初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一.定義：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，即動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式。約占中考10%。二.分類(lèi)：動(dòng)詞不定式、v-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞。 1. 動(dòng)詞不定式1)構(gòu)成：(not) to do / (not) do2)句法功能：（1）作主語(yǔ)： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。 To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味著失敗。 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式： It is very hard to fi

2、nish the work in ten minutes. 十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是很難的。 It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味著失敗。 常用句式： It+be+名詞+to do sth.It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.It+be+形容詞+of /forsb +to do sth.常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise,等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。

3、區(qū)別：當(dāng)使用for時(shí)，句中形容詞修飾的是不定式；Its necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修飾 to study hard，表示學(xué)習(xí)努力是有必要的） 而用of時(shí)，句中形容詞修飾邏輯主語(yǔ)。 Its foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修飾邏輯主語(yǔ)him）（2）作表語(yǔ)： Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打掃大廳。 seem作連系動(dòng)詞，其后的to be 不定式可省。 She seems to be ill today.= She seems ill.= It seems tha

4、t she is ill.（3）作賓語(yǔ)： 常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, I hope to get good grades. I want to help you.注意：如果不定式（賓語(yǔ)）后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)（不定式）后置，放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面。I found it difficult to learn math well.動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)。I have no c

5、hoice but to stay here. 我只能留在這里，別無(wú)選擇。 He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行車(chē)什么也沒(méi)干。 動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問(wèn)詞連用。He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他給了我們一些學(xué)英語(yǔ)的建議。 （4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allo

6、w, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. （5）作定語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。 He found a good house to live in.（6）作狀語(yǔ)： 表目的： He worked day and night to get the mo

7、ney. 他夜以繼日地工作來(lái)賺錢(qián)。 She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她賣(mài)掉了自己的頭發(fā)來(lái)買(mǎi)那條表鏈。 表結(jié)果(往往是與預(yù)期愿望相反的結(jié)果 意料之外)，常位于句尾。He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他來(lái)晚了，只見(jiàn)火車(chē)已經(jīng)走了。 I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜訪他，只見(jiàn)他出去了。 表原因：hey were very sad to hear the news. 他們聽(tīng)到這條新聞非常傷心。 表程度： It's too dark fo

8、r us to see anything. 太暗了，我們什么也看不見(jiàn)。 表?xiàng)l件：不定式表?xiàng)l件常位于句首。 To be heated，liquid will change into gas.如果受熱，液體就會(huì)變成氣體。 表方式:不定式可接在as if / as though之后He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他嘴唇動(dòng)了動(dòng)，好像要說(shuō)什么事。 （7）不定式做獨(dú)立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like it. 告訴你實(shí)話，我不喜歡它。（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。 If you don't wa

9、nt to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做這件事，你就不必做。 （9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望學(xué)醫(yī)并成為醫(yī)生。2.v-ing形式 1）分類(lèi)：v-ing形式包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞， 2）句法功能：（1）作主語(yǔ)： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。 （2）作表語(yǔ)： In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)

10、卵。（3）作賓語(yǔ)： They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。 要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認(rèn)）， deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't he

11、lp（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, pay attention to, insist on, （4）作定語(yǔ)： Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？ 3.過(guò)去分詞 1）構(gòu)成：-ed 2）句法功能：（1）做定語(yǔ)Our class went on an organized trip la

12、st Monday. 上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。（2）做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了好幾次。（3）做表語(yǔ) They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。注意：1.有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事（此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事

13、3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做） remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾 regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔5）try to do盡全力，努力做某事 try doing嘗試做某事6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒(méi)有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） proposing doing建議（做某事）9) learn to do 學(xué)著去做某事 learn doing 學(xué)會(huì)

14、做某事 10) cant help to do不能幫助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事 11) used to do 過(guò)去做某事 be used to doing 習(xí)慣做某事12）e /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞，其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。 I should like to see him tomorrow 13）need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義；The room needs cleaning.+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示“要(修、清

15、理等)”意思。 2.?？季涫剑?1）see/watch/notice/hear/find sb. doing sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 see/watch/notice/hear/find sb. to do sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的事實(shí) 2) keep sb. doing sth. 讓某人做某事 3）finish doing sth. 做完某事 4）spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢(qián)做某事 5）have difficulty/trouble doing sth. 做某事有困難 6）how/what about doing sth? 做某事怎么樣

16、？（提建議）【模擬題】一根據(jù)句意，用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Is it necessary _(learn) a foreign language? 2. He is good at _(swim).3. Do you have anything _(say) for yourself?4. Its spring now. its time _(plant) trees.5. Dont keep me _(wait) for a long time.6. The policeman told the boys not _(play) in the street.7. Her son is

17、 too young _(dress) himself. 8. Lets _(have) a rest, shall we?9. The speaker spoke too quickly for us _(understand).10. The little boy is not old enough_(read).11. I asked him _(show) me his new pen.12. Knives are used for _(cut) things.13. I really dont know what _(do) next.14. I often hear people

18、_(say) “_(see) is_(believe)”.15. Youd better _(try) this medicine.16. They said they had nothing _(worry) about.17. Can you finish _(read) the book in three days?18. The doctor was busy _(operate) on the boy at that time.19. _(tell) you the truth, I dislike making friends with him.20. Stop _(talk) a

19、nd listen to me carefully.21. Thank you very much for _(help) us.22. Granny is very ill and she doesnt feel like _(eat) anything.23. Would you like _(climb) the mountain with me?24. The girl enjoys _(listen) to light music.25.We couldnt help _(laugh) after we heard the funny story.26. What about _(g

20、o) out for a walk?II選擇填空。1. Would you please _ the door for me?A. holding B. not to hold C. hold D held2. Seeing an old man getting off the train, she hurried over _ things for him.A. carrying B. to carry C. carried D. for carrying3. Wed really like you _ to the party tonight.A.come B. to come C. wi

21、ll come D. should come4. We can do nothing but _ the experiment.A.to repeat B repeat C. repeating D. repeated5. Have you got any thing _ about this matter?A. saying B. to say C said D. say6. He was not _ try it again.A. such a fool as to B. so a fool as to C. a fool such as to D. a fool so as to7. H

22、e was too excited _.A. to go to sleeping B. to slept C. to go to sleep D. going to sleep8. We cant have him _ like that all day.A.to work B. working C. to be worked D. work9.She were often heard _ this song when she was happy. A. sang B singing C. sung D. to be singing10.The train was seen _ at a ve

23、ry high speed toward the industrial center.A.travel B. travels C. traveled D. traveling11.Well soon have a person _ with us. A. to work B. working C. worked D works12._ has not been decided yet.ATo start when B. Why to start C. When to start D. Start to where13. Do you think it difficult _? A. for m

24、e to do so B. for my to do so C. for I to do so D. for me doing so14. She keeps telling us _. A. what to do B. doing what C. what is doing D. do what15. _ is not known. A. Whom to begin the running test B. When to begin the running test C. When the running test begin D. How begin to the running test

25、16. _ the job alone is impossible.A.To him to do B. For him doing C For him to do D. For he to do 17. _ it should be made clear. A What to do B. Why to do C Whom to do D When can do18.Our house needs _ before the rainy season arrives. A. to repair B. to be repair C. repaired D. repairing19.I havent

26、decided which hotel _. A. to stay B. is to stay at C. to stay at D. is for staying20.I was almost asleep when I heard someone _ at the door. A. knock B to knock C. knocked D. being knocked21.I often spent much money _ books. A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D for buying22.If you practice _ English w

27、henever you can, you will soon speak well. A. talking B. going speak C speaking D to speak23.We are tired of _ the same problem all the time. A discussing B. to discuss C. discussing for D. discuss24.She usually forgets _ the door, but she remembered _ it yesterday.Ato shutto shut B. shuttingshuttin

28、g C. to shutshutting D. shuttingto shut25.I _ a bus to school when it was raining.Aam used to take B. used to taking C. use to take D was used to taking26. Im thirsty. Will you get me something _? A. drink B. to drink C. eat D. eating27. It was great fun _ a picnic on the hill. A. to have B. of havi

29、ng C. have D. had28. Lily, keep the window _. The sandstorm hasnt stopped yet. A. close B. closed C. open D. opened29. A policeman saw two thieves _ a girls mobile phone on a bus and he caught them at once. A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. stolen30. Its bad for your eyes _ computer games for a lo

30、ng time. A. plays B. to play C. play D. played31. They were made _ fourteen hours a day. A. work B. working C. worked D. to work32. Is it always easier _ friends than to keep them? A. making B. make C. to make D. made33. He stood there for two hours _ the game. A. watched B. watching C. is watching

31、D. was watching34. It _ Jack twenty minutes _ the math problem yesterday. A. took; to work out B. takes; worked out C. has taken; work out D. is taking; working out35. When you leave, dont forget _ off the light. A. to turn B. turning C. turn D. turned36. Who do you think youd like _? A. to make fri

32、ends B. make friends C. to make friends with D. make friends with37. Although Jeff loves KFC, he tries _ it too often. A. to eat B. not eat C. to not eat D. not to eat38. -Hi, Betty. Shall we go swimming this Sunday? -This Sunday? I am sorry, I have a lot of homework _ this Sunday. A. to do B. done

33、C. do D. to be done39. Sally had no pen _ yesterday morning. A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with40. -Excuse me, sir. Look at the sign on the wall “NO _”. -Oh, Im sorry. Ill never do it again. A. PARKED B. SMOKE C. SPITTING D. SMOKED41. -Boys and girls, will you please _ the park

34、this afternoon? -OK. A. not cleaning out B. not to clean out C. to clean up D. clean up42. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _ the earth away. A. blow B. blowing C. blew D. to blow43. How about _? A. to go out for a walk B. go swimming in the river C. visiting the sick children in the hos

35、pital D. to having lunch in the restaurant44. Its very kind _ you to _ me _ the heavy bag. A. for; tell; to take B. of; thank; for C. to; speak; to have D. of; help; carry45. Have you decided _? A. to go with whom B. whom to go with C. whom go with D. with whom to go46. Her hope _ a gold medal in th

36、e 2008 Olympic Games. A. to win B. is to win C. winning D. will win47. The meeting room is big enough _ one hundred people. A. holding B. hold C. to hold D. holds48. Would you please pass me the knife _? A. to cut the watermelon with B. to cut the watermelon C. cutting the watermelon D. cutting the

37、watermelon with49. It is better to teach a man to fish than _ him fish. A. giving B. to give C. gives D. gave50. Jenny is interested in _ in her free time. A. listened to the radio B. reading magazines C. watch TV D. plays tennis51. The policeman warned the young man_ after drinking. A. never to dri

38、ve B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive52. What do you think is the best way _the wild animals? A. protecting B. to protect C. protected D. protect53. Id rather _ on the land _ in a factory. A. work; than work B. work; work C. to work; than to work D. to work; to work54. They are lookin

39、g forward to _ all over the world. A. travel B. traveled C. traveling D. be traveled55. Would you mind _ because therere so many children _ here? A. smoke; play B. smoking; playing C. not smoking; play D. not smoking; playing56. _ English is much easier than speaking it. A. Read B. To read C. Readin

40、g D. Reads57. When he was in the office, he preferred _ something _ nothing. A. to do; than do B. to do; rather than C. doing; rather than doing D. doing; to doing58. Its too hot today. Why not _ your coat? A. taken off B. to take off C. take off D. taking off59. I find _ him all about it. A. necess

41、ary to tell B. that necessary to C. necessary it to tell D. it necessary to tell60. Youd better not spend more time _ computer games.        A. for playing            B. in playing C. to play   &

42、#160;            D. plays61. The boy was made _ there for an hour by his father.        A. standing        B. stand       C. to stand  

43、     D. stands62. I must have my TV set _. Something is wrong with it.        A. to repair        B. repairs    C. repaired      D. repairing63. Would you

44、please pass me the knife _?        A. to cut the fruit with        B. to cut the fruit   C. cutting the fruit D. cutting the fruit with64. It is better to teach a man fishing than _ him fish.    

45、    A. giving       B. to give        C. gives        D. give65. My sister is interested in _ in her free time.      A. watch TV              B. reading books C. listening music  &