2018年12月英語四級閱讀真題(共18頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上2018年12月大學英語四級閱讀真題選詞填空Part Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through careful

2、ly before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following pas

3、sage. Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 bi

4、llion a year. The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry a

5、nd transportation. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said. The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing w

6、orld, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution. But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.

7、S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands. A)ability B)associated C)consciously D)constant E)control F)damage G)described H)equals I)exclusively J)innovated K)regularly L)relates

8、 M)sources N)undermine O)vehicles 答案： 26. F damage (損害) 27. B associated (與有聯(lián)系) 28. M sources (來源) 29. D constant (不斷的， 常存在的) 30. G described (描述) 31. E control (控制) 32. H equals (等同于) 33. K regularly (經(jīng)常地) 34. I exclusively (僅僅，唯一地) 35. O vehicles (車輛) 解析： 26. F damage 空格所在句子的含義為：空氣污染每年在福利費用方面給全球經(jīng)濟

9、造成5萬多億損失，最大的. .發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國家。根據(jù)上下文可知這里應該填入一個跟損失有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯，另外在語法上這里應該填入一個名詞devastating，“具有破壞力的”修飾，所以我們應該可以確定答案為damage， “損害”n. 27. B associated 空格所在句子的含義為：這個福利數(shù)字包含許多與空氣污染. .的福利費用，比如健康與消費。根據(jù)語法上判斷，這里應該填入一個過去分詞做costs 的后置定語，另外從語義上判斷，associated with air pollution做cost的后置定語，表示與空氣污染相關(guān)的費用，語義上也符合上下文語境。 28. M sources 空格

10、所在的句子的含義為：室內(nèi)污染，包括像暖氣和做飯一樣的. .。從語法上判斷這里應該填入名詞，并且這個名詞是一個大范圍的詞可以包括暖氣和做飯，另外從語義上判斷sources like home heating and cooking 表示像暖氣和做飯一樣的來源也符合上下文語境。Part Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contai

11、ns information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witn

12、essing ProgressA Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some ide

13、a on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the froze

14、n fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”B Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The centers Shop with Your Doc program sends doctors to th

15、e grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.C Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scotts shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So Id have to

16、make it？”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “Im not sure theyd eat it. They just wont eat it.”D Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 perce

17、nt of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.E Nadeau is par

18、t of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but its making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (藥物). By prescribing nutritional changes or

19、launching programs such as Shop with your Doc, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “Theres no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says

20、.F In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Fo

21、od Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in h

22、ow to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospitals medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what theyre eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”G In Southern California,

23、 Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet

24、 alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nations high rates

25、of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.H “Its a different paradigm（范式）of how to treat dise

26、ase,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients nutritional habits. The medical

27、center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.I Many people dont know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on package

28、d food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patients life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says

29、. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”J Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎癥）, for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine

30、 physicians recommend a plant-based diet particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.K “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able t

31、o talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps pa

32、tients recover from various illnesses.39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.42. Scott is not keen on c

33、ooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.45. Americans high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.Sectio

34、n C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line thr

35、ough the centre. Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage. California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continu

36、es to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted (抽取). The team at Stanford investigate

37、d the aquifers(地下蓄水層)below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought. It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range fro

38、m 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of t

39、he earth above. Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating(脫鹽)the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of

40、freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage. One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extractio

41、n, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater. 46. How could Californias drought crisis be solved according to some research

42、ers? A) By building more reserves of groundwater. B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth. C) By developing more advanced drilling devices. D) By upgrading its water distribution system. 47.What can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers? A) It was deemed vital to solving the

43、 water problem. B) It was not considered worth the expense. C) It may not provide quality freshwater. D) It is bound to gain support from the local people. 48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground? A) The sinking of land surface. C) The damage to aquifers. B)

44、The harm to the ecosystem. D) The change of the climate. 49. What does the author say about deep wells? A) They run without any need for repairs. B) They are entirely free from pollutants. C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts. D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater. 50. What may happ

45、en when deep aquifers are used as water sources? A) Peoples health may improve with cleaner water. B) Peoples water bills may be lowered considerably. C) The cost may go up due to desalination. D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.答案46.B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth. 47.B) It w

46、as not considered worth the expense. 48.A) The sinking of land surface.49. D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater. 50. C) The cost may go up due to desalination.Passage Two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. The AlphaGo programs victory is an example of how smart computers

47、 have become. But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fair? One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they

48、 will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a

49、 dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers? Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge. About the same time as

50、AlphaGos triumph, Microsofts chatbot took a bad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people we

51、re teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages. AlphaGos victory and Taylors defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem. Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which own AlphoGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He sa