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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit 31 Interferometric SAR (In SAR) Introduction 干涉雷達(dá)(SAR)介紹Radar interferometry is a technique for extracting three-dimensional information of the Earths surface by using
2、0;the phase content of radar signal as an additional information source derived from the complex radar data. It was first used in observation of the surface of Venus
3、 and the Moon. 雷達(dá)干涉測(cè)量技術(shù)中提取三維信息的地球表面的利用雷達(dá)信號(hào)的相位內(nèi)容作為額外的信息源來自復(fù)雜的雷達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)。它最初是用于觀察金星和月亮的表面Graham was the first to introduce Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for topographic mapping in 1974. There are two
4、60;kinds of information which are required for the production of topographic maps. Firstly, the various objects and features to be mapped must be presented in an image
5、60;with sufficient resolution to be identified. Secondly, a three_dimensional measurement of position, with respect to the platform, of a sufficient number of points must be m
6、ade to define the terrain surface . The three_dimensional measurement can be made by SAR interferometry with a side_looking geometry from both airborne and spaceborne SAR
7、;sensors. 格雷厄姆是第一個(gè)介紹合成孔徑雷達(dá)(SAR)在1974年地形映射。有兩種類型的信息所需的地形圖的生產(chǎn)。首先,各種對(duì)象和特征映射必須以足夠的分辨率的圖像。其次,一個(gè)三維位置測(cè)量,對(duì)平臺(tái),足夠數(shù)量的點(diǎn)必須定義地形表面。三維測(cè)量可以通過側(cè)視SAR干涉測(cè)量幾何機(jī)載和星載SAR傳感器。A Synthetic Aperture Radar is an active sensor transmitting and receiving microwave sign
8、als, i .e . Measuring distances between the sensor and the point on the Earths surface, where the signal is backscattered. The sensor emits electromagnetic radiation (EMR
9、) and then records the strength and time delay of the returning signal to produce images of the ground. The EMR involved can be imagined as a sine wave. Co
10、nventional SAR images are made up (as a raster) of the amplitude or strengthof the sine wave shown in images as grey level intensity values .When the sine
11、;wave starts to repeat itself (phase angle > 360 degrees) , one cycle of phase has occurred . If we collect two separate images from exactly the same satelli
12、te position (same range) , but at different times with nothing in the target area changing, one would expect the two sine waves from each image to be the s
13、ame and in phase with each other . 合成孔徑雷達(dá)是一個(gè)活躍的傳感器傳送和接收微波信號(hào),我即。測(cè)量傳感器之間的距離和地球表面上的點(diǎn),背散射信號(hào)。傳感器發(fā)出的電磁輻射(EMR),然后記錄返回信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間延遲產(chǎn)生的地面圖像。涉及的EMR可以想象為一個(gè)正弦波。傳統(tǒng)的SAR圖像是由(光柵)的振幅或強(qiáng)度相近正弦波-所示圖像灰度級(jí)強(qiáng)度值當(dāng)正弦波開始重演(相位角> 360度),一個(gè)周期的階段發(fā)生。如果我們收集兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的圖片完全相同的衛(wèi)星位置相同(范圍),但在不同的時(shí)間與目標(biāo)區(qū)域中沒有改變
14、,人會(huì)期望每個(gè)圖像的兩個(gè)正弦波是相同的,彼此在階段。In practice, the position of the satellite between two image acquisitions is never identical, and the corresponding difference in the path (distance between sa
15、tellite and ground) means there is a difference in phase between the two signals a phase shift. The physical path difference can be expressed as an integer num
16、ber of wavelengths plus the fraction of one wavelength. It can also be expressed as a difference in phase angle between the two signals. SAR interferometry makes use
17、 of this phase information by subtracting the phase value in one image from that of the other, for the same point on the ground. This is, in effect, genera
18、ting the interference between the two phases signals and is the basis of interferometry .For the interferometric process to work successfully, a degree of similarity, or
19、correlation must exist in the surface properties between the two image acquisitions . In most parts of the world, particularly temperate regions, correlation between images wi
20、ll degrade with time due to changing / moving vegetation, differing climatic conditions termed temporal decorrelation. Correlation tends to remain good in arid, desert region
21、s where little change occurs. An output from the processing chain is a coherence image, and this represents the correlation that exists between corresponding pixels of th
22、e two images lighter pixels showing good correlation (e .g . arid, dry land cover ) , and darker pixels showing bad correlation (e .g . water, changing ve
23、getation) . 在實(shí)踐中,衛(wèi)星的位置兩個(gè)圖像之間的收購(gòu)不相同,和相應(yīng)的不同路徑(衛(wèi)星和地面之間的距離)意味著不同的兩個(gè)信號(hào)之間的相位相移。物理路徑的不同可以表示為一個(gè)整數(shù)的波長(zhǎng)數(shù)量+一個(gè)波長(zhǎng)的一部分。它也可以表示為一個(gè)兩個(gè)信號(hào)之間的相角差。SAR干涉測(cè)量法利用這個(gè)階段信息階段價(jià)值減去另一個(gè)圖像的同一點(diǎn)在地上。實(shí)際上,這是產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)階段之間的干擾信號(hào)和干涉,干涉的基礎(chǔ)過程成功地工作,一定程度的相似性,或相關(guān)性必須存在于表面性質(zhì)兩個(gè)圖像之間的收購(gòu)。在世界的大部分地區(qū),特別是溫帶地區(qū),圖像之間的相關(guān)性會(huì)隨著時(shí)間降低由于改變/移動(dòng)的植被,不同的氣候條件,稱為“時(shí)間解相關(guān)”。相
24、關(guān)傾向于保持在干旱,沙漠地區(qū)發(fā)生微小的變化。處理鏈的輸出是一個(gè)連貫性的形象,這代表了相應(yīng)的像素之間的相關(guān)性存在兩個(gè)圖像輕像素顯示良好的相關(guān)性(e .g。干旱、干燥的土地覆蓋),和較暗的像素顯示壞相關(guān)性(e .g。水、植被變化)。The phase value or angle (and hence phase differences in an interferogram) is not known absolutely, but
25、60;is given in the range 0 - 360 degrees , i .e . the phase is wrapped onto a fixed range of angle of 0 - 360 degrees . In order to compute&
26、#160;terrain heights and generate a DEM, the interferogram fringes have to be unwrapped, i .e . the correct multiple of 360 degrees must be added to the phase d
27、ifference at each pixel, the problem of solving this 2 ambiguity is called phase unwrapping . If the ground were flat, unwrapping the above interferogram would produce an
28、 image of constant grey level. 相位值或角(因此在干涉圖相位差異)絕對(duì)是未知的,但范圍在0 - 360度,我即。階段包裝到一個(gè)固定的角度范圍0 - 360度。為了計(jì)算地形高度和生成DEM,干涉圖的邊緣必須打開,我生產(chǎn)。正確的360度必須添加到多個(gè)相位差在每個(gè)像素,解決這一問題的2模棱兩可稱為相位展開。如果地面是平的,打開上面的干涉圖會(huì)產(chǎn)生恒定的灰度級(jí)的圖像。在世界的大部分地區(qū),特別是溫帶地區(qū),圖像之間的相關(guān)性會(huì)隨著時(shí)間降低由于改變/移動(dòng)的植被,不同的氣候條件,稱為“時(shí)間解相關(guān)”。The inte
29、rferometric data processing scheme includes in general ( 1) registration of the complex images, (2 ) the formation of the interferograms, ( 3) the phase unwrapping, and
30、160;( 4) the digital elevation model reconstruction . 干涉數(shù)據(jù)處理方案一般包括(1)登記的復(fù)雜圖像,(2)干涉圖的形成,相位(3),(4)數(shù)字高程模型重建。The basic use of SAR interferometry is to estimate topographic height .However, advancement
31、0;on this technique can very usefully be applied to map surface displacements such as those associated with earthquakes, landslip or subsidence. Known as differential interferometr
32、y, the method uses SAR images of different dates that might span a surface displacement event. A first interferogram is created representing topography before the event a
33、nd then a second interferogram created representing topography after the event. By subtracting one interferogram from the other, fringes that relate to common topography cancel
34、0;each other out , so that remaining fringes should only represent a difference in topography, i .e . a displacement . SAR干涉測(cè)量法是估計(jì)的基本使用地形高度,發(fā)展這種技術(shù)可以非常有效地適用于地圖上表面位移等與地震、塌方或沉降。被稱為微分干涉法,該方法使用的SAR圖像不
35、同的日期可能跨越一個(gè)表面位移事件。在創(chuàng)建第一個(gè)干涉圖代表地形之前創(chuàng)建的事件,然后第二個(gè)干涉圖代表地形。從其他通過減去一個(gè)干涉圖,邊緣與常見的地形相互抵消,所以剩下的邊緣應(yīng)該只代表不同的地形,我,一個(gè)位移Outlook Current research on SAR interferometry mainly focuses on the potentials of SAR interferometry by investigating
36、the limiting factors of this technique. Ten years ago, the main difficulties were in the theoretical aspects, and scientists were waiting for access to suitable data sets
37、 in order to demonstrate the potential of SAR interferometry . 目前SAR干涉測(cè)量法的研究主要集中在SAR干涉測(cè)量的潛力調(diào)查這種技術(shù)的限制因素。十年前,理論方面的主要困難是,科學(xué)家們正在等待獲得合適的數(shù)據(jù)集,以展示SAR干涉測(cè)量的潛力。Now, most of the theoretical aspects are reasonably wel
38、l understood. At present, the main issues concern the operational constraints such as data availability, commercial software, manpower, and automation, adequacy of INSAR accuracy w
39、ith regards to user, requirements and future system specifications. As mentioned before, one current research issue is the investigation of the influence of the atmosphere, wh
40、ich is assumed to have a significant influence on the quality of SAR interferometric data. The refraction can affect pixel misregistration and artefacts in the phase diff
41、erence. The main problem during the data processing is the phase unwrapping. 現(xiàn)在,大多數(shù)的理論方面相當(dāng)清楚。目前,主要問題的擔(dān)憂等操作約束數(shù)據(jù)可用性,商業(yè)軟件,人力,自動(dòng)化,充足率INSAR的準(zhǔn)確性對(duì)于用戶需求和未來的系統(tǒng)規(guī)范。如前所述,當(dāng)前研究的問題之一是大氣的影響的調(diào)查,這是假定有顯著影響SAR干涉數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量,折射會(huì)影響像素錯(cuò)誤配準(zhǔn)和文物相位差。主要的問題在數(shù)據(jù)處理階段展開。This
42、part is still a problematical task and needs to be further investigated to reach an operational status. This is also one of the main reasons why commercial software&
43、#160;packages for SAR interferometric data are still under development and not yet commercially available .Another major objective of current research is to produce high precision&
44、#160;DEMs in an operational way. This is aimed at using SAR interferometric data from the ERS-1 / ERS-2 tandem mission. Reviewing the papers on SAR interferometry, it is clear that the basic techniques of producing interferograms, phase unwrap
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