考研英語語法之詞性句子成分基本句型

1、詞類、句子成分、基本句型一、詞類能夠自由運用的最小語言單位叫詞。根據(jù)詞的形式、意義及其在句中的作用所作的分類叫詞類。實詞：名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、數(shù)詞虛詞：介詞、冠詞、連詞、感嘆詞（一）名詞名詞是表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。1 .普通名詞是某一類人、事物、某種物質(zhì)后抽象概念的名稱。 teacher market rice magazine sound production2 .專有名詞是特定的某人、地方或機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱。專有名詞的第一個字母大寫。 Hemingway Russia New York United Nations1 .可數(shù)名詞 shopshops busbusesli

2、brarylibrariesleafleaves toytoysmanmentoothteethdatumdata2 .不可數(shù)名詞 advice furniture hair homework information knowledge money news traffic progress absence anger courage music3 .抽象名詞 responsibility law love credibility creativity exploration4 .具體名詞 paper house tree soil student teacher（二）冠詞冠詞放在名詞之前，幫

3、助說明該名詞所指的對象。冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種。不定冠詞為a/an,用在單數(shù)名詞前，表示某一類人或事物的“一個”。a用在以輔音開頭的名 詞前，an用在以元音開頭的名詞前。a hotel a chance a double room a useful book an exhibition an honest man 定冠詞只有一個，即the,表示某一類人或事物中特定的一個或一些?？捎糜趩螖?shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前, 也可用于不可數(shù)名詞前。the TV program the house the Olympic Games（三）代詞1 .人稱代詞：I, you, she, he, it, we, the

4、y2 . 物主代詞： myz your, her, his, their, its, mine, yours, hers, theirs, ours3 , 反身代詞： myself, yourself, itself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, oneself4 .相互代詞：each other, one another5 .指示代詞：this, that, these, those, such6 .疑問代詞：who, whom, whose, which, what7 .關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, tha

5、t）8 . 不定代詞：some, any, no, all, every, many, a little, someone, something, everybody（四）數(shù)詞數(shù)詞是表示“數(shù)量”和“順序”的詞。前者為基數(shù)詞,如one, twenty, thirty-five, one hundred and ninety-five 等© 后者為序數(shù)詞,如 first, second, twentieth, fifty-first 等。（五）形容詞形容詞是用來修飾名詞，表示名詞屬性的詞。如yellow, wonderful, strong, young, busy等。形容 詞可分為原級

6、、比較級、最高級。（六）副詞1 .普通副詞:together, well, carefully2 .疑問副詞：when, where, how, why3 .連接副詞：therefore, then, however, otherwise4 .關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why副詞也有比較級和最高級，構(gòu)成和形容詞一樣。（七）介詞介詞又叫前置詞，放在名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞前而，表示它后而的詞與句子中其它成分 之間的關(guān)系。介詞在句中一般不重讀，也不能單獨作句子成分。1. 簡單介詞：in, at, for, since2. 復(fù)合介詞：as for, out of, into, upon3

7、. 二重介詞：until after, from among4. 短語介詞：according to, because of, in front of, in the event of5. 分詞介詞：regarding, considering, including介詞后面的名詞或代詞叫做介詞賓語。介詞和介詞賓語合稱為介詞短語。（A）連詞連詞是連接詞、短語、從句或句子的詞。連詞是虛詞，在句中一般不重讀，也不能在句中單獨 作句子成分。1 .并列連詞（連接并列關(guān)系的的詞、短語、從句或句子）：and, or, but, for, not only.but also.,neither.nor.2 .從

8、屬連詞（連接主從復(fù)合句）：that, if, whether, whenz although, because, so that（九）感嘆詞感嘆詞是表示喜怒哀樂等情感的詞，例如oh, well, why, hello等。(十)動詞動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，例如：sign, support, have, exist等?？煞譃閷嵙x動詞、系動詞、 情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。1 .實義動詞有完整的意義，并能作獨立的謂語，又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。(1)及物動詞：后而必須跟賓語，意思才完整，如Give me some ink, please.If you have any questions, you ca

9、n raise your hands.(2)不及物動詞：后面不跟賓語，意思已完整。不及物動詞有時可以加上副詞或介詞，構(gòu)成短 語動詞，相當(dāng)于與一個及物動詞，He works hard.Jack runs faster than Mike.Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.He got an "A" this time because he went over his lessons carefully.2 .情態(tài)動詞表示能力、義務(wù)、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣和情感。情態(tài)動詞只能和動詞原形 一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞。英語情態(tài)動詞

10、主要有：can, may, must, could, might., need, dare。3 .助動詞常和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等動詞形式，以及用于否定和疑問等 結(jié)構(gòu)中。英語助動詞主要有shall, will, have, be, should, would, do等。4 .系動詞(1)狀態(tài)系動詞：只有beManners are a tool to remind us of others around us.(2)持續(xù)系動詞：表繼續(xù)或保持一種狀態(tài)或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, continue, rest, lie,stand oI hope you wi

11、ll keep fit.He stayed single.You'd have more chance of success if you would stand tall. 表像系動詞：表示看起來好像，主要有seem, appear/ook等。He looks tired.This type of person seems (to be) someone who has little or no faith in traditional religion. (4)感官系動詞：feel, smell, sound, taste, look.The youngsters feel iso

12、lated.He looks honest, but actually he's a rogue.(5)變化系動詞：表示變成什么樣，如 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run©Teenagers have become increasingly aware of new products and brands.His hair turned grey in few weeks.She went pale at the news.(6)終止系動詞：表示主語已經(jīng)終止動作，主要有prove, turn out,表達(dá)“證實”之意。Th

13、e plan turned out a success.The search proved difficult.注意：1 .要特別牢記系動詞的固定搭配,如 come true, fall ill, go bad, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty 等。2 .要特別注意某些動詞既可以做系動詞，又可以做實義動詞的用法。The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.The chef is tasting the fish carefully.動詞十六種時態(tài)一般時進(jìn)行時完成時完成進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在studyam/is/a

14、re studyinghave studiedhave been studying過去studiedwas/were studyinghad studiedhad been studying將來will studywill be studyingwill have studiedwill have been studying過去將來would studywould be studyingwould have studiedwould have been studying注意：不少詞可以同屬于幾個詞類，如：smoke, own, just, key等二、句子成分由不同詞類的單詞（名詞、冠詞、代詞

15、、數(shù)詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞）， 按照一定的語法規(guī)則組合在一起，能表達(dá)一個完整意思的語言單位叫做句子。一個句子由各個功能 不同的部分構(gòu)成，這些部分叫做句子成分。英語句子的成分有八種：主語、謂語、賓i吾、表語、定 語、狀語、主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。（一）主語（subject）是句子所要說明的人或事物，是句子的主體。主語的位置通常在句首，不省 略，可以擔(dān)當(dāng)主語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、動名詞和主語從句。Walls have ears.He will take you to the hospital.Three plus four equals seven.To see i

16、s to believe.Smoking is not allowed in public places.Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.(二)謂語動詞(predicate verb)是說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)的句子成分。謂語動詞的位置一般在主 語之后。謂語動詞由實義動詞或系動詞擔(dān)任。助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加其他動詞的適當(dāng)形式也構(gòu)成謂語 動詞。Action speaks louder than words.The chance may never come again.Tom was very sick at heart.IMar

17、y has been working at the dress shop since 1994.(三)表語(predicative)是用來說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)的。它的位置在系動詞之后?？勺霰?語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞與分詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句等。My father is a professor.Who's that Ifs me.Everything here is dear to her.The match became very exciting.The story of my life may be of help to others.Three t

18、imes five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city.My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.(四)賓語(object)表示動作的對象，是動作的承受者。賓語一般放在及物動詞之后或介詞后，如 果沒有，則及物動詞無法表示完整的動作。She covered her face with her hands.We haven't seen her for a long time.Do you mind opening the window *Give me four,

19、please.He wants to dream a nice dream. *We need to know what others are doing.I lived in Japan in 1986.(五)定語(attribute)是修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或句子。單詞做定語時通常放在它所修飾的 名詞之前：短語和從句做定語時則放在它所修飾的名詞之后?？梢宰龆ㄕZ的有名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 分詞及其短語、不定式、介詞短語以及從句等。They are women workers.Tom,s father didn't write home until yesterday.Equal pa

20、y for equal work should be introduced.The play has three acts.This is her first trip to Europe.China is a developing country.You haven't kept your promise to write us often.My cat has a good nose for milk.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.(六)狀語(adverbial)是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子

21、成分。狀語表示地點、時間、原因、 目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。作狀語的有副詞、名詞、介詞短語、分詞及 其短語、動詞不定式及其短語、狀語從句等。¥These products are selling quickly.He is knee deep in snow.The best fish swim near the bottom.*She sat there doing nothing.We'll send a car over to fetch you.She was slow to make up her mind.Strike while the i

22、ron is hot.There is no such a word in English so far as I know.(七)賓語補(bǔ)足語：我們知道，在英語中及物動詞要加賓i吾意思才完整，不及物動詞則無需加賓語。 但有些及物動詞，除了要有賓語之外，還要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement),來補(bǔ)充說明其 身份、特征、狀態(tài)或所做的動作，如果丟掉賓補(bǔ)，就不成為句子，或意思走樣，這樣的及物動詞叫 不完全及物動詞，即只加賓語不能完全表達(dá)完整意思。這種“賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)稱為復(fù)合賓 語。賓補(bǔ)一般跟在賓語之后?？梢該?dān)當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語的有名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞等。They e

23、lected me captain of the team.He made me ashamed of myself.We found everything there in good order.I should advise you not to miss the chance.I could feel my heart beating fast.Put your book into your schoolbag.Keep the water boiling for ten minutes.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the c

24、ountry.賓補(bǔ)出現(xiàn)的場合：1 .在表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞后做賓補(bǔ),SB： consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。結(jié)構(gòu):to be +形容詞或名詞think, consider, find后的to be?？墒÷浴e consider him (to be) a good teacher.He proved that theory (to be) very important.I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I m

25、et her.<2 .使役動詞 make, have, leave后面。The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.What make the grass growThey had us laughing all through the meals.I've had my radio repaired so soon because my father had me do it.Leave the door open when you go out.They walked off and left me sitting t

26、here alone.3 .感官動詞 hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell 等后面，若接不定式做賓補(bǔ)，要 把to去掉，但在被動語態(tài)中to要加上。II saw him drive the car at high speed yesterday.I've never heard the song sung.Do you smell something burning4 .表示情感狀態(tài)的詞后而，如：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect 等。I'd

27、prefer you to leave him alone.I don't want there to be any trouble.注意： 在完整的句子中，如果謂語動詞是不完全及物動詞，而后而接的賓語是短語或從句，后再接賓 語補(bǔ)語時，必須將作賓語的短語或從句放在賓語補(bǔ)語之后，把it放在它的原來位置，這時it是形式賓 語，短語或從句是真正賓語。I think it wrong to tell lies.我認(rèn)為撒謊是錯誤的。it是形式賓語，不定式短語to tell lies是真正賓語,wrong是賓語補(bǔ)語。Did you make it clear why she didn't

28、come你弄清楚她沒有來的原因了嗎(A)主語補(bǔ)足語(subject complement)是對主語的補(bǔ)充，如果把賓語補(bǔ)足語所在的結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動 語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語?？梢該?dān)當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語的有名詞、形容詞、 介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞等。I was elected captain of the team.The water was kept boiling for ten minutes.Everything there was found in good order.Some goods are left unsold.The boy was made to work

29、 hard 10 hours a day.但還有一類主補(bǔ)不是出現(xiàn)在被動語態(tài)的句子中。英語有一定數(shù)量的不及物動詞，完全保留了本 身的詞匯意義，同時又發(fā)揮著系動詞的功能。它們與主語補(bǔ)足成分連用，所以這類詞被稱為“準(zhǔn)系 動詞”。用于“S+Vi+Cs”(S代表主語，Vi代表不及物動詞，Cs代表主語補(bǔ)足語)這一句式的動詞都 屬于這種用法。有時，主語補(bǔ)足語不緊跟系動詞，有可能被其它狀語成分隔開。He left home a poor worker ten years ago and came back a rich business man.His father died young.The mornin

30、g dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night.$We parted the best friends.詞類與句子成分的關(guān)系:詞類與句子成分既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系°詞類是孤立地單詞分類；而句子成分則指單詞、詞組、短 語或從句在句中的作用。句子的各種成分總是由屬于一定詞類的單詞或詞組、短語、從句來擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)摹?因此在詞類和句子成分之間存在著某種對應(yīng)關(guān)系。主語謂語賓語表語定語狀語賓(主)補(bǔ)足語動詞1名詞VVVVJ代詞V1J形容詞/7J副詞VV數(shù)詞VVVJ不定式VVVJ分詞$V動名詞V)7介詞短語1、VVJ三、基本句型所謂基本句型(basic se

31、ntence pattern)就是集中基本的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的格局。千變?nèi)f化的句型都是由 他們演變而來的。英語的基本句型有五種。主謂S-V主謂賓S-V-0主系表 S-Iinkv-P主謂間賓宜賓S-V-IO-DO主謂賓賓補(bǔ)S-V-O-C（一）主-謂 S-V此句型句子共同特點：句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思，所以都是不及物動詞，后而常跟 副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等做狀語。SQV （不及物動詞）Timeflies.The moonrose.The mancooked.We alleat and drink.Everybodylaughed.1woke.Theytalked for half an hour

32、.He.walked yesterday.Heis playing.Theyhave gone.（二）主謂賓 S-V-O此句型句子共同特點：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思, 必須跟有一個賓語，及動作的承受著，才能使意思完整C這類動詞叫做及物動詞。SV（及物動詞）o （賓語）Whoknowsthe answerShelaugh ather.HeunderstandsEnglish.Hemadecakes.Theyiatesome apples.Dannylikesdonuts.1wantto have a cup of tea.Hesaid“Good morning

33、”.（三）主系表 S-linkV-P此句型句子共同特點：句子的謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)完整的意思，都必須加上一個表明主語身份 或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫連系動詞.SLinkV（系動詞）?p （表語）Thisisan English dictionary.The dinnersmellsgood.Hefelthappy.Everythinglooksdifferent.Heistall and strong.The bookisinteresting.The weatherbecamewarmer.His faceturned.red.（四）主謂間賓宜賓S-V-IO-DO

34、此句型句子共同特點：句子的謂語動詞必須根由兩個賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個賓語一 個是動作的直接承受著，另一個是動作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個介詞來連接，當(dāng) 動作的間接承受者在動作的的直接承受者之前時，這一介詞往往被忽略。SV（及物）10 （多指人）0 （多指物）Shepassedhima new dress.Shecookedhera delicious meal.Hebroughthis sona dictionary.Heboughtyounothing.1showedhermy pictures.1gavehima hand.1toldhimhow to run the

35、machine.Heshowedmethat the bus was late.（五）主謂賓賓補(bǔ)S-V-O-C此句型句子共同特點：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還是不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必 須加上一個補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整sV（及物）0 （賓語）c （賓補(bǔ)）Wekeepthe tableclean.Theypaintedthe doorgreen.They<callsupperdinner.Theyfoundthe housedirty.What(makeshimsadWesawhimout.Hecaskedmeto come back soon.1sawthemgett

36、ing on the bus.辨別：復(fù)合賓語VS雙賓語同學(xué)們對下面兩種句型常?；煜?及物動詞+賓語+名詞賓補(bǔ)（即復(fù)合賓語） 及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語（即雙賓語） They made him captain of the ship. She told the children an interesting story.在句中,him與captain之間在邏輯上有主語和表語的關(guān)系,即“He was captain."句中him 為賓語，sptain為賓語補(bǔ)足語，兩者合稱“復(fù)合賓語”。在句中，children與story之間的關(guān)系是及物動詞與涉及到的人與物之間的關(guān)系。一般表示人 的（

37、children）為間接賓語，表示物的（story）為直接賓語，兩者合稱'雙賓語"。可以看出，間接賓語與 直接賓語在邏輯上沒有主語與表語的關(guān)系，即不能說：“The children were story"，但可以改寫成： MShe told an interesting story to the children",即間接賓語可以加介詞 to （或 for）后置，而“復(fù)合 賓語”不能。綜上所述，識別'復(fù)合賓語”和“雙賓語”的方法是看賓語與它后面的詞在邏輯上的關(guān)系，能 改寫為主語和表語關(guān)系的，是“復(fù)合賓語”：若不能，只是及物動詞所涉及到的人與事物之間

38、的關(guān) 系，并且表示人的賓語可以加介詞后置的，則為雙賓語。基本句型練習(xí)：1. They worked hard.2. The flower is dead.3. Plants need water.4. He gives me some seeds.5. We should keep the plants in the shade.6. Many animals live in tress.1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question afte

39、r class.4. They went hunting together early in the morning.5. His job is to train swimmers.6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.7. There is going to be an American film tonight.8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.9. His wish is to become a scientist.10. He managed to finish the work in time.11. Tom came to ask me for advice.12. He found it important to master English.13. Do you have anything else to say14. To be honest; your