高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)-臨場(chǎng)寫作

1、高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)-臨場(chǎng)寫作一篇好的書面表達(dá)在體裁、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)等正確的基礎(chǔ)上，用基本無誤的語(yǔ)言把內(nèi)容、要點(diǎn)全部或基本寫出來非常重要，同時(shí)，考生還應(yīng)兼顧行文連貫、文章通順，則能更好的表情達(dá)意，以期取得較高分?jǐn)?shù)。 一、捕捉信息，組織要點(diǎn) 書面表達(dá)的評(píng)分依據(jù)之一就是內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。在審題階段，考生應(yīng)對(duì)要點(diǎn)已有一個(gè)基本了解。此時(shí)，在認(rèn)真審題，弄清題意的基礎(chǔ)上，應(yīng)逐個(gè)地完整無缺地把內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)列出來(一般為58個(gè)要點(diǎn))，用明白、恰當(dāng)、得體的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來；其次要盡量消除漢語(yǔ)式的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式，更不能逐字逐句地將漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ),使得文章支離破碎。這里，我們以NMET 2005年天津卷書面表達(dá)試題為例：原題：請(qǐng)你根據(jù)

2、提示用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文，介紹第十五屆全國(guó)書市開幕當(dāng)天的情況，并淺談舉辦書市的意義。    日期  2005年5月18日 地點(diǎn) 天津 人數(shù) 6萬余人（來自全國(guó)各地、各行各業(yè)）  主要活動(dòng) 開幕式、科普講座、作者與讀者見面 受歡迎圖書 社會(huì)科學(xué)、少兒讀物、外語(yǔ)等 意義 提供好書、方便購(gòu)書、滿足人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)的愿望注意：1. 詞數(shù)：801202. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫3. 參考詞匯：全國(guó)書市National Book Fair  開幕式o

3、pening ceremony 在審題階段，我們可以找出的要點(diǎn)包括： 1. 第15屆全國(guó)書市于2005年5月18日在天津召開；2. 當(dāng)日有6萬余人到場(chǎng)，來自全國(guó)各地、各行各業(yè)；3. 主要活動(dòng)包括開幕式、科普講座、作者與讀者見面；4. 受歡迎的圖書有社會(huì)科學(xué)、少兒讀物、外語(yǔ)等；5. 舉辦書市的意義是提供好書、方便購(gòu)書、滿足人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)的愿望?，F(xiàn)在就可以用英語(yǔ)具體列出要點(diǎn)：1) The 15th National Book Fair will be held on May 18th in Tianjin.2) There are about 60,000 from all traded and p

4、rofessions in different regions.3) Primary activities include opening ceremony, popular science lectures and meetings between writers and readers.4) Books on social science, children and foreign languages are popular.5) The significance is to provide good books, convenience to readers and satisfy pe

5、oples desire for knowledge. 二、 注重開頭，寫好結(jié)尾大家都知道“Well begun is half done（良好的開端是成功的一半）”。高考書面表達(dá)屬指導(dǎo)性寫作，從歷年的試題來看，都有一定的材料提示，而且有明確的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。所以開頭宜開門見山，直奔主題。同時(shí)要對(duì)你所寫的第一個(gè)句子慎之又慎，確保不出任何錯(cuò)誤，最好能作到引人入勝。下面是2005年NMET書面表達(dá)參考例文中所給出的開頭(已給出開頭的不算在內(nèi))。 Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.(全國(guó)卷I、II) A famous

6、saying goes that there must be a use for my talent.(上海卷) It was snowing heavily on Monday morning.(遼寧卷) Chinese students celebrate their birthdays in different ways, but the most common way is tohold a birthday party, at which friends get together to have fun drinking, singing and dancing. (浙江卷)另外，文

7、章能否得高分，結(jié)尾也很關(guān)鍵。好的結(jié)尾能起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用，也能使閱卷老師的眼前為之一“亮”。至于說怎樣結(jié)尾，應(yīng)根據(jù)不同體裁的文章而定，或總結(jié)全文，或表明對(duì)所寫人物的態(tài)度，或適可而止，水到渠成。下面是2005年NMET書面表達(dá)范文中所給出的結(jié)尾(已給出結(jié)尾的不算在內(nèi))。 Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations. (福建卷) Dear fellow students, lets start fight now and spare no effort to do a

8、little bit every day, every hour, and every minute. (江蘇卷) Or, we should not hope to get rewards without hard work. (廣東卷) In this way, we express thanks to our parents in return for their love. (浙江卷) 三、譴詞造句，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)“具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”第四條中指出，評(píng)分時(shí)應(yīng)注意的主要內(nèi)容有：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量和準(zhǔn)確性、上下文的連貫性及語(yǔ)言的得體性。且個(gè)檔次具體給分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中“最高檔”的

9、要求是：應(yīng)用了較多的較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或高級(jí)詞匯；語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面又些許錯(cuò)誤，但那是為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。從這些方面我們可以看出，一篇好的書面表達(dá)不僅僅要求“要點(diǎn)齊全”，還對(duì)“應(yīng)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量和準(zhǔn)確性、上下文的連貫性及語(yǔ)言的得體性”方面提出了具體明確的要求。它不僅要求考生能夠根據(jù)提示和要求準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出要點(diǎn)，而且還要求考生在寫作中能創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá)有關(guān)要點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，考生必須注意，所有創(chuàng)新必須以準(zhǔn)確性為前提。考生應(yīng)盡量使用自己熟悉的、見過的，運(yùn)用較自如的詞匯或表達(dá)方式，冷靜思考，揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。1、 遣詞遣詞的基本原則是準(zhǔn)確、生動(dòng)、形象，符合習(xí)

10、慣。但是，有時(shí)由于受中文的干擾，有的考生往往緊摳著提示中的某個(gè)中文詞語(yǔ)絞盡腦汁地去找所學(xué)過的等同該詞的英文詞語(yǔ)，不但浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間，更主要的是往往選用的詞不恰當(dāng)。遇到這種情況，可以采取轉(zhuǎn)譯法，用同義詞、近義詞，甚至可用反義詞轉(zhuǎn)代表達(dá)。例如：“開會(huì)”這個(gè)“開”可借助動(dòng)詞 “have” 或 “hold” 等來轉(zhuǎn)譯。又如“簽名”，雖然學(xué)過 “sign ones name”如果一時(shí)想不起來可以用 “write down ones name”來釋意。再如“懶惰”可以用 “not hard-working”，“不熟悉”可用 “know little about”等來表達(dá)。在寫作中，考生還可以適量使用“較高級(jí)或

11、高級(jí)詞匯”，但要注意語(yǔ)言的得體性。所謂“較高級(jí)或高級(jí)詞匯”主要是指中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱上沒有的詞語(yǔ)，或使用通過構(gòu)詞法派生、變化而來的省次，或使用同（近）義詞或反義詞等來代替常見詞語(yǔ)。如：例1：這個(gè)政黨只有十名成員。1）The party is made up of only 10 members.2）Only 10 members constitute the party.分析：1)句中的be made up of是常見詞組，為考生們所熟悉；而2）句中的constitute是則是大綱上沒有的，屬于較高級(jí)詞匯。例2：他的成功要?dú)w功于他父母的鼓勵(lì)。    1）He att

12、ributes his success to his parents encouragement.2）His success is attributable to his parents encouragement.分析：1）句中的attribute to是考生們熟悉的詞組；而2）句中使用了be attributable to ，其中attributable是由attribute派生而來的，也屬于較高級(jí)詞匯。2、 造句在造句時(shí)，考生要注意以下三點(diǎn)：（1）句子既要生動(dòng)，又要簡(jiǎn)明扼要。（2）在寫作中應(yīng)避免使用相同長(zhǎng)度的相同句型，而應(yīng)注意句式的變化，如長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合，簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)雜句和復(fù)合句并用，還可以使

13、用簡(jiǎn)化具等；一些較復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)如獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等也可以使用。（3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、感嘆句、倒裝句等，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句的表現(xiàn)力，以期增加文章“亮點(diǎn)”。下面摘選幾句2005年NMET書面表達(dá)中一些值得學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒的“亮點(diǎn)”詞匯與句型供欣賞。 Every time she gives performances at the school party, teachers and students sing high praise for her. (上海卷) What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will

14、 be like in twenty years. (北京卷) To move or not, this is a big decision, which has to be made by people in Beijing.（全國(guó)卷III） Another case in point is my best friend Liu Mei. (上海卷) 3、高考書面表達(dá)怎樣運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)近幾年的高考考試說明中，關(guān)于高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔(很好)中有這樣一段話：“應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致?！边@就是說,學(xué)生僅運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的

15、詞匯和基本的句型，不能體現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，即使表達(dá)無語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，也不能得高分；相反有些錯(cuò)誤，目的在有意識(shí)地使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯，也不扣分，仍屬于最高檔次。以下將介紹一下在高考書面表達(dá)中應(yīng)如何運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。（1）改變時(shí)態(tài)例如：The bell is ringing now. (一般)There goes the bell! (高級(jí))（2）改變語(yǔ)態(tài)例如：People suggest that the conference be put off. (一般)It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高級(jí))（3）使用不定式例如：He is

16、 so kind that he can help me.(一般)He is so kind as to help me.(高級(jí))（4）使用過去分詞例如： She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.(一般)Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.(高級(jí)) Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.(一般)Once seen, it can never be forgotten.(高級(jí))（5）使用V-ing形式例如：

17、 When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.(一般)On arriving/his arrival, please give me an e-mail.(高級(jí)) If the weather permits, I'll come tomorrow.(一般)I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting.(高級(jí))（6）使用名詞性從句例如：It disappointed everybody that he didn't turn up.(一般)The fact that he didn't tu

18、rn up disappointed everybody.(高級(jí))I happened to have met him.(一般)It happened that I had met him.(高級(jí))To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(一般)What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.(高級(jí))（7）使用定語(yǔ)從句例如：The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.

19、(一般)The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.(高級(jí))（8）使用狀語(yǔ)從句例如： I won't believe what he says.(一般)No matter what he says, I won't believe.(高級(jí)) If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.(一般)You can go out on condition that (provided that) you come back before

20、 six o'clock.(高級(jí)) If she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(一般)Supposing that she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(高級(jí))（9）使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣例如： If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam. （高級(jí)）      I wish it were spring all the year around. （高級(jí)）  

21、    He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England. （高級(jí)）（10）使用倒裝句例如： The teacher didnt come until he finished his homework. （一般）         Not until he teacher came did he finish his homework. （高級(jí)）    

22、60; I never shall do this again. （一般）         Never shall I do this again. （高級(jí)）      As though the chemistry homework was very difficult, it was finished in time. （一般）         Difficult as was th

23、e chemistry homework, it was finished in time. （高級(jí)） （10）使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型例如： Professor Lin teaches us English. （一般）         It is Professor Lin who teaches us English.  （高級(jí)）      I saw the film in Shanghai. （一般）     

24、    It was in Shanghai that I saw the film. （高級(jí)）四、整理成篇，行文連貫眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地表達(dá)中心思想?？忌痤}時(shí)要根據(jù)所給的條件、提示、將事情發(fā)展過程合理排列成文；同時(shí)要注意文章邏輯要清楚，先寫什么，后寫什么，并應(yīng)注意句與句、段與段之間的連貫；要能夠使用一些常用的表示時(shí)間順序、方位關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系等邏輯概念的過渡詞語(yǔ)，將句子按英文習(xí)慣連貫成篇。切忌按中文意思，隨意排列組句。過渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，一般由副詞或起副詞作用的

25、短語(yǔ)承擔(dān)。此外，代詞、連詞、上下文的近義詞等也可作過渡詞。過渡詞猶如“橋梁”，在文章中發(fā)揮著連接上下文的作用，學(xué)會(huì)恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用過渡詞會(huì)使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合，過渡自然，融會(huì)貫通，連成一體。下面我們來看看常見的一些過渡詞語(yǔ)：1、根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過渡詞可以分為以下十六類：（1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞：and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor等。（2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡詞：besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，

26、而且), whats more， whats worse等。（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的過渡詞：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second

27、, oncenow, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers等。（4）表原因的過渡詞：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）, for this reason, owing to,  as far as, considering that, seeing that等。（5）表結(jié)果的過渡詞：so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, sothat, su

28、chthat , accordingly等。   （6）表?xiàng)l件的過渡詞：if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。（7）表時(shí)間的過渡詞：when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,  eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early

29、this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞：first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, after

30、ward(s)（后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同時(shí)）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）等。（9）表?yè)Q一種方式表達(dá)的過渡詞：in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。（10）表進(jìn)行舉例說明的過渡詞：for instance, for example, take as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。（11）表陳述事實(shí)的過渡詞：in fact,

31、actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。 （12）表強(qiáng)調(diào)的過渡詞：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。（13）表比較、對(duì)

32、比的過渡詞：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand, on the other hand, otherwise 等。（14）表目的的過渡詞：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。（15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞：in a word(總之，簡(jiǎn)言之), in general, in short(總之), above all, af

33、ter all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole等。（16）表增補(bǔ)的過渡詞：in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, whats more, similarly, next, finally 等。 2、文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合?！皢ⅰ本褪情_頭, “承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。（1） 用于“啟

34、”的過渡詞語(yǔ)  用于表示“啟”的過渡詞或過渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落或文章的開頭：過渡詞： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, 過渡句：It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goe

35、s without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2） 用于“承”的過渡詞語(yǔ)  表示“承”的過渡詞或過渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落中的第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句中：過渡詞： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words,

36、 especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，過渡句：It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can deny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is m

37、ore serious is that（3） 用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語(yǔ)  用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞或過渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落中的第二個(gè)擴(kuò)展句中：過渡詞：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(無 論如何), nevertheless(雖然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,過渡句：I do not believe

38、that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why i feel that（4） 用于“合”的過渡詞語(yǔ)    用于“合”的過渡詞或過渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中：過渡詞： in a word, in general, in short, above all, afte

39、r all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(畢竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(總之), on the whole(就整體而言), to sum up過渡句：From this point of view On account of this we can find that Th

40、e result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must 有些考生在作文中使用過多簡(jiǎn)單句，成了簡(jiǎn)單句堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時(shí)，動(dòng)輒用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞,不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如： 學(xué)生習(xí)作：TV And WebsiteTV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Bot

41、h of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Pro

42、fessional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites changes all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better. 分析：這段文字用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清

43、，意思支離破碎。如果使用過渡詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。修改后的文章： TV and WebsiteBoth TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. &

44、#160;However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on website

45、s change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章用過渡詞來銜接上下段第一段第一句為：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.第二段第一句為：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句為：In a word, every medium has its own features這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句，在每個(gè)主題句前使用bothand, however, in a word使全文有序地銜接起來。修改后的文章中還恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂昧似渌囊恍┻^渡詞，也使文章增色