吳儉托福寫作講義(共35頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上托福寫作講義Teaching Plan (10)第一次課n 托福寫作考試整體介紹n 作文理論Briefingn 學(xué)習(xí)目的及課堂安排第二次課n 詞法：30組托福經(jīng)典詞匯n 語法：20組常犯語法錯(cuò)誤n 改錯(cuò)練習(xí)第三次課n 獨(dú)立寫作綜述n Beginning Paragraph的寫法第四次課n Topic Sentence的寫法n How to develop sentence (1)第五次課n Supporting Ideas的寫法第六次課n 解題思路的擴(kuò)展與總結(jié)n 佳句賞析第七次課n 讓步式的寫法n How to develop sentence (2)第八次課n 結(jié)尾

2、段的寫法n 寫作流程總結(jié)及思路培養(yǎng)第九次課n 綜合寫作綜述n 綜合寫作閱讀及聽力技巧n 綜合寫作文章結(jié)構(gòu)n 綜合寫作模板使用第十次課n 綜合寫作練習(xí)n 托福寫作最新考題分析n 新托?？紙?chǎng)備考策略及全攻略第一次課課程安排n 托福寫作考試整體介紹n 作文理論Briefingn 學(xué)習(xí)目的及課堂安排u 托福作文考試簡(jiǎn)介50分鐘/2篇作文（綜合寫作、獨(dú)立寫作）¨ 綜合寫作（150字）5種關(guān)系（_）¨ 獨(dú)立寫作（350字）3種出題方式3種基本話題u 作文理論Briefing作文考試目標(biāo)6分作文的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)¨¨寫作面臨的2大困惑¨¨寫作之中遵循的2個(gè)

3、原則1. _üüüüüü2. _ü 說明文（兩段式）ü 議論文（三種傳統(tǒng)理論）¨ 傳統(tǒng)段¨ 對(duì)稱式¨ 讓步式學(xué)習(xí)目的及課堂安排本課堂的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容1、2、3、4、第二次課課程安排n 詞法：30組托福經(jīng)典詞匯n 語法：20組常犯語法錯(cuò)誤n 改錯(cuò)練習(xí)雅思四大話題30組經(jīng)典詞組和句子1. action/activityThe police took immediate _when they realized the situation was getting out of hand.Econom

4、ic_ stagnated as the recession took hold.2. advice/advise Can you_ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent _3. affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_ train services.4. appreciable/appreciative There i

5、s an_ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_ of our efforts to help.5. assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_ that it would help control spending.Its sheer_ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6. avoid/preventRapid government reforms ma

6、naged to_ a revolution taking place.Hes always trying to_ taking a decision if he can help it.7. besides/besideThe office is just_ the railway station. _ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8. briefly/shortly _ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the borde

7、r post.The minister spoke _ about the need for political reform.9. channel/canal The television_ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez_ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10. conscientious/conscious_ workers always take their work seriously. Most people are_ of t

8、he need to protect the environment.11. continual/continuousA_ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us_ problems ever since we installed it.12. control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly_ kitchens and other food preparation areas.The governme

9、nt plans to_ the price of meat to make sure it doesnt go up too much.13. criticism/objectionsThey didnt raise any_ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The governments plan was met with severe _.14. damage/injury/harmIt was a severe _ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of_ was cau

10、sed to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _ in working out the details right now. 15. during/for/whileShops were closed _ the duration of the conflict._the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes.The bomb went off_ the president was mak

11、ing his speech.16. however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. _, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement.The plan was excellent. _, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17. inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn _ amount of money was wasted. _ behavior makes life u

12、npleasant for everybody.18. intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite _ The government is _ of other political parties.19. job/workEverybody has the right to a decent _ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _20. lay(s)/lie(s) The city of Guito _ nea

13、r the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _ down some strict rules.21. look at /watchWe must _the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again.We need to _ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it.22. permission/permitIm afraid

14、 cant_ photography in here.They received _ to attend the sessions as long as they didnt interrupt.23. possibility/chanceThere is always the _ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _ of finding a cure for the disease.24. practice / practiceIts important to _your

15、English whenever possible.You need more _ before you take the exam.25. priceless/worthless _ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors.At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became_26. principal/principleThe_ of the college is an ardent n

16、on-smoker.The countrys _ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the _ of nuclear physics.27. process/processionThe_ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating_28. raise/riseAs prices _ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil sh

17、ortage, most airlines plan to _ their fares.29. respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in_ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be _30. treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to _ patients with minor

18、injures.They were unable to_ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正確表達(dá)：2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞必須加一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形）錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：We should be take some effective measures.正確表達(dá)：3. 不一致不一致包括主謂不一致，也包括數(shù)的不一致、時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：When one have money, he can do

19、what he want to.正確表達(dá)：4. 時(shí)態(tài)問題錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Some people argued that women should join the army.正確表達(dá)：5. 語態(tài)問題錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正確表達(dá)：6. 懸垂修飾語錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正確表達(dá)：錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultiva

20、ted.正確表達(dá)：7. 詞性使用錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正確表達(dá)：8. 介詞短語加了句號(hào)錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正確表達(dá)：9. 句子不完整錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正確表達(dá)：10. 固定詞組的搭配錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：There is a great deal of vi

21、olence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正確表達(dá)：11. 指代不清指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正確表達(dá)：12. such as和for example的區(qū)別錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.

22、正確表達(dá)：錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正確表達(dá)：13. 逗號(hào)隔開了兩個(gè)完整的句子錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正確表達(dá)：14. 用詞不當(dāng)是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)倪x用詞語的問題，我們?cè)谧魑闹杏迷~不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：The use of chem

23、ical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正確表達(dá)：15. 不連貫不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不通順錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正確表達(dá)：16. 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)使用錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations.正確表達(dá)：1

24、7. 正式原則一般不能出現(xiàn)縮寫形式錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：As is known to all, we cant do without advertisement.正確表達(dá)：特例：18. 大小寫的錯(cuò)誤每句開頭第一個(gè)字母都得大寫錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正確表達(dá)：19. 從句引導(dǎo)詞錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species i

25、s the greatest charm in the world.正確表達(dá)：20. 介詞使用不當(dāng)錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正確表達(dá)：錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正確表達(dá)：Correction Exercises1. The

26、 invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2. Dont put hand in pocket.3. Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.4. Last night was too cold.5. By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6. Some pe

27、ople claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7. Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8. I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9. Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10. If you are convenient, ple

28、ase give me a hand.11. In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12. I forgot my watch at home.13. Smoking is harmful to your body.14. Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15. The two types of designs exist difference.16. The true fact is he never offer

29、s help to others.17. There are many people plan to study abroad.18. Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19. If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20. The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, they seldom

30、do so.21. Today is very hot, I stay home.22. When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23. He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.24. Comparison with the performance of Linda, Kents performance is far from perfect.25. The big noise makes me cant sle

31、ep well.26. My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27. The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28. The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29. Smoking is harmful to ones body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it c

32、an increase the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30. The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31. People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32. Now people go abroad becomes very easy.33.

33、Computer is a useful tool for student to learn English.34. Raising pets are good for old people and child.35. Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36. Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37. There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feel comf

34、ortably.38. Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39. It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40. Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41. However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite

35、beneficial.42. Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43. On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyone has to admit that its disadvantages far overweight its advantages.44. I find myself difficul

36、t to work and study there due to my roommates inconsiderate behavior.45. I am very difficult to write essays in English.46. When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47. I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.48. Last year saw a rapid rais

37、e in the volume of output.49. A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50. I would like a single room to live and study.51. I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return back home immediately.52. I and my sister like

38、pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53. They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54. The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55. After three days meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三

39、次課課程安排n 獨(dú)立寫作綜述n Beginning Paragraph的寫法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（_）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards.

40、 I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people thi

41、nk that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming

42、 rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasin

43、g numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction. Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university

44、education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why. Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to improve the public fa

45、cilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another,

46、 brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools cant very well match the requirements of this fast-developing and competitive worl

47、d. (78)家庭作業(yè)：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.第四次課課程安排n Topic Sentence的寫法n How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主題句寫作5

48、步走：1、2、3、4、5、三個(gè)過程： 今天的重點(diǎn)是: Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.A好壞宏觀宏觀微觀微觀1、 確認(rèn)關(guān)鍵

49、詞2、思維兩分三種不同出題方式的思維兩分圖形。3、思維聚焦好：（宏觀） （微觀）壞：（宏觀）（微觀）4、簡(jiǎn)單句 5、潤色How to develop sentences (1)1. 引導(dǎo)詞目的： 使句子顯得更加層次分明。用法是副詞性，用于句首。起： 承： 轉(zhuǎn)： 合： 2. 插入語目的：修飾動(dòng)詞，使觀點(diǎn)更加的客觀合理。用法是副詞性，用于動(dòng)詞前。舉例: 3. 定語從句目的：對(duì)句子中的名詞進(jìn)行修飾性的擴(kuò)展和延伸，使主題詞和關(guān)鍵詞更加豐滿和完善。舉例：Sample 1: University Education的重要性Keyword：_簡(jiǎn)單句：改寫為：遞進(jìn)練習(xí)：Sample 2: (103) In y

50、our opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer. When you write your answer, you are not limited to the example

51、s listed in the question.Characteristic：補(bǔ)充練習(xí)：Question: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to improve the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Environment：宏觀：微觀： Public facilitie

52、s：宏觀： 微觀： 家庭作業(yè)：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.第五次課課程安排n Supporting Ideas的寫法觀點(diǎn)發(fā)展句的寫法 ( Supporting Ideas)常見論據(jù)形式1. Reasonin

53、g2. Personal Experience3. Authentic Example4. Statistics5. Quotation6. Compare and Contrast7. Theory8. Scenariol Low-level: Examples（_原則）1、 For example, some months ago, a friend of mine was killed in a tragic automobile accident involving a drunk driver. The incident was far from rare, and was in f

54、act typical of thousands of cases concerning people driving under the influence of alcohol.Question：University education provides the students with a variety of knowledge. Low-level的Sample answer2、 In school，we can learn all sorts of courses, for example, economics, laws, mathematics etc., which are not only interesting but useful for all the students. Meanwhile, there are many optional courses for students to audit too, such as, arts, music etc. so that we could be versatile and well-rounded in various fields.l High-level：FACTU