專四語法重點總結(jié)(共19頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專四語法重點總結(jié)一、代詞、名詞、數(shù)次1. 在使用兩個以上的人稱代詞時 順序是:第二人稱 第三人稱 第一人稱2. everyone后面不可以跟of短語 every one 就可以3. 以名詞/動名詞+介詞（短語）/形容詞/副詞/動詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將作為主要部分的名詞或動名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) 直接來源于短語或以可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將最后一個構(gòu)詞部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) 以man 或者woman+名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是將兩個組成部分全變成復(fù)數(shù) 以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式 如：homework4. 物質(zhì)名詞一般不可數(shù)，但用于表示各種不同品種時

2、 幾乎都可做可數(shù)名詞 如：different teas5. 當(dāng)抽象名詞前后有修飾語表示某一種或某一方面的抽象概念時 其前可加a/an6. 名詞所有格要點：必須用s的場合 1 )s屬格用于表示時間，度量衡，價值的名詞之后 2 ) 作為一個整體的詞組在最后一個詞加s 3) 人或物為兩人共有，在第二個名詞后加s 4 )當(dāng)所有格后面的名詞是人們熟悉的建筑物 如商店，住家，教堂，醫(yī)院等，此名詞常省略 5) 復(fù)合名詞在最后一個詞后加s 6) 當(dāng)被修飾的名詞后有同位語時，必須用s 7) 當(dāng)用來表示類別或?qū)傩詴r，要用s childrens shoes 兒童鞋 必須用of的場合 1) 名詞后跟有后置修飾語或同位

3、語時 2) 以定冠詞加分詞或形容詞表示一類人時7. 如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基數(shù)詞以表示確切數(shù)目時，都不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如果用來表示很多有不確切的數(shù)目時，須用復(fù)數(shù)，而且后面加of8.表示順序的兩種方式： 1)名詞+基數(shù)詞，不用冠詞，如Chapter four 2) the+序數(shù)詞+名詞 如the Fourth Chapter9. 倍數(shù)增減的表示法 1) 倍數(shù)+形容詞/副詞比較級+than 2) 倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as 3) 倍數(shù)+名詞 4) 動詞+百分比或倍數(shù) 5) 動詞+to+數(shù)詞 6) double/triple/quadrup

4、le+名詞 7) 動詞+by+數(shù)詞/百分比/倍數(shù)10. 分數(shù)分子為基數(shù)詞，分母為序數(shù)詞 分母除了在分子為一的其他情況下為復(fù)數(shù)11. 百分比后接名詞時加of二、形容詞、副詞1 前置修飾語的排列順序可以置于冠詞前的形容詞（all both such) -冠詞，指示形容詞，所有格形容詞，不定形容詞（a an the this your his any some)-基數(shù)詞（one ) 序數(shù)詞（first)- 表示性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，質(zhì)量的形容詞（good useful)-表示大小，長短，形狀的形容詞-表示年齡，新舊，溫度的形容詞-表示顏色的形容詞-表示國籍，產(chǎn)地，區(qū)域的形容詞-表示材料，用做形容詞的名詞-動名

5、詞，分詞2后置修飾語 由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞3形容詞修飾由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等組成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，必須后置4enough作形容詞修飾名詞時既可放前又可放后，但當(dāng)它作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，必須后置5有些形容詞本身就有比年長，比優(yōu)等的意思 這些形容詞后面用介詞to 而不用than6much too 作為副詞短語修飾形容詞或副詞，不修飾名詞7more 不能用來修飾比較級8與名詞連用的more of a . ./ as much of a. / more of a. 意為更像9as much of a意為稱得上，less of a 意為算

6、不上10none other than(不是別人，正是）=no other than11any/sone/every與other連用時，其后若用可數(shù)名詞，一般為單數(shù)三、情態(tài)動詞、虛擬語氣1can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不帶to的動詞不定式）2must 表示禁止，一定不要時的否定式為mustnt 當(dāng)它表示有把握的推斷時 意為一定 準(zhǔn)是時 它的否定形式為cant3need doing=need to be done 這個句型表示被動意味4need not have done sth 表示本來沒有必要做某事 （經(jīng)?？迹┨摂M語氣1It is (high/a

7、bout/the)time. 謂語動詞用過去式 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r 表示早該做某事而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有點晚了2It is the first(second/third)time后的that從句中，謂語動詞要用完成體來表示一種經(jīng)驗3as if/though 的虛擬要點 1) 對當(dāng)時事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去式，be動詞一律用were 2)對過去事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去完成式3)對未來事實的假設(shè)，從句謂語用would+動詞原型五、比較級比較等級的含義:英語中形容詞與副詞有三個比較等級，即原級，比較級和最高級。一般來說， 表示等于時用原級。Eg. Im just as busy today as I wa

8、s yesterday.表示二者的比較時用比較級eg. Im much busier today than I was yesterday.表示“最”時用最高級Eg. That was the busiest day of my life. 存在句形容詞與副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成 構(gòu)成 原級 比較級 最高級單音節(jié)詞尾加er, est great greater greatest單音節(jié)詞尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫 big bigger biggest輔音字母加er,est 少數(shù)以y,er,ow, ble結(jié)尾雙音節(jié)詞尾加er,est h

9、appy happier happiest(y前為輔音字母去y加 clever cleverer cleverest er,est）其它雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，前加more, difficult more difficult most difficultmost 不規(guī)則變化副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成 副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成大致與形容詞比較等級的構(gòu)成相同，但以后綴ly結(jié)尾的副詞用more和most。hard hardest hardestearly earlier earliestquickly more quickly most quickly不規(guī)則變化形容詞與副詞比較等級的基本用法A. 基本形式“as +原

10、級+as” 結(jié)構(gòu)eg. Hes as tall as I.B否定的同級比較常用 not as as或 not so as eg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother. C變體1) as + much/many + 名詞+ as2) as +形原級 + a + 名詞 +as3) as + 形+ 不可數(shù)名詞+ as4) 名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as +形 + as5) the same as/ be similar to比較級 A.基本結(jié)構(gòu)“比較級+than” 結(jié)構(gòu)eg.He is taller than I .She sees me more often t

11、han she sees her brother.B變體1）形比較級 + 名 + than2）名 + 形比較級 + than3）the + 形比較級 + of + the two4）superior/ inferior to最高級 A. 常用“the +最高級+比較范圍”eg. This is the best picture in the hall.He sings the best in the class.B. 變體1) more than any other 2) Not + 比較等級關(guān)于比較結(jié)構(gòu)用法的補充說明1）morethan是而不是，與其說是不如說是eg. She is more

12、 been than wise. He is more a writer than an artist.2） not so much as與其說是不如說是eg. It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested.3)not more/er than與 no more/er thaneg. He is no richer than I= as poor asHe is not richer than I4) more and moreeg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5

13、). The more the moreeg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6）more than 多于eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7）more than 不止， 超過 eg. She is more than pretty.8) more than 簡直不eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.六、并列結(jié)構(gòu)兩個或兩個以上意義相關(guān)、層次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列連詞或其他并列手段連接起來的語法結(jié)構(gòu)序

14、列叫做并列結(jié)構(gòu)。1. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的各種形式 ）詞與詞的并列 you and me）詞組與詞組的并列 a teacher and a student）分句與分句的并列 you can go or you can stay with us.2. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的連接手段）并列連詞）標(biāo)點符號)并列結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語在最后一個項目之前插入一個詞語，使這個項目處于更加突出的地位。)并列結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱組合成對組合的辦法使整個結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊。3. 并列連詞的意義和用法 以and為代表的表示語義引申的并列連詞and, bothand, not only but also, notnor, neithernor等。這一類并列連詞在

15、語義上表示其連接的成分是對前項的補充和引申，包括肯定和否定兩種意義的引申。And除表示語義增補外還有其他意義還有一些and連接的語法結(jié)構(gòu)形似并列結(jié)構(gòu)實際并非并列結(jié)構(gòu)Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) Ill go and see my friend. = ( go to see)以or 為代表的表示選擇的并列連詞這類連詞包括or和eitheror以but為代表的表示語義轉(zhuǎn)折和對比的并列連詞這類連詞包括but, not but, while, whereas, only, yet.4. 補充說明：1) bothand 只連結(jié)成分不連

16、接句子；只連對等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news. 2) not only but also連結(jié)成分和連接句子；只連對等結(jié)構(gòu)Eg. Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home. 3) either or連結(jié)成分和連接句子；連對等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對等結(jié)構(gòu) Eg. Either you or I am going to shanghai. He

17、can either stay at home or leave. He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre. 4) neither nor連結(jié)成分和連接句子；連對等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對等結(jié)構(gòu) Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry.并列連詞與連接性狀語And與moreover;furthermore whats more Eg. He is a good teacher and a good friend. He is a good teacher. Moreover,

18、 he is a good friend. but與however or與otherwise So與as a result , consequently .七、存在句（There be） 存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)特征 存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是：There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression)存在句的引導(dǎo)詞 There在句中位于主語位置，實義主語是隨后的名詞詞組，There起形式主語的作用，在疑問句中， 它和操作詞倒裝。注意存在句的引導(dǎo)詞There和句首狀語There的區(qū)別。存在句的實義主語 實義主語的名詞詞組通常是非確定特指，即通常帶有不

19、定冠詞、零冠詞及其他非確定意義的限定詞, some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, little基本句型凡帶有非確定特指的名詞詞組， 一般都可用There 存在句轉(zhuǎn)化。存在句的謂語動詞存在句的謂語動詞主要是動詞be的某種形式， 分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成體、過去完成體和情態(tài)助動詞+不定式。除be外， 某些表示存在意義的不及物動詞如：exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等，能用于there存在句。地點狀語前移，there可省。 Eg. There can be very little a

20、bout his guilt. There are many desks in the classroom.There used to be a hospital round the corner. There appears to be no doubt about it. There stands a house behind the tree.Behind the tree (there )stands a house.八、存在句的非限定形式1）存在句的非限定形式there to be 和 there being結(jié)構(gòu)2）there to be 和 there being結(jié)構(gòu)用法與區(qū)別th

21、ere to be：作for 介詞補語作動詞（except, want, like, prefer, hate）的賓語eg. They planned for there to be another meetingMembers like there to be plenty of choice.there being : 作除for外的介詞的補語作主語和狀語eg. John was relying on there being another opportunity.There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.存在

22、句的非限定形式與限定形式的轉(zhuǎn)化 eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.九、it句型1. Basic structure:There + be + subject + adverbial 2. Non-finite structure There to be - for ; Verb There being -in,on.; noun; adverbial There being a lawn

23、 extends from the river to the house.There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.There extends a lawn from the house to the river. From the house to the river lies a lawn. From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.It:1. Reference it: Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China. 2.

24、Non-reference it A. Empty it B. Anticipatory it C. Cleft it It 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主語的三種句子：第一種是以it作形式主語的表示時間、距離、天氣等意義的句子；第二種是以it作先行主語的句子；第三種是以it作引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。Empty it虛義it是一種非指代性it，以區(qū)別于人稱代詞it，常用作沒有具體意義的主語，出現(xiàn)于表示氣候、天氣、溫度、時間、地點、距離等意義的句子中。也用來表示一般的籠統(tǒng)的情況。也用于一些結(jié)構(gòu)及習(xí)慣語中。Eg. Its fine today, isnt it.It was dull when Mar

25、y was away. It looks as if the college is very small.Hop it. (Go away)Anticipatory it it用來充當(dāng)形式主語或形式賓語，后面的真正主語或真正賓語通常是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、動名詞或名詞性分句。It的這種用法叫作先行it。eg. It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit. I think it important to finish the task in time. it用來充當(dāng)形式主語，后置的真正主語往往可以取代先行it的位置，出現(xiàn)在句首。Eg

26、. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us并非所有先行it結(jié)構(gòu)都可轉(zhuǎn)化，下邊句子只能作如下轉(zhuǎn)化。eg. It seems that John is not coming after all.John doesnt seem to be coming after all.Cleft it :Task 1. 句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 2 .分裂句的本質(zhì)3 . 分裂句的結(jié)構(gòu)4 .假擬分裂句句子結(jié)構(gòu)主語+謂語已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心Eg. I told him the news yesterday.分裂句的本質(zhì) Eg. I told

27、him the news yesterday. Eg. It is I that told him the news yesterday分裂it 分裂句是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的強調(diào)句型。它的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是：It +be 的一定形式+中心成分that /who分句。通過這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強調(diào)除謂語動詞以外的大多數(shù)句子成分。說話人通過分裂句分別強調(diào)主語、間接賓語、直接賓語、狀語，使之成為信息中心。分裂句中的謂語可以采取復(fù)雜形式Eg. It is I who am to blame. It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.It was

28、 in Shanghai that I got my Masters Degree.主語補語通常不作分裂句的中心成分。賓語補語可以這樣用。 *It is beautiful that she is.It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.十、動詞的強調(diào)形式Do 的適當(dāng)形式Eg. I Do give you the book.擬似分裂句Pesudo cleft 要強調(diào)謂語動詞，就得采用另外一種強調(diào)句型。這種句型叫作擬似分裂句。擬似分裂句的主語通常是由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句，分句的主動詞通常是do的一定形式。分句的主語補語根據(jù)主

29、動詞do的適當(dāng)形式而采取相應(yīng)的形式。擬似分裂句可采用下列幾種形式 what分句be + 動詞的不定式eg. He gave her a book.-What he did was (to) give her a book.what分句be + 動詞的分詞He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a plane to BeijingHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish) his homew

30、ork.Pesudo - cleft I gave him a letter. What I did is give him a letter do/did/does-do doing -doing done -donewhat分句be + 名詞詞組名詞詞組be+ what分句Eg. He gave her a book.What he gave her was a book.A book was what he gave her.十一、附加疑問句 Tag Question He must be a clever boy, _?He must be studying in the room,_

31、?He must have worked hard last night, _?He must have finished his work, _?He said he would go with Mary, _?If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, _?I think he is a good student, _?I dont think he is a good student, _?You have a new book, _?He had to go now,_?I have read the boo

32、k , _?Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,_?We used to live in the country,_?We never used to live in the country, _?There be There is a book on the desk. There is a book and two pens on the desk. There _( come ) the last bus . There _(go) the last spoon of ice-cream.并列結(jié)構(gòu)both and 只連接詞與詞組Not only bu

33、t also; either or ; neithernor 不但連接詞與詞組，還可連接句子Both.and , not onlybut also 必須連接對等結(jié)構(gòu)either or ; neithernor可連接不對等結(jié)構(gòu)I neither like novels nor (like) poems.十二、倒裝倒裝 固定語序主語+謂語后置1句尾焦點和句尾重心2關(guān)鍵詞語的后置前置與倒裝1)不引起倒裝的前置不引起倒裝的前置成分通常是賓語、主語補語和賓語補語。2) 引起倒裝的前置:主語補語前置時，如主語較長或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，就會引起倒裝。前置賓語由not a + 名詞或 not a single + 名

34、詞，就會引起倒裝A horrible mess I have made of it. Books, I need. Happy indeed I am Happy indeed are those who got the tickets to Beijing.倒裝某些狀語的前置會引起倒裝: 全部倒裝和部分倒裝a. 句首狀語為方位詞或擬聲詞，謂語動詞為go, come等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動態(tài)動詞時，通常用全部倒裝，主語為代詞，不用倒裝。Eg. Lower and lower he bent.b. 當(dāng)句首狀語為表地點的介詞詞組時，也會引起全部倒裝。Eg. From the wall comes the

35、 voice of the doctor.c. 當(dāng)句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，一般引起局部倒裝。Eg. Nowhere else could you find so cheap books.d. 當(dāng)句首狀語為only + 副詞, only +介詞詞組, only + 狀語分句構(gòu)成，也可引起局部倒裝。Eg. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.e. 以關(guān)聯(lián)連詞so (that)開頭的句子，引起局部倒裝。so+形容詞是主語補語的前置；so+副詞是狀語的前置。Eg. So small was the mark

36、 that I could hardly see it.f. 當(dāng)方式狀語、頻度狀語等移至句首時，有時也引起局部倒裝。也可不用倒裝。Eg. Many a time has Mike given me good advice.Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.十三、不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個登上月球的女性。(2)如果其動詞

37、要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to doThis book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “對的好奇心”be curious to do“對好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on