《高能物理導(dǎo)論》課程教案

1、高能物理導(dǎo)論課程教案目 錄一、教學(xué)目的 通過課程學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生掌握高能物理的基本理論、基本知識(shí)，了解高能物理基本應(yīng)用和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)高能物理的知識(shí)體系和國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀有一個(gè)整體的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)。本課程的任務(wù)是培養(yǎng)同學(xué)們的近代物理發(fā)展興趣。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)、閱讀原版專業(yè)書籍的能力，從而起到專業(yè)選修課所應(yīng)有的擴(kuò)展知識(shí)面的導(dǎo)向和方法的作用。通過吸取國外原版物理教材所具有的內(nèi)容豐富多彩、知識(shí)面廣而新的優(yōu)點(diǎn), 增加教學(xué)信息量,擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的視野，結(jié)合課程內(nèi)容有意識(shí)地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展科研活動(dòng)。  通過接受國際先進(jìn)的教學(xué)思想，教學(xué)體系，提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量，激發(fā)學(xué)生的探索和創(chuàng)新精神、增強(qiáng)學(xué)生與國際接軌的適應(yīng)

2、能力、造就具有高科學(xué)素養(yǎng)的新型人才。二、課程性質(zhì)與地位物理學(xué)的專業(yè)選修課程，它系統(tǒng)地介紹高能物理的基本理論、基本知識(shí)等內(nèi)容。是一門介紹近代物理前沿發(fā)展的課程。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)高能物理和高能核物理的專業(yè)興趣，為準(zhǔn)備在相關(guān)方向發(fā)展的學(xué)生打下專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，擴(kuò)展為準(zhǔn)備從事中學(xué)教育的學(xué)生的知識(shí)面。三、教學(xué)方法教學(xué)原則： 教學(xué)相長、學(xué)問結(jié)合、師生互動(dòng)。教學(xué)形式：  （ 1 ）教師講授與課堂討論相結(jié)合，適當(dāng)開展啟發(fā)討論點(diǎn)評(píng)，師生互動(dòng)，嘗試探索研究型教學(xué)；（ 2 ）課堂教學(xué)、翻譯練習(xí)、前沿講座相結(jié)合，理論與實(shí)踐緊密聯(lián)系；教學(xué)手段與課堂形式：  主要采取多媒體課件、與作業(yè)等形式；對(duì)學(xué)生的要求：

3、60;做到課前預(yù)習(xí)、課后復(fù)習(xí)，按時(shí)完成作業(yè)，參加前沿講座，多上網(wǎng)瀏覽。四、教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)（說明：每一章包括該章的主要內(nèi)容、教學(xué)目標(biāo)、關(guān)鍵專業(yè)術(shù)語、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源及站點(diǎn)，參考文獻(xiàn)和總結(jié)。其中，按每一節(jié)列出節(jié)目標(biāo)、重點(diǎn)、主要內(nèi)容和小結(jié)）Chapter 1：Quarks and leptons （第一章 夸克與輕子）Main Contents of Chapter 1（本章主要內(nèi)容）：1.1 Preamble. 1.2 The Standard Model of particle physics 1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons 1.4 Par

4、ticles and antiparticles 1.5 Free particle wave equations 1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation 1.7 Lepton flavours 1.8 Quark flavours 1.9 The cosmic connection Objectives（本章教學(xué)目標(biāo)）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) What is high energy physics. The history and recent developments in eleme

5、ntary particle physics, as well as its connections with cosmology(2) Brief introduction of Standard Model of particle physics (3) The concept of antiparticle.(4) The property of lepton and quark(5) Particle physics in cosmology Key Terms（本章專業(yè)術(shù)語）:Standard Model 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型：粒子物理中描述電弱相互作用的成功理論。Pointlike 類點(diǎn)：沒有

6、已知結(jié)構(gòu)relativistic invariant. 相對(duì)論不變量：在相對(duì)論變換下保持不變的量Quark,lepton夸克、輕子: 組成物質(zhì)世界的最小單元。Flavour 味道： 表示不同種類的夸克與輕子。Colour 顏色： 每種味道的夸克有3個(gè)、用于區(qū)分它們引入的自由度。Antiparticle 反粒子：反粒子與粒子有相同的質(zhì)量和壽命，相反的電荷與磁矩。Helicity螺旋度： 粒子的自旋在動(dòng)量方向投影的符號(hào)1.1 Preamble 1.1.1 Why high energies?1.1.2 Units in high energy physics1.1.3 Relativistic t

7、ransformations1.1.4 Fixed-target and colliding beam acceleratorsObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) The history and recent developments in elementary particle physics, (2) Why we need high energy(3) The units of length and energy in high energy(4) Fixed-target and in colliding-beam accelerators Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) T

8、he reason of particle physics need high energy(2) 4-momentum transfer in a reaction,(3) The relation between fixed-target and colliding-beam accelerators Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.1 Preamble1.1.1 Why we need high energies? (1) whether the particle is pointlike is depends on the spatial resolution of t

9、he 'probe' used to investigate possible structure. resolution (2) many of the elementary particles are extremely massive and the energy mc2 required to create them is correspondingly large.1.1.2 Units in high energy physics (1) femtometre 1 fm=10-15m , 1 GeV=10-3MeV=10-9eV(2) fine structure

10、constant 1.1.3 Relativistic transformations (1) relativistic relation betwen total energy E, the vector 3-momentum p and the rest mass m for a free particle E2=p2+m2(2) spacelike and timelike.1.1.4 Fixed-target and colliding beam accelerators The cms energy in Fixed-target and colliding beam system

11、1.2 The Standard Model of particle physics 1.2.1 The fundamental fermions1.2.2 The interactions1.2.3 Limitations of the Standard ModelObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Learn the basic idea of Standard Model and its limitations(2) Know what are fundamental fermions(3) what are four types of fundamental interact

12、ion Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) lepton and quark(2) quark has fractional charges and colour(3) relative magnitudes of the four types of interaction, Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.2.1 The fundamental fermions lepton flavour , 6 leptons, quark flavour , 6 quarks, fractional charges and colour 'anomalies'1.2.2 T

13、he interactions Strong interactions, binding the quarks in hadron, gluon.Electromagnetic interactions: interactions are mediated by photon exchange.Weak interactions: ,-decay, W±: and Z0 bosons,Gravitational interactions: graviton.Strengths and mean lifetime of different interactions1.2.3 Limit

14、ations of the Standard Model 17 arbitrary parameters, Neutrinos masses; 1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Particle classification Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) fermions and bosons (2) spin-statistics theorem, (3) relative magnitudes of the four types of interaction, Main contents

15、（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.3 Particle classification: fermions and bosons fermions : half-integral spin, obey Fermi-Dirac statistics,bosons : integral spin, obey Bose-Einstein statistics spin-statistics theorem: wavefunctionunder exchange of identical bosons + is symmetric under exchange of identical fermions

16、- is antisymmetric Pauli principle: two or more identical fermions cannot exist in the same quantum state.1.4 Particles and antiparticles Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Understand what is antiparticlesFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) negative energies and ideas of antiparticles(2) Dirac's original picture of antimatter Main

17、 contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.4 Particles and antiparticles relativistic relation between the total energy , momentum and rest mass of a particlenegative energies infinite stream of particles plane wavefunctionantiparticles: exactly equal but opposite electrical charge and magnetic moment, and otherwise ident

18、ical. Dirac sea: Discover antiparticles1.5 Free particle wave equations Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Study free particle wave equationsFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) quantum relativistic wave equation(2) Dirac equations and Weyl equations Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.5 Free particle wave equations Klein-Gordon wave equation: sui

19、table for describing spinless (or scalar) bosonsreplace the quantities E and P by the quantum mechanical operators from relativistic relation between the E , p and m Dirac equations : set out to formulate a wave equation symmetric in space and time, which was first order in both derivatives. Weyl eq

20、uations: massless particles, matrices,1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Understand what is helicityFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Weyl equations(2) helicity states: Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.6 Helicity states: helicity conservation Helicity H：the sign of the component of spin of the parti

21、cle in the direction of motion Lorentz-invariant quantity for a massless particle,H = + 1 right-handed (RH), RH particle or a LH antiparticle state.H = -1 left-handed (LH)，LH particle or a RH antiparticle state,.Dirac equation,：finite mass term, not pure helicity eigenstates ，admixture of LH and RH

22、functions.Helicity conservation: in strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions,1.7 Lepton flavours Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Learn the property of leptonFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) lepton flavour numbers, neutrinos(2) lepton number conservation,: Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.7 Lepton flavours Charged leptons：e , , under

23、go both electromagnetic and weak interactions,Neutrinos; left-handed, only weak interactionsAntineutrino: right-handed.lepton numbers conservation 1.8 Quark flavours Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:Learn the property of quarkFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) quark flavour(2) hadron: baryon and meson,: (3) hadron property Main con

24、tents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.8 Quark flavours Baryon: three quark state , meson : quark-antiquark pairHadron: baryon and mesonQuark quantum number: S.C,B,Tquantum chromodynamics (QCD). theory of interquark forces,Baryon numbers conservation: can only be created or destroyed in pairs, History of discover quark1.9

25、 The cosmic connection 1.9.1 Early work in cosmic rays1.9.2 Particle physics in cosmology Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Know the history of particle discoveries in cosmic rays (2) Know particle physics in cosmologyFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) 'soft' and 'hard'component of the cosmic rays.(2) , and Yukaw

26、a particle(3) cosmological aspects of particle physics Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:1.9.1 Early work in cosmic rays The history of find , , and their lifetimeelectron-photon cascades Yukawa particles and 'strange particles',1.9.2 Particle physics in cosmology evolution of the universe and 'Big

27、Bang'.'dark matter'.Chapter 2：Interactions and fields （第二章 相互作用與場）Main Contents of Chapter 2（本章主要內(nèi)容）：2.1 Classical and quantum pictures of interactions2.2 The Yukawa theory of quantum exchange2.3 The boson propagator2.4 Feynman diagrams2.5 Electromagnetic interactions2.6 Renormalisation

28、and gauge invariance2.7 Strong interactions2.8 Weak and electroweak interactions2.9 Gravitational interactions2.10 The interaction cross-section2.11 Decays and resonancesObjectives（本章教學(xué)目標(biāo)）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) The boson propagator.(2) How to draw Feynman diagrams? (3) Renormalis

29、ation and gauge invariance.(4) Four elementary interactions: strong, weak, electroweak, gravitational interactions(5) How to calculate the interaction cross-section(6) Whats resonances?Key Terms（本章專業(yè)術(shù)語）:Propagator傳播子: 傳遞粒子與場之間作用的粒子.Feynman diagram費(fèi)曼圖: 用來描敘粒子與場之間相互作用的一種圖形表示.Strong interactions強(qiáng)作用: 作用

30、于強(qiáng)子之間的力, 距離最短(大約10-1510-10m).Weak and electroweak interactions 弱作用與電弱作用.Jet噴注：氣(液)體由噴口噴出的過程及其形成的氣(液)柱.Interaction cross-section相互作用截面: 粒子之間發(fā)生相互作用概率大小.Resonances共振態(tài):兩(多)個(gè)粒子結(jié)合成一個(gè)具有極短壽命的復(fù)合粒子.2.1 Classical and quantum pictures of interactions2.1.1 Classical picture of interactions2.1.2 quantum picture o

31、f interactionsObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Know the classical picture of interactions(2) Know the quantum picture of interactions(3) Why introduce the virtual quanta？ Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Classical picture of interactions(2) Quantum picture of interaction（3）Virtual photons Main contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.1.1 Classical

32、 picture of interactionsa potential or field due to one charged particle acting on anotheran exchange interaction2.1.2 quantum picture of interactionsthe exchange being of a specific quantumEth virtual transient quanta electromagnetic interaction exchange (emission and absorption) virtual photons 2.

33、2 The Yukawa theory of quantum exchange2.2.1 The Yukawa theory2.2.2 Strong nuclear chargeObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Whats exchange of masiive quanta?(2) The Yukawa theory(3) Whats the “strong nuclear charge” g0？ Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) The Yukawa theory(2) Quantum exchangeMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.2.1 The Yukawa

34、theoryThe interaction for nuclear forces was due to exchange of massive quanta 2.2.2 Strong nuclear charge g0 constant，the strength of the point source.2.3 The boson propagator2.3.1 The boson propagator2.3.2 Virtual ParticlesObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) How to descried the potential U(r)?(2) Whats the cou

35、pling strength?(3) Whats the propagator? (4) Whats the virtual particles?Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) The boson propagator(2) Quantum exchange(3) Virtual ParticlesMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.3.1 The boson propagatorboson exchange a propagator term (q2+m2)-12.3.2 Virtual Particles unobservable, not the physical mass

36、m, q2=|p|2-m22.4 Feynman diagrams2.4.1 Feynman diagrams2.4.2 AntimatterObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) How to draw a Feynman diagrams?(2) How to calculate the matrix element?(3) Whats antimatter?Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Feynman diagrams(2) the matrix elementMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.4.1 Feynman diagramsThe rulesSome si

37、mples2.4.2 Virtual Particles Feynman-Stückelberg interpretationSome simples2.5 Electromagnetic interactions2.5.1 The fine structure constant2.5.2 The electromagnetic vertex2.5.3 The coupling constant for higher order diagramsObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Whats the coupling constant?(2) Whats and how t

38、o describe the electromagnetic Vertex(3) Whats the magnetic moment of the 'Dirac' electron ?Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Coupling constant a(2) Electromagnetic interactions(3) Coupling constant for higher order diagramsMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.5.1 The fine structure constantcoupling constant for electroma

39、gnetic interactionsSome simples2.5.2 Electromagnetic VertexSome simples2.5.3 The coupling constant for higher order diagrams (g - 2)/2 , g = 2 in the Dirac theory 2.6 Renormalisation and gauge invariance2.6.1 Renormalisation2.6.2 Gauge invariance2.6.3 Running of aObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Whats and why

40、 introduce the renormalisation?(2) Whats gauge invariance?(3) Whats the running of a?Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Renormalisation(2) Gauge invariance(3) Running of aMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.6.1 RenormalisationAs a simple : a single electron emitting and reabsorbing a virtual photon2.6.2 Gauge invariancenecessary

41、for renormalisability2.6.3 Running of a a is NOT a constant. Give a simple 2.7 Strong interactions2.7.1 Single-gluon exchange2.7.2 Strong interaction potential2.7.3 Colored Quarks/Gluons and Color FieldObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Whats colour charges and exchanges?(2) Whats strong interaction potential U

42、?(3) Whats color and color field?Focus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Single-gluon exchange(2) Strong interaction(3) Color fieldMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.7.1 Single-gluon exchangeSome simples. ee scattering and gluons self-interaction2.7.2 Strong interaction potential, confinement at large r, as12.7.3 Colored Quarks/Gluon

43、s and Color Field Color-charged quarks are confined in hadrons Baryons and mesons are color-neutral just as red-green-blue makes white light2.8 Weak and electroweak interactions2.8.1 Weak Interaction2.8.2 Electroweak theoryObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) What character has the weak interaction?(2) Study muon

44、 decay(3) Know the electroweak theoryFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Weak interaction(2) Electroweak theoryMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.8.1 Weak InteractionaW/a10-5, muon decay and the neutrino in the neutron decay processsome examples of weak boson exchanges2.8.2 Electroweak theory aW0.03 MW,Z 90GeV2.9 Gravitational in

45、teractions2.9.1 Gravity2.9.2 Gravitational interactionsObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) Know the Gravity(2) Know the effect of Gravitational interactionsFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:Gravitational interactionsMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.9.1 Gravity Not effect in paticle physics. The Gravitational coupling is negligibly small. GN2.

46、9.2 Gravitational interactions In planck scale, it is important. Gravity is cumulative.2.10 The interaction cross-section2.10.1 Matrix element2.10.2 Normalization2.10.3 Cross-section2.10.4 Spin effect2.10.5 Crossed reactions Objectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) To calculate the matrix element between initial and

47、final states(2) To calculate the cross-section of the interactions(3) Know the crossed reactionsFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Matrix element(2) Cross-sectionMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.10.1 Matrix elementMif include coupling constants propagator, angular dependence of reaction rate2.10.2 Normalizationnormalization fa

48、ctors V-12.10.3 Cross-sectionA simple (a+b->c+d)2.10.4 Spin effectmultiplying by the factor gf /gi.2.10.5 Crossed reactionsGive a simple (a+b->c+d)2.11 Decays and resonances2.11.1 Decays2.11.2 ResonancesObjectives（本節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)）:(1) To calculate the lifetime, decay rate (2) know the Breit-Wigner form

49、ula for resonancesFocus（本節(jié)重點(diǎn)）:(1) Decays(2) Breit-Wigner formula for resonancesMain contents（本節(jié)主要內(nèi)容）:2.11.1 Decaysthe lifetime, decay rate2.11.2 Resonances Breit-Wigner formula, calculate the cross sectionSummary（本章總結(jié)）：(1) Quantum theory, action at a distance is indeed viewed in terms of an exchange

50、 interaction, the exchange being of a specific quantum,associated with the particular type of interaction (2) Yukawa theory describe nuclear forces due to exchange of massive quanta. (3) Particle scattering can be described the ex-change boson propagator.(4) The sum of all time orderings are represe

51、nted by Feynman diagrams(5) Quantum electrodynamics (QED), prototype quantum field theory. characterised by two crucial properties, renonnalisability and gauge inariance (6) Four interactions: strong, weak, electroweak, gravitational interactions (as>aW,Z)(7) The interaction cross-section describ

52、ed the strength of a particular interaction between two particles.(8) Resonances broad states formed by collision between the particles into which they decay.Chapter 3：Invariance principles and conservation laws （第三章 不變性和守恒律）Main Contents of Chapter 1（本章主要內(nèi)容）：3.1 Translation and rotation operators 3

53、.2 The parity operation 3.3 Pion spin and parity 3.4 Parity of particles and antiparticles 3.5 Tests of parity conservation 3.6 Charge conjugation invariance 3.7 Charge conservation and gauge invariance 3.8 Baryon and lepton conservation 3.9 CPT invariance 3.10 CP violation and T violation 3.11 Neut

54、ron electric dipole moment 3.12 Isospin symmetry 3.13 Isospin in the two-nucleon and pion-nucleon systems 3.14 Isospin, strangeness and hypercharge Objectives（本章教學(xué)目標(biāo)）：In this chapter, you will learn about:(1) The symmetry or invariance of the equations describing a physical system under an operation

55、, such as a translation or rotation in space, is a very important concept in physics.(2) What is the parity operation? The concept of parity conservation.(3) The concept of charged conjugation invariance.(4) The concept of charge conservation and gauge invariance.(5) The concept of baryon and lepton

56、 conservation.(6) What is CPT invariance? Why it is important? The concept of CP violation and T violation.(7) The concept of isospin symmetry and its application.Key Terms（本章專業(yè)術(shù)語）:parity conservation宇稱：a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion.Charge conjugation invariance 電荷對(duì)稱不變性：Charge conjugation invariance states that the rate of a process is identical to the rate of a similar process with all particles replaced by their antiparticl