(企業(yè)家及地方官員的價值取向及其互動對長江三角洲小型

1、Final Report for the Seed Research Fund in Support of the Schools Asia StrategyValue Orientation in Entrepreneurs and Local Officials, and its Role in the Interactions which Affect Small Firm Growth in the Yangtze River Delta(企業(yè)家及地方官員的價值取向及其互動對長江三角洲小型企業(yè)成長的影響)02 June, 2009This report consists of six

2、parts. They are: l study period and research team l innovative methodology of collaboration in China Studies l research work and resultsl project related activitiesl funding applicationsl future plan Study period and research team The project started on May 14th 2007 and was completed on 13th May 20

3、09. The project team members initially were: Professor Stephan Feuchtwang, Professor Chenggang Xu, Dr. Xiangqun Chang, Professor Xuewei Zhai, Dr Derui Yang, and Ms Laurie Duthie. However, Ms Duthie withdrew from the team in order to complete her PhD dissertation. To replace her, Professor Letian Zha

4、ng (Deputy Director of School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University) and Dr. Haiming Hui (Department of Sociology, Suzhou University, formerly Deputy Director of Institute of Policy Studies, Suzhou City Government) were invited to join us. Innovative methodology of collaboration

5、in China StudiesAfter a thorough review on “China studies” we decided on “advanced studies on China”, as the title for our own work，and made the full conference title “Inaugural International Conference for the 'Advanced Study on China' (ICASC) - Chinese Entrepreneur Orientation and Relation

6、ships in Yangtze Delta Region”. Reasons are:Firstly, “Advanced Studies on China” as a concept by definition is closely related to “China Studies” in its broader sense. The title of the conference strongly suggested “social science-oriented studies” in our research. This is how we distinguished our s

7、tudies on China related topics at LSE, the discipline-oriented research-intensive social science university, from others in the field more properly described as “area studies-oriented China studies”. Based on our existing experiences of collaboration with Chinese insitutions on social scientific res

8、earch we set up the “Europe-China Collaborative Research Base” (ECCRB). See: . We will continue to apply this kind of approach in our future collaborative researches. The results will be reported in our future 2nd, 3rd or nth International Conference of the Advanced Study on China (ICASC). Secondly,

9、 as the start of a new field, our exploration approximates the academic freedom and creativity enshrined in the Princetonian creation of an Institute of Advanced Studies. The characteristics of “Advanced Study on China” in this project are that they are comparative, interdisciplinary, and three-dime

10、nsional (academic, academic/ government, and academic/business). The innovation of the advanced studies on the project of “Chinese entrepreneur orientations and relationships in Yangtze Delta Region” can be seen from our interactions and engagements with officials, policy makers, and entrepreneurs a

11、t every stage of the research; even during the conference there was a workshop for such activities. We benefited from this approach greatly.Thirdly, the three-dimensional engagements drew inspiration from the “four pillars” of The China-Europa Forum, run by the Charles Léopold Mayer Foundation.

12、 The “four pillars” are governmental, business, academic and public. China-Europa Forum is unique in focussing on “society” amongst many forums between China and Europe. As one of its European local partners, the CCPN co-organised the conference “China-Europe Dialogue on Society” in October 2008. Th

13、is kind of public engagement is in accordance with the document “A Vision for Science and Society” from the DIUS, which especially promotes “public dialogue”, describing it as “a form of deliberative participatory engagement where outcomes are used to inform decision making”, and thus “a core activi

14、ty for government in its role as policy maker”. It supports the British Academy's response, which focuses on “enhancing dialogue on science in public debate” as the first of its three issues.  See more details from: . Finally, the research of “Chinese entrepreneur orientations and relations

15、hips in Yangtze Delta Region” was a pilot project funded by the LSE in its Seed Research Fund in support of the School's Asia Strategy. It “encourages collaborative research” in order to “create intellectual connections that may lead to longer-term, larger-scale, funded work”. The China-Europa F

16、orum covers hundreds of problem/task-oriented workshops focusing on Chinese and European societies, thus providing us with a strong stream for studies of China in comparative perspective, for instance a paper closely related to our Seed Fund project, “The Relationship between Government and Enterpri

17、ses in Globalization - Take the Cross-Strait Economic Relationship as an example”, and numbers of related workshops, such as “How to set up effective promotion strategies to attract investors in China and in Europe?”, “How to improve technology transfer between China-European Enterprises?”, “The rol

18、e of multinational companies in the implementation of social rights in hosting countries”, “The future of rural areas in China and Europe”, “Trajectories of cities and regions in Europe and China”, and “Managing the relationship between growth, equity and sustainability“. We plan to participate in t

19、he Forums activities in an ongoing fashion. During the period of carrying out the project we have applied for two projects, of which one was granted and the other rejected after passing the first round (see “Funding applications”). We will apply for another big project (see “Future plan”). Research

20、work and resultsProfessor Stephan Feuchtwang acted in the role of project supervisor throughout. During the period of carrying out the project Professor Chenggang Xu was a visiting professor in both China and Hong Kong. Towards the end of the project Professor Xu moved to the Faculty of Finance and

21、Economics, University of Hong Kong. He conducted a large scale survey independently from the team. Dr Xiangqun Chang conducted fieldwork in May 2007 and December 2008. On her first trip she worked in Kaixiangong village, Miaogong Community (previously township), Wujiang City, and followed their busi

22、ness links all the way to Shanghai. On her second trip Dr Chang conducted fieldwork with Professor Xuewei Zhai in Nanjing City, and with Dr Haiming Hui and Dr Derui Yang in Kunshang City, studying how Taiwanese businessmen operated successfully throughout the city. She then worked with Professor Let

23、ian Zhang and his assistant Ms Yang Lu in Kaixiangong village, Jiangsu Province, and Lianmin Village, Haining City of Zhejiang Province, and Qizhong Village of Shanghai, conducting group interviews with property developers, the manager of a factory, and an owner of many shops in Shanghai, etc. Profe

24、ssor Xuewei Zhai also carried out interviews with entrepreneurs taking an MBA course. Dr Derui Yang made additional interviews with Taiwanese businessmen in India on his visit there in order to form a contrast with Taiwan businessmen in Jiangsu, China. Based on the above empirical studies all the pa

25、rticipants of the project presented papers at the conference “Chinese Entrepreneur Orientation and Relationships in Yangtze Delta Region” on 25 and 26 March 2009 at the 4th Floor, Yifu Building of Management Science, Nanjing University. There were three professors invited for giving opening speeches

26、. Professor Xian Zhou, Associate Vice-President of Nanjing University, Dean of Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities & Social Sciences, represented Nanjing University to welcome all the participants to the university. He introduced first Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities & So

27、cial Sciences to be established in China, in Nanjing University in 2005. It aims to establish at the university level a sui generis platform specifically dedicated to social sciences research by transcending the disciplinary boundaries. This accords with the motto of the university, namely compositi

28、ve, research-led and internationalized. It helps to promote issue-oriented interdisciplinary researches and form a “special zone” on humanities and socialistic studies. He highly praised the innovative conference for the 'Advanced Study on China' Chinese Entrepreneur Orientation and Relation

29、ships in Yangtze Delta Region, and offered to provide opportunities for future collaborations. Professor Shuming Zhao, Dean of the Nanjing University Business School, said there were many studies in his business school that overlap with the conference topics, such as guanxi, social capital, differen

30、t entrepreneur relationships. It is good that LSEs economist, sociologists and anthropologists took the initiative to engage with scholars at School of Social & Behavioural Sciences, Nanjing University. It would be even better to extend the collaboration to management studies in which his school

31、 would like to be involved and to make contributions. Finally, Professor Xiaohong Zhou, Dean of Nanjing Universitys School of Social & Behavioural Sciences, madeformal welcome remarks as head of the research partner and conference co-ordinator. He said, the School of Social & Behavioural Sci

32、ences was newly established. Although it was built on the basis of the Department of Sociology, funded 80 years ago, it combines departments of sociology, anthropology, social psychology, social policy, and China studies, etc. He felt proud of the school being able to be engaged in such internationa

33、l collaboration, and hope to be involved further for in-depth studies and make real contributions to the general knowledge. He wished all the participants enjoy the conference at Nanjing. Below are summaries of their presentations.Xiangqun Chang, “Lishang-wanglai model in Chinese Entrepreneur Orient

34、ation and Relationships in Yangtze Delta Region”. The major finding from many interviews in different places is that entrepreneurs success is based on their ability to continuously make business relationships with many different parties. Over the past thirty year period of social reform the ways of

35、making relationships, and the kinds of relationships needed, have changed, but entrepreneurs adapted themselves well to help their firms to grow in differing situations. For many entrepreneurs firm growth can be seen as a product of their skill in making relationships. In their own words, “Doing bus

36、iness is making relationships (zuo shengyi shi zuo guanxi)”, “Relationships are really productivity (guanxi jiushi shengchanli)”. The difference between this study and previous studies on guanxi (relationships) is that the entrepreneurs themselves broke down relationships (guanxi) into different typ

37、es, and while making guanxi they also engaged with different principles, in particular chengxin (trust), and yuanfen or yunqi (luck), which are the most frequently mentioned such principles. This is true uniformly in rural areas and cities, and in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta Re

38、gion. This process can be discovered through interviews with the Lishang-wanglai model, and the data can also be described and analysed with theLishang-wanglai model (see enclosed appendix). Chenggang Xu, “What Makes Privatization Work? The Case of China”. Using a unique hand-collected nationwide su

39、rvey, this paper studies Chinas privatization, by far the largest one in human history. We find that privatization in China has improved performance, but only for firms bought out by managers (MBOs). Consistent with improved performance, MBO firms are less likely to be influenced by the state in the

40、ir daily operation and are more likely to take various restructuring measures. We also find that city governments with stronger fiscal disciplines and less political burden in disposing of laid-off workers tend to use the MBO method to privatize. Xuewei Zhai, “The Transformation from Social Capital

41、to Relationships: A Case Study of the Development of Chinese SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises)”. The increasing popularity of studies of social networks and social capital among Chinese students of sociology has expanded into the traditional field of guanxi studies, with consequent interest

42、in how they fit into guanxi studies in terms of both context and scope. This case study of Chinese SMEs points out the difference in orientation between the concepts of guanxi and social capital. Chinese guanxi centres upon protection, operation of power and expediency between agency and structure,

43、whereas social capital is about information, trust and cooperation, as well as the investment and return of resources. The confusion of these two concepts can lead to many important guanxi issues being overlooked.Haiming Hui, “A Case Study of Jiang Renjie the Corrupt Billionaire Official in the Sout

44、h Jiangsu Model”. Useful information about value orientation and interaction between local government officials and entrepreneurs in the South Jiangsu Model is contained in this study. In Imperial China, Jiang would have been disqualified from an official appointment due to the restriction of reside

45、ncy and the competitive state examinations. In contrast to this he was offered a chance by TVEs to commit extensive rent-seeking. A corrupt billionaire official was thus born out of booming real estate and land values. As widely acknowledged, power corrupts unless operated transparently. The case of

46、 Jiang can be explicated by a complex model centred upon renqing (favouritism), mianzi (face) and guanxi, which can be further contextualised in the concepts of interest and politics as in the South Jiangsu Model. Without this contextualisation, the interface between individual life and social histo

47、ry cannot be clarified. This is what Freedman has emphasised that students of Chinese anthropology should seek to examine society as an entirety.Letian Zhang, “Institution, Guanxi and Development of TVEs: A Case Study in the Yanguan County, Northern Zhejiang” - Based on the rural industry developmen

48、t in Northern Zhejiang, this paper analyzes how guanxi (the relationship) influences industry development in different rural industry systems. The author argues that during the period of rural industry development, guanxi is constrained by institutional environment. This study provides a particular

49、case for understanding the concept guanxi. Derui Yang, “Taiwanese Entrepreneurs in India” shows how the relationship between entrepreneurs and government in India differs from that obtaining in mainland China, but is similar to that in Taiwan. Conditions of political ideology, such as multi-party co

50、mpetition, universal suffrage, and frequent changes of regime, are not conducive to the growth of cultural relations. Entrepreneurs had to yield heavy fees to government in a style akin to paying protection money to gangsters. Furthermore, relationships between individuals in India are different fro

51、m those in both mainland China and Taiwan in many ways. Taiwanese find it very difficult to mix into Indian culture: relationships between colleagues at work are often determined by rank, class, caste, and in addition female relationships at work are determined by family relations. Chinese-style gua

52、nxi relationships have no place to grow in such a cultural environment. After the two days fruitful conference Professor Stephan Feuchtwang gave a closing speech. He reviewed all the speakers presentations, and gave high marks for their efforts in the project and the conference. He also pointed out

53、directions to bring the studies of Chinese entrepreneur relationships further, by making clearer clarifications with both studies of social capital and institutional relationships, engaging in a comparative approach with other disciplines, as well as differences between areas within, economic and hi

54、storical conditions, and countries. For more details about the conference, see: . Project related activities During this period we arranged eight related events. They are: l    14/03/08 British Indian and Chinese Students, Graduate and Academic International Entrepreneurial Activ

55、ities, by Dr Stella Mascarenhas-Keyes, DIUS l        20/06/08 Legal and Illegal: Production and distribution of Chinese goods in the route China-Paraguay- Brazil, by Ms Rosana Pinheiro-Machado, UCL l        06/10/08 Social Embedde

56、dness and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Ethnic Small Firms in the UK, by Dr Catherine L. Wang and Dr Levent Altinay, Royal Holloway l        27-28/10/08 Co-organised with the China-Europa Forum, the Charles Léopold Mayer Foundation, The China-Europe Dialogue

57、on Society: Preparatory meeting in North Europe for the Third Biennial of the China-Europa Forum l        31/01/09 Co-organised with the CDS, LSE, the China Development Forum China 2009: the critical year of Chinas economy l       

58、; 10/02/09 Yuan (lot or luck) and Marketing: The Perception of Chinese Ownermanagers, Professor Wai Sum Siu, Hong Kong Baptist University l        25/02/09 The comparison between China and Japan enterprises in their earlier stage of overseas development, by Profess

59、or Rongping Kang, Institute of World Economics & Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS) l        25-26/03/09 Co-organised with Nanjing University, Inaugural International Conference for the 'Advanced Study on China' (ICASC) Chinese Entrepren

60、eur Orientation and Relationships in Yangtze Delta RegionSee more from: .Dr Xiangqun Chang also participated in two workshops which were run by the ESRC Knowledge Transfer team, “Getting research into practice”, and “Engaging with business”. In accordance with the policies of  the “Third stream as second mission” (“anything other than research and teaching, the two core elements of University