英國(guó)文學(xué)作品名字名詞解釋

1、Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhats epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or e

2、ven demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualit

3、ies, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利喬叟1340-1400    長(zhǎng)詩(shī)：The H

4、ouse of Fame聲譽(yù)之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特羅勒斯與克麗西德小說(shuō)：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集-英國(guó)文學(xué)史上現(xiàn)實(shí)主義第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主義思想的作家，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘 The Decameron十日談)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chau

5、cers time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucers humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucers contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄雙行體Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly

6、applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man s

7、hould be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man

8、 and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of mans mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to S

9、hakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大學(xué)才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亞1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”Shakespeares achievements:1. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.2. Shakespeares humanism3. Shake

10、speares characterization4. Shakespeares originality5. Shakespeare as a great poet6. Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character (Hamlets theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自語(yǔ)，獨(dú)白） is a dramatic speech delivered by on charac

11、ter speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue. “To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author

12、s.SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（長(zhǎng)短格，抑揚(yáng)格，抑揚(yáng)格詩(shī)） pentameter（五步格詩(shī)） with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626  essayist 散文家 (the chief figure

13、 in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.)   Advancement of Learning學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西島;Essays論文集（Of Studies論學(xué)習(xí);Of Wisdom for a Mans Self）Of Studies purpose

14、: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（簡(jiǎn)明的） expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（發(fā)音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and fac

15、ts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，驕傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸張的）. The difference between a conceit and

16、a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the readers 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical schoolJohn Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images;

17、the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Pauls Cathedral.)John Milton約翰彌爾頓1608-1674  (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolutio

18、n, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.)  LAllegro歡樂(lè)的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科馬斯;Lycidas列西達(dá)斯;Areopagitica論出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense為英國(guó)人民聲辯; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再為英國(guó)人民聲辯; Paradise Lost失樂(lè)園; Paradise Regained復(fù)樂(lè)園; Samson A

19、gonistes力士參孫.The blank verse 素體無(wú)韻詩(shī), i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately l

20、ogical effect.John Bunyan班揚(yáng)1628-1688    The Pilgrims Progress天路歷程(Vanity Fair名利場(chǎng));The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主義?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscu

21、rity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1. People emphasized reaso

22、n rather than emotion, form rather than content.2. As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3. As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4. It is a

23、lmost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities.5. It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.28、Classicism (新古典主義)名詞解釋Classicism implies (意味著) the revival (復(fù)蘇) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world， a re

24、turn to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主義的復(fù)蘇)。 It intended to produce a literature， French to the core (以法語(yǔ)為中心)， which was worthy of (與相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This

25、 neoclassicism (新古典主義) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德國(guó)的歌德？席勒)29、French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主義的復(fù)蘇)。 判斷Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福1660-1731    （標(biāo)志著近代英國(guó)小說(shuō)的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑頌;Robinson Crusoe魯賓孫飄流記;Capt

26、ain Singleton辛格頓船長(zhǎng);Moll Flanders莫爾弗蘭德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日記Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745    The Battle of Books書的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);A Tale of A Tub一個(gè)木桶的故事;The Drapiers Letters布商的書信;A Modest Proposal一個(gè)溫和的建議;Guillivers Travels格列佛游記(A Voyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, G

27、lubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人國(guó)/大人國(guó)/拉普他等地/智馬國(guó)游記)The rise and growth of the realistic novel (Bourgeois in essence) is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小說(shuō)（早期恐怖小說(shuō)）Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744    Pastorals田園詩(shī)集;An Essay

28、 on Criticism批評(píng)論;Windsor Forest溫莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷發(fā)遇劫記;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德論;An Essay on Man人論;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot與阿布斯諾博士書Samuel Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜1709-1784    A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言辭典;Lives of Poets詩(shī)人傳;Vanity of Human Wishes人類欲望的虛幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Lette

29、r to Lord Chesterfield給吉士菲爾伯爵的信Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁1707-1754 （英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基者）   劇本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂吉訶德在英國(guó);The Historical Register for the Year歷史記事長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams約瑟安德魯傳;The Life

30、of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大偉人江奈生魏爾德傳;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling湯姆瓊斯;Amelia阿美利亞Graveyard Poetry: A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18th century.Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌：歌頌的對(duì)象不僅僅為死者The

31、Epitaph墓志銘Pre- Romantic Poets:Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796   (A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lang Syne whose English name “old long since”.) Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect蘇格蘭方言詩(shī)集名詩(shī)：The Tree of L

32、iberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae蘇格蘭人;The Two Dogs兩只狗;Holy Willies Prayer威利長(zhǎng)老的祈禱;My Hearts in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰;John Anderson約翰安德生,My Jo;A Mans A Man for AThat不管身在何處都須保持尊嚴(yán);Robert Bruces March to BannockburnWilliam Blake布萊克1757-1827    Poetical Sketches素描詩(shī)集;Songs of Inno

33、cence天真之歌;Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌The French Revolution法國(guó)革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的婚姻;America; Milton; Jerusalem名詩(shī)：London; The TigerPart Five: The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of

34、 Sir Walter Scott in 1832.The essence of this new movement is:1. the glorification of instinct（本能） and emotion;2. a deep veneration（對(duì)自然的無(wú)限崇拜） of nature;3. a flaming zeal to remake the world（改變世界的一種熱情）.Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:1. Subjectivism（主觀性）: Instead of regarding poetry

35、as “a mirror to nature”, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in En

36、gland is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.2. Spontaneity（自然流露）3. Singularity（獨(dú)創(chuàng)性）4. Worship of nature（把自然看得神圣）: The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime（偉大的，令人贊嘆的） aspect of a natural scene.5. Simplicity（簡(jiǎn)約）6. There is a dominating note of melancholy（憂郁，悲傷）

37、in the poems of the romantic poets.7. It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions.It should be known that the term “romanticism” was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Co

38、ntemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separate schools.Neo-classicismreasonreasoncommercialindustrialpresentsocietyorder& stabilitydecorative expressionRomanticismpassionimaginationnaturalpastoralpastindividualfreedomsimple and spontaneous expression

39、6; Poetry: The Age of (Romantic) PoetryLake Poets :( William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the Northwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18th century.)William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯1770

40、-1850    An Evening Walk黃昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集（與柯勒律治合編）;Lucy Poems露西組詩(shī)(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鵑頌;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如一朵孤獨(dú)的云(The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils黃水仙花. In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in natu

41、re and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.);The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麥人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽頌;Ode to Duty義務(wù)頌;The Excursion遠(yuǎn)足;The Prelude序曲What is nature?His love for nature is boundless（無(wú)限的）. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. N

42、ature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit（圣靈代表）. He believes that God and universe are identical, that God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrup

43、ted by urban society, especially those simple rustic（有農(nóng)村或農(nóng)民特色的，粗野的） people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.What is poetry?Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility（安靜）.(He is a ma

44、n speaking to men.)Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834    Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底獄的毀滅;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子詠; Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文學(xué)傳記Satanic Poets :( These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.)George Gordon Byron喬治拜倫1788

45、-1824    Hours of Idleness閑暇時(shí)光;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英國(guó)詩(shī)人與蘇格蘭評(píng)論家;Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰羅德哈羅德游記;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill編織機(jī)法案編制者頌;Oriental Tales東方敘事詩(shī)(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盜;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之圍);Manfred曼

46、弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青銅世紀(jì);Don Juan唐璜名詩(shī)：She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”Feature: the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic（令人憎惡的）. Byronic hero拜倫式英雄Percy Bysshe Shelley波西比

47、希雪萊1792-1822    Queen Mab麥布女王;Prometheus Unbound解放了的普羅米修斯;Adonais阿東尼斯;The Cenci欽契;Song to the Men of England致英國(guó)人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy專制魔王的化裝游行;Ode to the West Wind西風(fēng)頌(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?樂(lè)觀)；Ode to a Skylark云雀頌; A Defence of Poetry詩(shī)辯John Keats約翰

48、濟(jì)茲1795-1821    Endymion恩底彌翁;Isabella伊莎貝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣愛(ài)尼節(jié)前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希臘古甕頌;Ode to a Nightingale夜鶯頌;To Autumn秋頌;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）NovelJane Austin簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁1775-1817    Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見(jiàn);Sense and Sensibility理智與情感;Emma愛(ài)瑪;Mansfield Park曼斯菲爾德公園;Persuas

49、ion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey諾桑覺(jué)寺Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th centuryNaturalist自然主義：深刻揭示社會(huì)的不公平現(xiàn)象。A high form of realism.Emile Zola (1840-1902)鼻祖 Henry James (1843-1916)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)觀:People should give up the religious and remote world and to embrace the present, real world in w

50、hich we lived.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureBritish literature in 20th century can be defined as co-existence. The twentieth century was marked by the two World Wars which deprived hundred millions of their lives. The works are talked about the distorted, aliened and ill relationsh

51、ips between man and nature, man and society, man and man and man and his self.1. Modernism2. The Angry Young Men3. The Theatre of the AbsurdModernism: The characteristic of modernist writings:1. Complexity and obscurity2. The use of symbols3. Allusion4. IronyModernism1. Definition The concept of mod

52、ernism emerged in the eighteenth century when the classicists mocked those who opposed them and called them modernists. Dr Samuel Johnson says in the Dictionary of the English Language that the word was coined by Johnathan Swift in a letter to Alexander pope. The word was given a new meaning by the

53、French poet Bordelaire and the publication of his collection of poem惡之花marked the beginning of modernism in literature. Now it is a comprehensive termapplied to international tendencies and movements in all creative arts in the 20th century. In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a str

54、ong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression. 2. Major philosophical Influences on modernism 1) Darwinism 2) Marxism 3) Freudianism 3. Major ideas of modernism 1) It employs a distinctive kind of imagination, which insists on having its general frame of reference withi

55、n itself. Thus it practices solipsism( 唯我論). It believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. 2) It implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair. It rejects traditional values and assumptions. And it looks for fresh ways of looking at mans position and

56、 function in the universe. Many modernists are philosophical existentialists. 3) It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. (The psychologies of Freud and Jung are seminal in modernist literature.) Its most interesting artistic strategy is its attempt to deal with the unconscious. It celebrates passion and will over reason and systematic morality. 4) It rejects the traditional rhetoric by which tradition values and assumptions were communicated. It is bent on stylistic innovations and experiments with language, f