We are not such fools as to believe him.2. Only to (常表示未曾料到的事情)He hurried to the bus station only to find the bus were

29、 gone.3. 不定式有時可以看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度To be frank, I didnt agree with you.2 doing（現(xiàn)在分詞） 1) 一般式：doing 表主動；表進(jìn)行；表動作的持續(xù)和反復(fù)性 I wont have you speaking to your mother in that way all the time. 我不允許你總是跟你媽媽用哪種方式說話(表示主動和動作的反復(fù)性) Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. (表示主動) 2）完成式：having done 表示主動且此動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。 N

30、ot having received her letter, he wrote her again.(receive 發(fā)生在wrote之前且表示主動，要用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式)3 done（過去分詞）1）及物動詞的過去分詞 ：表被動；表完成 With a lot of books bought, he left the bookstore.（bought表被動，表完成）Given more time, I will do it better. (given 表被動)I spoke loudly to make myself heard.2）不及物動詞的過去分詞：只表示完成 4 doing (動名詞

31、) 1）常用在特殊的動詞或短語或介詞之后.Avoid / mind/ finish/enjoy/imagine/look forward to /insist on/cant help doing2）動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：形容詞詞性的物主代詞/名詞s +doing .在此結(jié)構(gòu)中物主代詞或名詞所有格是邏輯主語。My being late really annoyed my teacher.Would you mind XiaoWangs smoking in the room. 3）做主語或賓語表示經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性的動作。I like swimming.我喜歡游泳 區(qū)別：I like to swim to

32、day，for it was too hot. Painting is his hobby. 畫畫是他的愛好。4)時態(tài):Children enjoy watching animated cartoon. (動名詞的現(xiàn)在時)Iregret having been unable to write to you earlier. (動名詞的完成時)解法指南1 句法分析法判定是否使用非謂語動詞1）若句子是簡單句，那只能出現(xiàn)一個動詞做謂語。若出現(xiàn)其他動詞，則要結(jié)合句意用非謂語動詞的適當(dāng)形式（也可能用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）There _ (be) so many problems needing solving,

33、 he felt at a loss.解析：簡單句，謂語為feel 因此 前面的be 動詞采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式，表示主動用being。2）句子是復(fù)合句，獨(dú)立于句子的動詞或動詞短語部分采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式。Not having seen him before, she didnt know he was her uncle. （非謂語動詞） (復(fù)合句)2 形式意義整合法：確定了用非謂語動詞之后，根據(jù)不同的形式表示不同的意義選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式。E.g. These _ (add) to those are 24. 這些和那些加起來是24解析：此句為簡單句，謂語部分為be,所以前面的動

34、詞add 要采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆侵^語動詞形式。add 為及物動詞常用于add something to something 結(jié)構(gòu)中所以此處應(yīng)填added 表被動習(xí)題精選：1 The ancient Egyptians are supposed _C_ rockets to the moon. A) to send B) sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending 2 I'd rather read than watch television; The programs seem C_all the time. A) to get worseB

35、) to have got worse C) to be getting worse D) getting worse3 Mark often attempts to escape _B_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 4 Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow. A) cutB) to cut C) cutting D)

36、 being cut5 If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed6 _B_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated C) The girl's being educated D) The gir

37、l to be educated 7 When I caught him _A_me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating 8 European football is played in 80 countries , _D_ it the most popular sport in the world.A making B makes C to make D made 9 _B_by ter

38、rorists, the tall building collapsed.A having attacked B being attacked C to be attacked D having being attacked 10. I feel like _B_ a long walk. Would you like _ with me?  A. taking, going      B. taking, to go C. to take, to go    D. to take,

39、going 11. Im afraid your suggestion cant help _A_ the service of their shop.  A. improving      B. in improving      C. improve    D. for improving12 It is considered no good _D_ without understanding.  A. reci

40、te         B. to be recited            C. recited          D. reciting13. _A_ sadly, the little boy raised his head and had the tears _ down on purpose.  A

41、. Seen to cry, fall                   B. To be seen crying, falling  C. Seen crying, falling                D. To be seen to cry,

42、fall14. Attention must be paid to _B_ the jeweler shop _.  A. prevent, from robbing          B. preventing, from being robbed  C. prevent, to be robbed           D. preventing, from robbing15. _B

43、_ you the truth, she knows nothing about it.  A. Tell          B. Telling         C. To tell    D. Told16. _B to the left and youll see the post office.  A. To turn     B

44、. Turning       C. If turn   D. Turn17. China is a _B_ country _ to the third world.  A. developed, belongs         B. developing, belonging  C. developing, belongs       D. develo

45、ped, being belonged18. Six _B_ to nine _ fifteen.  A. added, makes     B. adding, makes         C. adds, make      D. adding, make19. _A_ her mother had come, her face lit up.  A. Hearing   

46、     B. Having heard     C. When hearing      D. When she heard20. _C_ to loud noises for a long time will have ones hearing _.  A. exposed, harmed              B. b

47、eing exposed, harmed  C. exposing, being harmed       D. expose, be heard21. If _A_ alone on a desert island, what would you do?  A. leaving you B. having left you C. left    D. leaving22. The Italian football team played so successful

48、ly _A_ the Russians.  A. as to defeat   B. only to defeat  C. to have defeated    D. as defeating23. The palace, _D_ down in 1485, was never rebuilt.  A. burnt  B. having burnt   C. to be burnt   D. burning24. Generally

49、speaking, _B_ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take   D. when to be taken25.   There seemed to be nothing _D_ to do but _ for the doctor.A. left, to send B. leaving, send C. leave, send D. left, send獨(dú)

50、立主格結(jié)構(gòu)概念導(dǎo)入：-觀察下面幾個句子，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注劃線部分1 The boy goes to the classroom,(with a) book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。2 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無一人生還。3 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。4 The meeting over, they all

51、went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。5 The test finished, we began our holiday考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。不難看出上面劃線部分的結(jié)構(gòu)是：(with) + n / pron. (邏輯主語) + 其他（非謂語動詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語） 這也就是我們要講解的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)概念透析：定義：由名詞或代詞加上其他的成分（非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語）構(gòu)成的特殊的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。理解：1） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的非謂語動詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞等是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。4

52、）作用：作狀語表原因，條件，方式，伴隨獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)化：1. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間主謂關(guān)系。如： The girl staring at him, he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關(guān)系。如： The problems solved, the quality has been improved. 隨著問

53、題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 The signal given, the bus started. 發(fā)出信號后，汽車開始前進(jìn)。3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。如： The teacher to help us, we will succeed.有老師的幫助，我們就能成功。4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如： So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如： He put on his sweater wro

54、ng side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如： Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。7with +名詞/代詞賓格+其他(介詞短語、分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞)The classroom is very bright with (all lights turned) on.I cant go out, with a lot of homework to do.Dont talk with your mouth full.The teacher en

55、tered the classroom, with a book in his hand.習(xí)題精練：1. I couldn't do my homework with all that noise _C_.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on                     2. _C_ and no way to reduce her

56、pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor's help to end her life.A. Having given up hope of cure   B. With no hope for cure   C. In the hope of cure        3. With a lot of difficult problems _B_, the newly-

57、elected president is having a hard time. A. settled   B. settling   C. to settle   D. being settled      4. He slept well _A_ all the windows open.A. when   B. while   C. with   D. because 5.The murderer w

58、as brought in, with his hands _B_ behind his back.A. being tied   B. having tied   C. to be tied   D. tied               定語從句概念導(dǎo)入：定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞或短語或從句定語從句（用一個句子來修飾名詞代詞），但要放在名詞（名詞短語）或代詞的后面，被修飾的名詞（名詞

59、短語）或代詞叫先行詞。先行詞和從句之間通過關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接關(guān)聯(lián)詞：關(guān)系代詞：who ,whom ,whose, which, that , as (what 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句)關(guān)系副詞：When, where, why注意：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分,關(guān)系代詞可以做主語、賓語、表語；關(guān)系副詞在從句中做狀語。定語從句分類：限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號和主句隔開用逗號和主句隔開意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，不能刪除是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，刪除后意思仍完整譯法上翻譯成先行詞的定語，“的”通常翻譯成主句的并列句關(guān)系詞的使用上A做賓語時可省略B、可用that C、whom可用who代

60、替A、不可省B、不用that C、不用who代替whom要注意區(qū)分以下幾個句子的不同(1)His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）(2)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個哥哥）解題方法指南：1 關(guān)聯(lián)詞的確定：a)根據(jù)先行詞，看是人是物還是地點(diǎn) b)看在后面的從句里面做什么成分2意義整合：通過第一步初步定下了關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后，結(jié)合句子的意思進(jìn)一步整合確定所選關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確性。分類剖析：1關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句：I have a brother that /who likes playing football very much.（做主語，指人）I have a brother （whom）(that)I like to play with.（做賓語）I have a bro