實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程-八章 非限定動(dòng)詞

1、第八章第八章 非限定動(dòng)詞非限定動(dòng)詞 o 1不定式o 2. 動(dòng)名詞o 3. 分詞1. 不定式 1.1不定式的基本用法 不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)以及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。（1）不定式作主語(yǔ)。例如：To hesitate means failure. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it 作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)則放在謂語(yǔ)的后面。例如：It took me three days to bring this work to an end.It is better to be envied than to be pitied.（2）不定式作表語(yǔ)。例如：To know everything i

2、s to know nothing. 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)為aim（目的），ambition (志愿)，duty （責(zé)任），function（功能），goal（目標(biāo)）, idea （想法），intention（意圖），objective（目的）, plan （計(jì)劃），purpose（目的）, reason（理由），suggestion （建議），wish （愿望）等抽象名詞時(shí)，常常用不定式作句子的表語(yǔ)。例如： The goal of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries.Her su

3、ggestion is to look into the matter immediately.（3）不定式作賓語(yǔ)。例如：Mr. Smith promised to buy his son a birthday gift. 常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：afford（負(fù)擔(dān)得起），agree（同意），aim（目標(biāo)是），apply（申請(qǐng)），ask（要求），attempt（試圖），beg（懇求），consent（同意），decide（決定），demand（要求），determine（決心），expect（期待），fail（未能），hope（希望），intend（打算）等。 不定式充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果后面再接

4、一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則需要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將不定式移到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面。例如：Tom found it hard to achieve the goal his parents set for him.This has made it necessary for us to apply for a new licence.（4）不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：I encouraged the students to ask more questions in class.常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： advise（勸告），allow（允許），ask（要求），beg（乞求），cause（引起），comma

5、nd（命令），compel（迫使），encourage（鼓勵(lì)），expect（期望），force（迫使），get（使得），instruct（指示），intend（打算），invite（邀請(qǐng)），order（命令），permit（允許），persuade（說(shuō)服），prefer（寧愿），press（迫使），remind（提醒），request（要求），tell（告訴）等。（5）不定式作定語(yǔ)，例如：They had their families to support. This is the only way to break open the box. 下面的一些名詞后常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)： abili

6、ty（能力），agreement （同意），ambition（志向），anxiety（渴望），attempt（試圖）campaign（運(yùn)動(dòng)），claim（宣稱(chēng)），chance（機(jī)會(huì)），decision（決定），determination（決心），eagerness（急切），effort（努力），inclination（傾向，愛(ài)好），intention（意圖），impatience（不耐煩） 一些詞組如the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing, the most suitable等后面也常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如： He is

7、 always the first to answer questions. Is a solicitor the best person to advise me about buying a house?(6）不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示目的（為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)，還可用in order to/ so as to來(lái)引導(dǎo)不定式），例如：The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend. 表示結(jié)果（有時(shí)在不定式前加上only，表示出乎意料或令人不愉快的結(jié)果），例如：A few days later he came back only to find

8、 that the troops had left.表示原因，例如：We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.表示條件，例如：How can you catch the train to start so late? 【注】不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意so as to 和soas to 的區(qū)別。 so as to 引導(dǎo)的是目的狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于in order to, 表示“以便”；而soas to引導(dǎo)是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，so后面跟形容詞或副詞，表示“到這種程度以致”。例如：You have to do twelve courses s

9、o as to obtain the degree.He spoke so eloquently as to move us to tears.（7）不定式作獨(dú)立成分（相當(dāng)于句子狀語(yǔ)），例如： To make a long story short, this film is rather fantastic. To tell the truth, I dont like his dinning etiquette at all.此類(lèi)不定式短語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有：to begin with (首先)，to make matters worse（更糟糕的是），to put it straight (直截了當(dāng)

10、地說(shuō))，to put it in another way（換句話(huà)說(shuō)），to be honest（老實(shí)說(shuō)），to sum up（總而言之）等。1.2 不定式的時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài) 不定式有一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行四種時(shí)式，一般式和完成式有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變化形式（見(jiàn)下表）：1.2.1 不定式的時(shí)式 不定式的時(shí)式包括不定式的一般式、完成式、進(jìn)行式和完成進(jìn)行式四種。(1)如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，或與句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，通常使用不定式的一般式。例如：Mike decided to work hard this semester.He is pleased to be my frien

11、d.(2) 如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間，而不定式由動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，通常要用不定式的進(jìn)行式。例如：They seemed to be watching TV.The boys seem to be getting along quite well.(3) 如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常使用不定式的完成式。例如：They are said to have finished the project two months before.They claimed to have shot down 22 planes. (4) 如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作

12、發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前，并且該動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行著，通常使用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。例如：Tom was happy to have been staying with his uncle.He was too young to have been working for ten years.1.2.2 不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）不定式有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種。如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者，則要用不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：Its an honor for me to be invited to speak here.He is said to have been elected monit

13、or of class two.The football star refused to be photographed.（2）在某些結(jié)構(gòu)及習(xí)慣用法中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：The old man is hard to convince.This fruit is not fit to eat in this season.There is so much work to do. 1.3 不定式的其他要點(diǎn)1.3.1 “It is + 形容詞 + for (或 of) + sb.+ 不定式”句型這一句型中，for(或of)引導(dǎo)的是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。一般情況下用for引導(dǎo)，但下列表

14、示人物特征的形容詞常用of 搭配：bold (膽大的), brave（勇敢的）, careful（小心的）, clever（聰明的）, considerate（體貼的），foolish（愚蠢的）, generous（慷慨的），nice（好的）, rash（魯莽的）等。例如：It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habit. It will be important for us to attend the meeting. Its careless of you to make such a mistake. 1.3.2 分裂不定式在to和動(dòng)詞原形之

15、間插入修飾不定式的副詞叫分裂不定式，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可清楚地表明副詞是修飾不定式而不是其他。例如：He failed to entirely/ fully/ completely understand it. 1.3.3 不帶to的不定式（1）當(dāng)不定式充當(dāng)一些感知?jiǎng)釉~以及使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)一般不帶to。這類(lèi)詞有：feel, observe, hear, watch, perceive, listen to, see, look at, make, let, have等。例如：The old couple like to watch the children play.The general manage

16、r let his secretary type a business correspondence.【注】這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)式時(shí)，后面要跟帶to的不定式。（2）在do nothing/anything/everything/but, can/ could not but, do nothing (else) than, would/ had soonerthan, would/ had ratherthan等習(xí)慣用法中。例如：She did nothing but weep last night.Ill do anything but apologize to him.The enemy co

17、uld do nothing else than surrender. （3）當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)含有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的不定式?？墒?略to。例如：The first thing he did on his return to his hometown was (to) visit his school teachers.All she can do is scare us to death. （4）充當(dāng)help的賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可帶to，也可不帶to 例如：Salt even help relieve itching. Computers can help us (to) deal

18、with the knowledge explosion in many ways.1.3.4 不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not + to do。例如：It would be unwise not to strive for a good education.不努力爭(zhēng)取接受良好的教育是不明智的。She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby.她靜悄悄地進(jìn)去，以防把嬰兒弄醒。Paul appears never to say “no” to anyone.保羅似乎從沒(méi)對(duì)誰(shuí)說(shuō)過(guò)“不”。1.3.5 “疑問(wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式前面可加上where,

19、how, what, whichwhether, when, whom等疑問(wèn)詞，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等。例如：How to improve oral English is often discussed among the students.I dont know what/ which/ who(m) to choose.We pain little attention to where to hold the meeting.1.3.6 “介詞關(guān)系代詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般充當(dāng)名詞的定語(yǔ)，作用類(lèi)似于定語(yǔ)從句。例如：Yet now he had no pretext on

20、which to prolong his stay.現(xiàn)在他沒(méi)有借口來(lái)延長(zhǎng)他的逗留時(shí)間。It was a good season in which to have outings.這是一個(gè)短途游玩的好季節(jié)。2. 動(dòng)名詞 2.1 動(dòng)名詞的基本用法動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞的作用，可在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等。（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。例如： Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.The lighting of fires is forbidden.（2）動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。例如：My

21、 hobby is playing the piano.2.3.2既可跟動(dòng)名詞又可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞這些動(dòng)詞又可分為兩類(lèi)：（1）其后跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式意義有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。例如：chance to do （碰巧做某事）chance doing（冒險(xiǎn)做某事）forget to do（忘記要做某事）forget doing（忘記做過(guò)某事）go on to do（做完一件事，繼續(xù)做另外一件事）go on doing（繼續(xù)做同一件事）remember to do （記得要做某事）remember doing （記得做過(guò)某事）regret to do（因要做某事而感到不安）regret doing（后悔做過(guò)

22、某事）try to do（設(shè)法做某事）try doing（試著做某事）mean to do（打算做某事）mean doing（意味著做某事）（3）動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。例如：We appreciate his devoting himself to the cause of sports.He was deeply in trouble and considered going away.（4）動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)。例如：He left without saying good-bye to us.The boy apologized for breaking the vase.（5）動(dòng)名詞作同位語(yǔ)。例如：

23、He enjoys his present job, working as an assistant to the manager.My interest, collecting coins, takes up much of my spare time.（6）動(dòng)名詞作前置定語(yǔ)。例如：driving licence （駕駛執(zhí)照），waiting-room （等候室），sleeping car （臥車(chē)），working language （工作語(yǔ)言）【注】現(xiàn)在分詞也可以充當(dāng)前置定語(yǔ)，這時(shí)被修飾的名詞常常是它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)。例如：running water (=water that runs), g

24、rowing crops (=crops that are growing), a smiling girl (=a girl that smiles), a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping)。2.2 動(dòng)名詞的完成式和被動(dòng)式（1）動(dòng)名詞的完成式如果句子中動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，就要用動(dòng)名詞的完成式，即：having + done 。例如：I did not deny having told him a lie.My father was praised for having made great contributions to edu

25、cation.（2）動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式 如果句子中動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是該動(dòng)作的承受者，該動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)式，即：being +done。例如：They enjoyed being praised.He went there without being asked.2.3 動(dòng)名詞的其他要點(diǎn)2.3.1習(xí)慣跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：admit(承認(rèn))，acknowledge(承認(rèn))，appreciate(欣賞)，anticipate(期待)， avoid（避免）， consider（考慮）， delay（耽擱）， deny（否認(rèn)），dislike(不喜歡)，dread(害怕)， en

26、dure（忍受）， enjoy（享受）， escape（逃避），excuse（原諒），fancy（想象），finish（完成），forbid（嚴(yán)禁），forgive(原諒)，imagine（想象），mind（介意），miss（錯(cuò)過(guò)），mention(提到)，permit（允許），postpone（推遲），practise（練習(xí)）等。例如：Im sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.Imagine not knowing the answer to such an easy question!【注】need, want, require等幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞

27、接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其意義相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如： This essay needs shortening/ to be shortened. The door requires painting/ to be painted. （2）其后跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式意義基本相同。例如： I began teaching English at the age of twenty. He began to learn English at the age of twenty. 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：attempt（試圖）， begin（開(kāi)始）， cease（停止），continue（繼續(xù)）， hate

28、（不喜歡），intend（打算），learn（學(xué)習(xí)），like（喜歡），love（喜歡），prefer（寧愿）， start（開(kāi)始）等。2.3.3 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 有時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞前面帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這被稱(chēng)為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)主語(yǔ)常用形容詞性物主代詞形式或名詞屬格形式有時(shí)也可用人稱(chēng)代詞賓格或直接加上名詞短語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用作句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，例如：The presidents coming is what we have expected. （主語(yǔ)）It ended in the doctor being sent for.（賓語(yǔ)）Can you rec

29、all our/ us/ the students/ the students meeting the freshmen at the railway station?（賓語(yǔ)）2.3.4 動(dòng)名詞用于 “It is no use (good) doing”等句型這種用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)放在后面的句型很常用。例如：It is no use complaining; he never listens to us.It is a waste of time studying the outdated technology.Is it any use trying to talk to hi

30、m?There is no denying that Jack is guilty of negligence.There is no knowing when Mr. Allen will arrive.No parking. 禁止停車(chē)。No smoking. 禁止吸煙3. 分詞 分詞有兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，它們的區(qū)別主要在于前者表示進(jìn)行、主動(dòng)，而后者則表示完成、被動(dòng)。 3.1 分詞的基本用法分詞在句中主要起形容詞和副詞作用，可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。（1）分詞作定語(yǔ)。 單個(gè)的分詞可以充當(dāng)前置定語(yǔ)；分詞短語(yǔ)則往往充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：A ba

31、rking dog seldom bites. As a businessman becoming rich (= who has become rich) in recent years, he never hesitates to show his kindness to the poor. There were a lot of people boating on the lake (=who were boating on the lake).（2）分詞作表語(yǔ)。通?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特征，過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。例如：The situation proves encouragin

32、g. 形勢(shì)是鼓舞人心的。 The melody is much pleasing to the ear. 旋律優(yōu)美悅耳。They are very excited at the news. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息她們很激動(dòng)。3）分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。分詞一般在感知和使役動(dòng)詞后作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，在此用法中現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行和主動(dòng)的意義（句子賓語(yǔ)是其邏輯主語(yǔ)），過(guò)去分詞表示完成和被動(dòng)的意義(句子賓語(yǔ)是其邏輯賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者)。例如：I have kept you waiting a long time. They caught him doing evil. 【注】在see, watch, observe, notic

33、e, perceive, feel, hear, listen to, look at等感知?jiǎng)釉~后往往既可用現(xiàn)在分詞也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。兩者區(qū)別在于前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，感覺(jué)到的動(dòng)作不是全過(guò)程。后者側(cè)重動(dòng)作的完成，即感覺(jué)到動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。例如：I saw her crossing the street. I saw her cross the street. （4）分詞作狀語(yǔ)。分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般用逗號(hào)和其他成分隔開(kāi)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步和伴隨情況等，這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要和句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如： 表示時(shí)間（?？捎脀hen, whi

34、le, until等連詞引出），例如： When arriving at the station, he found that his friend had left. Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees. When heated, water can be changed into stream.表示原因，例如：Being a layman in this fie

35、ld (= As I am a layman in this field), I would like to spend more time studying the know-how.Not knowing Korean (= As she didnt know Korean), she couldnt understand the film.表示條件，例如：Walking straight (= If you walk straight), you will find the city hall.Turning to the right (= If you turn to the righ

36、t), you will see the bank.表示結(jié)果（過(guò)去分詞一般不用來(lái)表示結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)，前面有時(shí)加thus, thereby, hence等副詞），例如：The poor man died all of a sudden, leaving his wife and two children.Many workers went on strike, resulting in a mess in the city.表示讓步，例如：Receiving the notice of resignation, the general refused to accept his fai

37、lure.表示伴隨情況，例如：She breezed along, smiling at everyone.Laughing and talking, the girls went out of the classroom.3.2 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和被動(dòng)式（1） 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在該句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，就用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，即：having + done，例如：Having tried various kinds of methods, the disappointed scientist decided to give up.Having seen the

38、film, we went home by taxi.Not having read the passage, Tom could not answer the questions.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，且這一被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。具體形式為：being + done，例如： The matter being discussed is of vital importance. These planes are among the most sophisticated aircraft now being manufactured.（3）現(xiàn)在分詞的

39、完成被動(dòng)式表示的動(dòng)作具有完成和被動(dòng)的雙重特征。例如：Having been read widely, the book was listed as the best seller that year.Having been criticized by the teacher, Jim was quite upset.3.3 分詞的其他要點(diǎn)3.3.1分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（參見(jiàn)第二十二章） 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該一致，否則，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)從而構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： Other things being the same, copper heats up faster tha

40、n iron.Mary coming back, they discussed it together. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.This done, they went home. 【注】下面的句子中的分詞短語(yǔ)往往被看作獨(dú)立成分，它們用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人的觀點(diǎn)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)可以不和句子主語(yǔ)一致，例如：Strictly speaking, he is not fit for the job.Judging from her expression, shes in a bad mood.Taking everything

41、 into account, she is the right person for the job.3.3.2現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間概念上。在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞（除被動(dòng)式外）表示主動(dòng)意思，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意思。在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞則表示動(dòng)作的完成。例如： the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(yáng) an expiring lease 即將到期的租約 the risen sun 升起了的太陽(yáng) an expired lease 到期的租約 the falling autumn leaves 紛紛飄的秋葉 a retiring

42、teacher 即將退休的教師 the fallen autumn leaves落了的秋葉 boiling water沸騰的水 boiled water煮沸了的水（開(kāi)水）3.3.3 “have+ 名詞+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)（1）該結(jié)構(gòu)表示讓?zhuān)▌e人）做某事。例如： You must have your car repaired. I had my home renovated and an air conditioner installed in every bedroom.（2）表示遭遇或經(jīng)歷某事。例如：He had his digital camera stolen on the train.Th

43、e pilot had his plane hijacked.。She had her cap blown off. 練習(xí)答案與解析1.D. 這是用it作形式主語(yǔ)，Its no use doing sth 是個(gè)慣用句型。 本句是個(gè)諺語(yǔ)，意為：“牛奶已潑，哭也無(wú)用”；“木已成舟，后悔無(wú)用”； “覆水難收”。2.D. knowing 為動(dòng)名詞。There is no knowing “不知道”是個(gè)慣用句型。3.C. 我們知道這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)怎么做。4.B. 本句已經(jīng)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞add，所以前面只能用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。A和B的區(qū)別在于，B為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。5.D. 動(dòng)名詞完成式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)。6.B. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),l

44、osing three tickets to the folk music concert （made Ruth so upset）。7.A. Driving 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)。8.B. seem to have done sth：似乎做過(guò)某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成。9.C. their not having studied well 物主代詞+ 動(dòng)名詞完成式的否定式，形成動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ)。10.D. exhausted“感覺(jué)筋疲力盡的”，用于修飾人； exhausting“令人筋疲力盡的”，用于修飾事物。11.B. 過(guò)去分詞表示一種狀態(tài)。12.A. boring令人厭煩的；bored感到厭煩的。1

45、3.B. confusing（事物）令人疑惑，confused （人）感到疑惑。14.C. have no difficulty/trouble (in) doing是習(xí)慣搭配。15. A. resent后接動(dòng)名詞，本句句意要求用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式；expect這個(gè)詞要求用expect sb to do sth。16.D. consider+doing。17.C. allow doing;risk doing。18.A. 動(dòng)詞allow 的用法：allow sb. to do sth. ; allow doing。19.B. mean doing意味著做；mean to do 打算做，想做。20.A. I meant to have called on you 我本打