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1、英語專業(yè)學(xué)位論文寫作規(guī)范Instructions for English Majors on the Preparation of BA Theses 第一章 文獻(xiàn)引證31.1 正文中的引證31.2 引語(Quotations)5引用整篇文獻(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)7引用文獻(xiàn)中具體觀點(diǎn)或文字8引用多位作者寫作的同一文獻(xiàn)8引用同樣姓氏的不同作者9引用團(tuán)體作者(corporate author)10引用無作者文獻(xiàn)10引用書信、談話中的觀點(diǎn)或文字10引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)11同時(shí)引用不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)12引用非直接文獻(xiàn)(indirect source)12引用文學(xué)作品和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)12對(duì)引語文字的更改14腳注(footn

2、otes)的使用161.4 參考文獻(xiàn)著錄的格式17著錄已出版的文章17著錄已出版的書籍20著錄尚未正式出版的文獻(xiàn)22著錄非印刷材料23著錄漢語著作和文章24著錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版物25參考文獻(xiàn)的排列28第二章 格式規(guī)范322.1 空格、大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)32正確使用空格32正確使用大小寫34正確使用連接符號(hào)34正確使用斜體(italics)35正確使用引號(hào)37避免使用縮略語(contractions)372.2 數(shù)字的使用372.3 非英語詞句的引用382.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的報(bào)告402.5 避免使用歧視性語言42避免使用有性別歧視嫌疑的語言42避免使用有殘疾歧視嫌疑的語言44避免使用有種族歧視嫌疑的語言44第

3、一章 文獻(xiàn)引證參考文獻(xiàn)引用的規(guī)范應(yīng)該按專業(yè)方向的不同選擇使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),一般偏重人文學(xué)科的應(yīng)用MLA,偏重自然學(xué)科的應(yīng)用APA。學(xué)位申請(qǐng)人和指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀相應(yīng)的規(guī)范使用手冊(cè)。這里提供部分實(shí)例,供參考。外語學(xué)院2009屆所有方向論文統(tǒng)一要求使用MLA格式。1.1 正文中的引證學(xué)位論文引用別人的觀點(diǎn)、方法、言論必須注明出處,注明出處時(shí)應(yīng)該使用括號(hào)夾注的方法,一般不使用腳注或者尾注。文獻(xiàn)引用注明出處反映了論文作者對(duì)所涉領(lǐng)域的把握和治學(xué)的態(tài)度。引用

4、的規(guī)范按專業(yè)方向的不同一般分為MLA(the Modern Language Association)和APA(the American Psychological Association)兩類,區(qū)別在于次序、大小寫、縮寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)等細(xì)節(jié)上。學(xué)位論文撰寫人應(yīng)該根據(jù)MLA或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致。引文出處應(yīng)使用括號(hào)夾注的方法(一般不使用腳注或者尾注)。在正文中,括號(hào)夾注是引文出現(xiàn)的小句的一部分,因而必須放在句末的標(biāo)點(diǎn)以內(nèi),不得放在句外,但也不得放在引文的引號(hào)以內(nèi)(見圖2.6)。引語段(block quotation)的括號(hào)夾注不屬于單句,因而不得將其放在句末的標(biāo)點(diǎn)以內(nèi)(見圖2.7)。圖2.

5、6:括號(hào)夾注在正文中的使用方法正確:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain 33). 錯(cuò)誤:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain 33) Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd

6、and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”圖2.7:括號(hào)標(biāo)注在引語段中的使用方法constantly as a source of consolation, Wordsworth projected his hunger for a peace of mind into the river imageThou wanderer through the woods,How often has my spirit turned to thee! (156)In the Romantic poets mind, the Wye, an

7、indicator of the nurturing nature as opposed to the bustling worldly life, also embodies his nostalgia for the remote past as “These water括號(hào)夾注不屬于引語段中任何單句。任何直接引語都必須標(biāo)明頁碼,以便讀者查找。1.2 引語(Quotations)引文必須準(zhǔn)確,必須用方括號(hào)(square brackets“ ”)和省略號(hào)(ellipses“”)標(biāo)明更動(dòng)原文的地方。短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引語應(yīng)該寫入正文,并且用雙引號(hào)標(biāo)明。單引號(hào)只允許用來標(biāo)注引語中的引語

8、,否則不得使用(見圖2.8)。無論引自書本還是引自訪談對(duì)象,引語不得使用斜體或粗體來表示。圖2.8:正確使用雙引號(hào)和單引號(hào)正確:Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li & Thompson 129). 錯(cuò)誤:Researchers claim that the question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase (Li

9、& Thompson 129). 在任何情況下(即使引語僅僅只有一個(gè)單詞),句末、小句末的句號(hào)和逗號(hào)都必須放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)(無論單引號(hào)還是雙引號(hào)),冒號(hào)(“:”)和分號(hào)(“;”)都必須放在引號(hào)之外,而如果引文是一疑問句則問號(hào)應(yīng)放在引號(hào)之內(nèi),否則問號(hào)(“?”)應(yīng)放在引號(hào)之外(見圖2.9)。三行或三行以上的引語應(yīng)該另起一行,作為獨(dú)立的引語段(block quotation)。引語段可以用單倍行距,但其首行和末行應(yīng)與正文空0.5行。圖2.9:雙引號(hào)與其它標(biāo)點(diǎn)的位置正確:A silver dome concealed the robots “brain.”正確:Where does Whitman

10、 speak of “the meaning of poems”?錯(cuò)誤:A silver dome concealed the robots “brain”.錯(cuò)誤:Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems?”引語段左右兩邊均應(yīng)較正文縮進(jìn)4格或1個(gè)制表符(TAB)的距離。如果引語段原為一自然段,則其首行應(yīng)進(jìn)一步縮進(jìn)4格或1個(gè)制表符的距離。引語段的段首和段尾不得使用引號(hào)。引語段的字體必須與正文相同。 正文中的中文引文應(yīng)提供英文譯文。如:Confucius was quoted in The Analects as saying, “學(xué)而時(shí)習(xí)

11、之,不亦樂乎” (“Learning with frequent reviewing, what a pleasure this is”)! 大段中文引文應(yīng)用兩節(jié)引語段,即中文原文和英文譯文。引用整篇文獻(xiàn)(即全書或全文)觀點(diǎn)時(shí)有兩種情況,一種是作者的姓氏在正文中沒有出現(xiàn),如:MLA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).另一種情況是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出

12、現(xiàn),按MLA的規(guī)范不需要使用括號(hào)夾注,如:MLA:Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰寫的論文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括號(hào)夾注中只需用漢語拼音標(biāo)明作者的姓氏,不得使用漢字,如:MLA:(Zhu 12) 1.3.2 引用文獻(xiàn)中具體觀點(diǎn)或文字引用文獻(xiàn)中某一具體觀點(diǎn)或文字時(shí)必須注明該觀點(diǎn)或者該段文字出現(xiàn)的頁碼,沒有頁碼是文獻(xiàn)引用不規(guī)范的

13、表現(xiàn)。例如:MLA:Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).注意在這些例子中引文超過一頁時(shí)的頁碼標(biāo)記方法:MLA的規(guī)范是(Marcuse 190-203)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出現(xiàn),

14、則不需要在括號(hào)夾注中重復(fù),如:MLA:Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).1.3.3 引用多位作者寫作的同一文獻(xiàn)MLA(二至三位作者):Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words et

15、ymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).(如果有三位作者,在括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)用逗號(hào)分隔他們的姓氏,如:(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。)MLA(三位以上的作者):The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings

16、(Blaine et al. 35).1.3.4 引用同樣姓氏的不同作者假若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的作者有同樣的姓氏,則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)同時(shí)使用他們名字的首字母,如: MLA:Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).引用中文著作或期刊時(shí)同姓作者的情況較多,應(yīng)在括號(hào)

17、夾注中使用他們名字的首字母加以區(qū)分,如: MLA:(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)1.3.5 引用團(tuán)體作者(corporate author)引用團(tuán)體作者的作品,括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體的名稱,如: MLA:It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).1.3.6 引用無作者文獻(xiàn)引用無作者文獻(xiàn),如果文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題沒有出現(xiàn)在正文里,則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用該標(biāo)題或者(

18、如果標(biāo)題過長的話)使用該標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組,如: MLA:An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).在使用關(guān)鍵詞組時(shí)應(yīng)該選擇標(biāo)題開始部分的詞組。獨(dú)立出版物的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用斜體標(biāo)出,出版物內(nèi)含的作品的名稱以及未出版的作品(講演、論文等)的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用引號(hào)標(biāo)出。 1.3.7 引用書信、談話中的觀點(diǎn)或文字書信和談話(含電子郵件、訪談、電話等)無法在正文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)中列出,但應(yīng)該在正文中使用括號(hào)夾注的方法注

19、明出處。例如:MLA:Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.1.3.8 引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)按MLA規(guī)范,引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)時(shí),在括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)加入文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組,如:Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), thou

20、gh he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to be

21、tter small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye De

22、velopment” 17). 1.3.9 同時(shí)引用不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)括號(hào)夾注可以包括不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn),文獻(xiàn)按作者姓氏的字母順序排列(注意分號(hào)的使用),如:MLA:The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).在MLA的規(guī)范中,如果不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)過于冗長,則不用括號(hào)夾注,而使用腳注。1.3.10 引用非直接文獻(xiàn)(indirect source)論文應(yīng)盡可能避免使用非直接文獻(xiàn)(即二級(jí)文獻(xiàn)secondary so

23、urce),但在無法找到直接文獻(xiàn)(即一級(jí)文獻(xiàn)primary source)的情況下,引文可以從非直接文獻(xiàn)中析出,例如:MLA:Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大寫。)1.3.11 引用文學(xué)作品和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)按MLA的規(guī)范,有幾種情況括號(hào)夾注內(nèi)不標(biāo)頁碼。在引用劇本時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的幕、場(chǎng)、行,如: 這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來自劇本第三幕第二場(chǎng)的21至23行。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。)在引用詩歌時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的節(jié)、行,

24、如:When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來自詩歌第10節(jié)的209至211行。對(duì)不分節(jié)的詩第一次引用時(shí)應(yīng)說明括號(hào)里標(biāo)的是行數(shù),使用“l(fā)ine”,以后的引用則不需再說明。例如:第一次引用:(lines 5-8)以后的引用:(12-13)在引用有章節(jié)、分冊(cè)的小說的時(shí)候,應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文所在的頁碼、冊(cè)數(shù)、章節(jié),如:One of Kingsolvers narrato

25、rs, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來自該書第二冊(cè)第十章的第1

26、17頁。(注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和縮略語的使用。)在引用圣經(jīng)、可蘭經(jīng)等經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候,應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的篇、章、節(jié),如:Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來自舊約圣經(jīng)的箴言篇第25章第21節(jié)。圣經(jīng)各篇的縮寫有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寫法,因而使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意核對(duì)。1.3.12 對(duì)引語文字的更改直接引語如出現(xiàn)在正文中間,使用引語的句子不得違反英語語

27、法,不得出現(xiàn)“句中句”。圖3.1右邊一欄兩句句子均包含了引語,但均不合語法。正確:So it is not like what Luthi calls “entering effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正確:Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 錯(cuò)誤:S

28、o it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 錯(cuò)誤:Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 為了使含直接引語的句子合乎語法,往往有必要對(duì)引語的文字作一定的更改。如果要?jiǎng)h除引語中個(gè)別詞句,

29、可以用省略號(hào)(ellipses“”)取代刪除的詞句。如果要加入或者更改個(gè)別單詞或者詞組,則可以將需要加入或者更改的單詞或詞組放在方括號(hào)(square brackets“ ”)以內(nèi)。例如:刪除詞句:He stated, “The placebo effect, . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加詞組:Smith (1982:276) found that “the

30、 placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studied in this manner.”無論刪改還是添加字詞均不得變更引語的原意。注意:如果刪除是在句內(nèi),應(yīng)該空一格以后再加省略號(hào)。如果刪除是在一句整句以后,則應(yīng)在該整句最后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)(句號(hào)、問號(hào)或驚嘆號(hào))不空格直接加省略號(hào)。省略號(hào)應(yīng)該用三個(gè)句點(diǎn)。1.3.13 腳注(footnotes)的使用在MLA的規(guī)范里,腳注只應(yīng)在下列兩種情況中考慮使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、

31、但寫入正文將有損文本條理和邏輯的解釋性信息;(2)提供因篇幅過大不宜使用括號(hào)夾注注明的文獻(xiàn)出處信息。在下面兩個(gè)例子中,前一個(gè)屬第一種情況,后一種屬第二種情況: The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as une

32、xpected problems2.Notes12 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.(第二個(gè)例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。)在腳注中提到的文獻(xiàn)同正文中提到的一樣,都必須在正文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)著

33、錄中詳細(xì)注明。腳注可使用單倍行距, 兩端對(duì)齊。腳注的字體必須與正文一樣。1.4 參考文獻(xiàn)著錄的格式參考文獻(xiàn)著錄在MLA規(guī)范里叫做Works Cited。撰寫論文時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀MLA規(guī)范手冊(cè),本節(jié)僅提供部分著錄實(shí)例,供參考。1.4.1 著錄已出版的文章一位作者寫的文章MLA:Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.注意:(1)在MLA規(guī)范里,作者的姓名應(yīng)完整,應(yīng)標(biāo)明首名的全稱和中間名的首

34、字母。(2)在MLA規(guī)范里,期刊名與期刊卷數(shù)之間不用逗號(hào)。(4)按MLA的規(guī)范,標(biāo)題第一個(gè)詞和冒號(hào)后第一個(gè)詞的首字母均必須大寫,而其余每一個(gè)詞的首字母,除冠詞、介詞、并列連詞以及不定式符號(hào)(“to”)以外都必須大寫。兩位作者寫的文章MLA:Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.兩位以上的作者寫的文章MLA:Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sh

35、arpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.第一作者以姓氏開始(加上逗號(hào)),繼以名字或者名字的首字母,但是從第二作者開始,在MLA規(guī)范里以名字開始,繼以姓氏。如果作者人數(shù)超過三人,也可以考慮僅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:MLA:Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the

36、Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.書評(píng)、影評(píng)、電視節(jié)目評(píng)論等(Review) MLA:Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.收集在書籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book) MLA:Glover, David. “T

37、he Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.注意:(1)“Ed.”代表“編”。(2)在MLA規(guī)范中,書的編者的姓和名均用全稱。雜志中的文章MLA:Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.注意:

38、著錄引用雜志中的文章應(yīng)標(biāo)明雜志的出版日期。報(bào)紙中的文章MLA:“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B. 百科全書中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)MLA:Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.政府文件(A government publication)MLA:United States. Natl. Council on Disabili

39、ty. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000. 1.4.2 著錄已出版的書籍一位作者寫的書籍MLA:Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.注意不同規(guī)范里書籍標(biāo)題大小寫規(guī)則的不同。新版書(Book with a new edition)MLA:Erikson, Er

40、ik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.團(tuán)體作者(Book with a corporate author)寫的書籍MLA:College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.無作者書籍(Book with no author)MLA:Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana:

41、 National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.編撰的書籍(Edited book)MLA:Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1988.翻譯的書籍(Translated book)MLA:Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New Yo

42、rk: Norton, 1977.注意在兩種規(guī)范里,翻譯者的名和姓均不需要改變次序。重版書(Republished book)MLA:Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 19 著錄尚未正式出版的文獻(xiàn)碩博士論文(Dissertation)MLA:Hubert, Henry Allan. “The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges.”

43、Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上的報(bào)告(Conference paper)MLA:Moffett, James. “Censorship and Spiritual Education.” The Right to Literacy Conference. Columbus, Ohio, September 1988.研究報(bào)告MLA:Flower, Linda. The Role of Task Representation in Reading to Write. Technical Report No. 6. Berkeley: Center

44、for the Study of Writing at U of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon U, 1987.小冊(cè)子(A brochure)MLA:Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few Facts about Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1997. 1.4.4 著錄非印刷材料電影或錄像MLA:High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. Jo

45、hn Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack Black, and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney Video, 2001. 條目以影名開始(用斜體表示),繼以導(dǎo)演的姓名(放在“Dir.”之后)和主要演員的姓名(放在“Perf.”之后),然后是發(fā)行者的名稱和發(fā)行年份。如果是錄像帶或DVD,則應(yīng)在發(fā)行者的名稱前注明是“Videocassette”或“DVD”。電視廣播節(jié)目和系列報(bào)道(A Radio/Television Broadcast/Series)MLA:“Monkey Trial.” American Experie

46、nce. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar. 2003. 電視系列報(bào)道分集(A Single Episode of a Television Series)MLA:Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Discovery Channel. 7 Feb. 2001. 分集的標(biāo)題均不用斜體,也不用引號(hào)。音樂節(jié)目(A music recording)MLA:Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela Gheorghiu, and Samuel

47、 Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus. Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.Chapman, Tracy. “Paper and Ink.” Telling Stories. Elektra, 2000.條目以作曲家、指揮、演奏者的姓名開始,如果作品較長,則繼以作品名稱(用斜體表示),再其他的演奏者和音樂家;如果作品是一首歌,則歌曲名稱放在引號(hào)內(nèi),繼以唱片或歌曲集的名稱(用斜體表示)。最后是出版商和出版年份本例中“Taupin”為演唱人,“(1975)”為版權(quán)獲得日期,“Someone saved my life

48、 tonight”為歌名,“Elton John”為錄制人,“On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy”為歌曲集的名稱,“CD”表示該歌曲集為光碟。最后是出版地點(diǎn)和出版商。1.4.5 著錄漢語著作和文章如果在英文撰寫的論文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括號(hào)夾注中只需用漢語拼音標(biāo)明作者的姓氏,相應(yīng)的,參考文獻(xiàn)著錄的條目必須按作者姓氏漢語拼音的字母順序與英文文獻(xiàn)的條目一同排列。條目中凡正文中未加引用的內(nèi)容均不必翻譯。例如:MLA:Zhang, Zhijian. 張志健,嚴(yán)復(fù)思想研究 M. 桂林:廣西師大出版社,1989Yu, Yongding. 余永定

49、,財(cái)政穩(wěn)定問題研究的一個(gè)理論框架J. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2005,(7):25-29 注意:這里最后是一個(gè)著錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)上漢語出版物的例子,其中“1998-08-16”為網(wǎng)頁發(fā)表或更新的日期,“1999-10-04”為引用日期。(參見第3.2.6節(jié)。)如果正文用了文獻(xiàn)的英譯標(biāo)題,則著錄的條目也必須出現(xiàn)該英譯標(biāo)題,如:Wen, Q. F. 文秋芳,2003,英語學(xué)習(xí)者的成功之路English learners path to success M. 上海:上海外語教育出版社。引用中文期刊文章,必須標(biāo)明文章出現(xiàn)的頁碼。條目中的漢語不得使用斜體。1.4.6 著錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版物著錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版物必須標(biāo)明出版物的上傳日期和論文

50、撰寫人上網(wǎng)查詢的日期(date of retrieval),標(biāo)明網(wǎng)址。條目中網(wǎng)址如需斷開換行,必須在“/”之后或者“.”之前,網(wǎng)址中不得出現(xiàn)空格。網(wǎng)絡(luò)期刊(online journal)上的文章(1)紙印期刊的電子版:MLA:Bleich, Eric. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct. 1998): 6 pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Mid

51、dlebury College 2 Aug. 2003 <>.該例中,“6 pp.”表示文章有6頁,“Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”為網(wǎng)頁名稱,“2 Aug. 2000”為論文撰寫人上網(wǎng)查詢的日期。(2)僅有網(wǎng)絡(luò)版的期刊MLA:Burka, Lauren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD History. 1996. 2 Aug. 1996 <>.報(bào)紙電子版中的文章MLA:Verhovek, Sam Howe. “Microsofts Mi

52、ght Be Better Than One.” The New York Times. 1 May 2000. 3 June 2001 < 00/05/Biztech_articles/01seat.html>.網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的獨(dú)立文本(Stand-alone document)MLA:Eilola, John. “Little Machines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users.” 3 Dec. 1994. 14 Aug 1996 <>.如果網(wǎng)頁沒有提供作者姓名,則條目以網(wǎng)頁名或者文件名開始?!?n.d.)”表示網(wǎng)頁沒有提供上傳日期。大學(xué)網(wǎng)頁上

53、的文獻(xiàn)MLA:Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 Nov. 2000 < theory2.html>.來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)討論區(qū)(online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group)的信息著錄來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)討論區(qū)的信息,如果作者提供了真實(shí)姓名,則條目必須使用其真實(shí)姓名,否則使用作者在討論區(qū)使用的姓名。條目必須提供信息上傳的具體日期、討論主題(subject line)、信息序號(hào)(thread of the messag

54、e)等。MLA:注意:這里可以不標(biāo)明論文撰寫人上網(wǎng)查詢的日期。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的參考資料(Online reference source)MLA: “Fresco.” Britannica Online. 注意:本例中“Vers. 98.2”為版本,“April 1998”為出版日期,“Encyclopedia Britannica”為出版人。1.4.7 參考文獻(xiàn)的排列參考文獻(xiàn)的排列無論在MLA規(guī)范里都必須遵循以下幾條規(guī)則:(1)文獻(xiàn)條目按作者或第一作者姓氏的字母順序排列。漢語文獻(xiàn)與英語文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)排列在一起,不應(yīng)分別排列,如:Wen, Q. F. 文秋芳,2003,英語學(xué)習(xí)者的成功之路English lea

55、rners path to success . 上海:上海外語教育出版社。 sales-marketing-tips/message/98(2)同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)或者同一批排序相同的作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)該按出版次序,由遠(yuǎn)及近排列,如:Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. We

56、gener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 36-51. 本節(jié)中的例子均用了APA的規(guī)范。MLA規(guī)范的參考書目也遵循同樣原則。(3)如果同一作者既是一篇文獻(xiàn)的獨(dú)立作者,又是另一篇文獻(xiàn)的第一作者,則獨(dú)立作者的文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)列在第一作者的文獻(xiàn)前面,如:Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (199

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