scm供應(yīng)鏈管理的發(fā)展史

1、e-businessTM供應(yīng)鏈管理供應(yīng)鏈管理- 歷史的反思與新挑戰(zhàn)歷史的反思與新挑戰(zhàn)IBM全球服務(wù)部全球服務(wù)部徐津徐津e-business供應(yīng)鏈管理供應(yīng)鏈管理TMCopyright IBM 2002貿(mào)易公司在傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)中的位置原料供應(yīng)商制造商批發(fā)分銷商零售商消費(fèi)者（產(chǎn)供銷一體化的日用消費(fèi)品生產(chǎn)廠商）可口可樂，寶潔，聯(lián)合利華，和路雪等進(jìn)出口公司和貿(mào)易公司中土畜，中糧，中化和中機(jī)等百貨商店，連鎖超市和大買場百盛，沃爾瑪特，家樂福等e-business供應(yīng)鏈管理供應(yīng)鏈管理 - 發(fā)展史發(fā)展史TMCopyright IBM 2002 1900年以學(xué)術(shù)研究開始年以學(xué)術(shù)研究開始 - 農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品 軍事需求

2、軍事需求 教科書的出現(xiàn)教科書的出現(xiàn) - 60年代初期年代初期 公司內(nèi)部效率提高的最后一道戰(zhàn)線公司內(nèi)部效率提高的最后一道戰(zhàn)線 政府對運(yùn)輸行業(yè)的放權(quán)政府對運(yùn)輸行業(yè)的放權(quán) 70年代能源危機(jī)年代能源危機(jī) 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球一體化經(jīng)濟(jì)全球一體化 IT - 供應(yīng)鏈管理的新天地供應(yīng)鏈管理的新天地 競爭加強(qiáng)的必然結(jié)果競爭加強(qiáng)的必然結(jié)果 - 強(qiáng)者生存，產(chǎn)品替代效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)者生存，產(chǎn)品替代效應(yīng)增強(qiáng) 利潤的挑戰(zhàn)利潤的挑戰(zhàn) - 節(jié)省節(jié)省$1 = ? D 時代的時代的“瘋狂瘋狂”e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002供應(yīng)鏈管理供應(yīng)鏈管理 - End-to-EndSupply Chain Management電

3、子采購物流管理 - 運(yùn)輸生產(chǎn)制造物流管理 - 倉儲采購戰(zhàn)略選擇供應(yīng)商供應(yīng)商管理采購商品戰(zhàn)略合同管理流程管理供應(yīng)商合作衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)倉庫管理入/出庫紀(jì)錄物料操作流程訂單周期管理訂單質(zhì)量管理工時管理衡量監(jiān)測顧客服務(wù)需求管理物流戰(zhàn)略運(yùn)輸戰(zhàn)略庫存管理運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)輸優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)車隊(duì)管理信息查詢與跟蹤計(jì)劃與排產(chǎn)需求與預(yù)測管理生產(chǎn)周期BOM流程與容量生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)車間管理供應(yīng)鏈管理信息框架電子采購系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)商選擇商品目錄流程管理合同管理尋價(jià)供應(yīng)商管理連接 ERP界面連接物流系統(tǒng)界面生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃預(yù)測設(shè)備資產(chǎn)管理訂單管理物流信息系統(tǒng)倉儲管理運(yùn)輸管理無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)方案e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM -

4、凝聚企業(yè)的競爭力凝聚企業(yè)的競爭力WholesalersCustomersLogisticsSuppliersManufacturingPlantsSupplierRetailersLogistics ProvidersWholesalerse-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM - 核心所在核心所在 買什么，從何買，什么價(jià)錢而不是以而不是以最快的方最快的方式買錯東式買錯東西西 生產(chǎn)什么, 何時生產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)多少而不是以而不是以最低的成最低的成本生產(chǎn)非本生產(chǎn)非需品需品 以統(tǒng)一的形象面對客戶 而不是僅而不是僅僅對單個僅對單個流程自動流程自動化化 以統(tǒng)一的形象面對供應(yīng)商而不是

5、僅而不是僅僅把每筆僅把每筆交易搬到交易搬到網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)上DesignBuy/SourcePlanFulfillSellServiceCustomerDesignBuy/SourcePlanFulfillSellServiceCustomere-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM - 對企業(yè)的整體效應(yīng)對企業(yè)的整體效應(yīng)收入收入成本成本流動資產(chǎn)流動資產(chǎn)固定資產(chǎn)固定資產(chǎn) 供應(yīng)鏈效應(yīng)供應(yīng)鏈效應(yīng) 提高顧客服務(wù)提高顧客服務(wù) (i.e., 優(yōu)化庫存與貨架優(yōu)化庫存與貨架數(shù)量比例數(shù)量比例, 更大的市場占有率更大的市場占有率, 更高更高的利潤率的利潤率)降低庫存降低庫存縮短訂單縮短訂單-現(xiàn)金周

6、期現(xiàn)金周期股東權(quán)益股東權(quán)益利潤利潤資產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)降低有形資產(chǎn)降低有形資產(chǎn) (i.e.卡車，倉庫，物資操作卡車，倉庫，物資操作機(jī)械等機(jī)械等以協(xié)作來降低銷售成本，運(yùn)輸，倉儲物以協(xié)作來降低銷售成本，運(yùn)輸，倉儲物流成本，采購成本流成本，采購成本e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM 企業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)企業(yè)所面臨的挑戰(zhàn) 內(nèi)部優(yōu)化，以達(dá)到內(nèi)部優(yōu)化，以達(dá)到： 提高顧客服務(wù)水平提高顧客服務(wù)水平 提高供求透明度提高供求透明度 采購成本采購成本 庫存周轉(zhuǎn)庫存周轉(zhuǎn) 優(yōu)化商品分類優(yōu)化商品分類 運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的銷售技術(shù)運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的銷售技術(shù)（Internet,Kiosk,產(chǎn)品目錄，網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品目錄，網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視）絡(luò)電視

7、） 以高效率的供應(yīng)鏈競爭以高效率的供應(yīng)鏈競爭e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM - 量化的效益量化的效益Source: SCOR Model by Advanced Manufacturing Research, Inc.運(yùn)運(yùn)貨貨質(zhì)質(zhì)量量庫庫存存降降低低率率訂訂貨貨周周期期預(yù)預(yù)測測準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確確率率整整體體工工作作效效率率供供應(yīng)應(yīng)鏈鏈總總成成本本補(bǔ)補(bǔ)貨貨率率空空間間面面積積利利用用率率0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Percent age I mprovement最最低低最最高高供應(yīng)鏈改革項(xiàng)目的效益范圍e-businessTMCopyright

8、 IBM 2002GMROI - 純利潤回收率純利潤回收率nCustomerService(525%)(25%)nThroughputnInventory(1050%)GMROI顧客服務(wù)顧客服務(wù)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)出計(jì)劃周期計(jì)劃周期運(yùn)作成本運(yùn)作成本銷售額銷售額銷售成本銷售成本平均庫存成本平均庫存成本庫存庫存e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM - 對癥下藥對癥下藥For the Retail Industry, Inventory Management Modules would replace Production SchedulingSCM指導(dǎo)下的有效手段指導(dǎo)下的有效手段主

9、要供應(yīng)鏈管理目標(biāo)主要供應(yīng)鏈管理目標(biāo)第一有效第一有效第二有效第二有效目標(biāo)與整體戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)與整體戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)鏈管理咨詢供應(yīng)鏈管理咨詢庫存成本庫存成本需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，電子采購需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，電子采購供應(yīng)鏈計(jì)劃供應(yīng)鏈計(jì)劃降低周期降低周期訂單管理，電子采購訂單管理，電子采購需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測提高補(bǔ)貨率提高補(bǔ)貨率需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，電子采購需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，電子采購運(yùn)輸與定單管理運(yùn)輸與定單管理為顧客提供供貨信息為顧客提供供貨信息庫存管理庫存管理需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，訂單管理需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測，訂單管理運(yùn)輸成本運(yùn)輸成本運(yùn)輸管理運(yùn)輸管理倉儲管理倉儲管理倉庫運(yùn)作成本倉庫運(yùn)作成本倉儲管理倉儲管理供應(yīng)計(jì)劃與訂單管理供應(yīng)計(jì)劃與訂

10、單管理采購成本采購成本電子采購電子采購需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測需求計(jì)劃和預(yù)測e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002供應(yīng)鏈管理的應(yīng)用在跨行業(yè)的比較供應(yīng)鏈管理的應(yīng)用在跨行業(yè)的比較e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002SCM - 最佳應(yīng)用最佳應(yīng)用 I一般一般創(chuàng)意創(chuàng)意前沿前沿優(yōu)秀應(yīng)用優(yōu)秀應(yīng)用Vendor-managed and co-owned inventoryInventory owned by the supplier or co-owned by the retailer and supplierImplementation of centrally-mana

11、ged (within store) electronic shelf tagsScan-based trading for fast- and slow-moving items Requires cashiers to accurately scan or enter each itemInventory and ordering functions tied directly to the point-of-sale (perpetual inventory)Items are registered and re-ordered when the cashier scans an ite

12、mRequires accurate scanning for proper SKU ordering Online private label product production synchronization for vertically integrated retailersStore-specific inventory based on location, market characteristics, and area demographicsInventory and ordering functions tied directly to consumer self-scan

13、 shelf take-away Provides out of stock alerts and/or automatically re-orders itemsAutomated private-label product planning and sourcing (requires intelligent systems) VMI 電子貨架條電子貨架條 SBT（scan based trading） 即時庫存即時庫存 同步生產(chǎn)同步生產(chǎn) - 本店品本店品牌牌 因店而異庫存因店而異庫存 即時庫存即時庫存 自動生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃自動生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃 -本本店品牌店品牌細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)節(jié)e-businessTMCopyr

14、ight IBM 2002 Scan-based trading benefits both retailers & suppliers by streamlining the delivery of DSD productsDSD supplier delivers inventory to a store Consumer brings items to the cash register and the cashier scans itemsAt the end of the billing cycle, the retailer pays the supplier based

15、on actual units sold Supplier Accounts ReceivableInvoice for XYZ$4000.00 per order$250.00 per caseInvoice for XYZ$4000.00 per order1$250.00 per caseInvoice for XYZ$4000.00 per order$250.00 per caseInvoice for XYZ$4000.00 per order1$250.00 per caseRetailer Accounts PayableDelivery personnel bypass th

16、e traditional process of checking-in inventory and instead go directly to store shelves for stockingWhen DSD item is scanned, the relevant product information is transmitted to the supplier and retailer systems12345Commitment from suppliers to support broad-based usageDeployment of standards-based p

17、oint-of-sale technology capable of communicating with suppliersReduced delivery time (20-25 minutes saved per delivery)Reduced stock-outs and increased sales (up by 3%-5% per supplier)Improved pricing accuracyRe-allocation of store personnel from check-in to in-store merchandising activitiesImproved

18、 promotional flow throughReduced invoice deductions (declined by 70%)Users2Retailers: H.E. Butt, Schnuck Market, AndronicosManufacturers: Frito-Lay, Nabisco, Pepperidge Farms, Hallmark, Anheuser-BuschVendorsVialink (SyncLink)Success FactorsKey Results & Metrics1Sample Users/Vendorse-businessTMCo

19、pyright IBM 2002SCM - 最佳應(yīng)用最佳應(yīng)用 II一般一般創(chuàng)意創(chuàng)意前沿前沿Utilization of SKU-level electronic inventory management systemsIncludes pallet tracking throughout the distribution centerFully integrated and operational warehouse management systems (WMS) that automate distribution centers and allow for complex functio

20、ns such as flow through and cross-dockingShared distribution centers for retailers offering multiple store formats (e.g., Wal-Mart with Superstores, Neighborhood Markets, and Sams Club stores)Reverse logistics management integrated into warehouse systems to automate returns processesMarket-level sha

21、red distribution assets for consumer packaged goods companies (CPG) and retailers where warehouses and trucks serve area stores from competing and complementing retailersWarehouse network strategies where market-level “mega” warehouse are built for chain-wide items complemented by regional distribut

22、ion centers that serve faster moving and perishable itemsUtilize systems that count ergonomic wear and tear on each warehouse employee by individual task, dynamically balancing new task assignment to reduce the risk of injuryLeading Practices 電子庫存管理電子庫存管理 倉儲管理倉儲管理 共享倉庫共享倉庫 自動反向物流自動反向物流 區(qū)域共享倉庫區(qū)域共享倉庫

23、倉庫網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)略倉庫網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)略 勞保有益型工作勞保有益型工作管理管理Detaile-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002Centralized Warehouse Management SystemAbility to cross-dock shipments from central facility with perishable goods at regional centersAvailability of trucks to haul shipments longer distancesDeployment of warehouse management system

24、(WMS) to manage products destined for 1,100 storesAvailability of labor to staff central warehouse facilitySuccess FactorsImproved efficiency for entire distribution systemLower prices through centralized buyingFaster turnover in facilitiesRegional warehouse specializationKey Results & Metrics1U

25、sersAhold USAC&S Wholesale Grocers (potential warehouse owner/partner)VendorsIBMSample Users/VendorsAholds centralized facility will be owned and operated by a third-party distribution specialistPhiladelphia, PANY, NJ, CT, RI, MANY, PA, OHThe facility will supply all of Ahold USAs 1,100 storesDC

26、, MD, DE, NJ, VANY, NJ,PA, WVAL, GA, TN, NC, SCExisting centers will be used for cross-docking of perishablesProducts will be pre-sorted for each retail outlet at the centralized distribution center 123Completed shipments will then be routed to area storese-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002 整體戰(zhàn)略整體戰(zhàn)略 流程優(yōu)化

27、流程優(yōu)化 具體系統(tǒng)實(shí)施具體系統(tǒng)實(shí)施零售業(yè)競爭力：零售業(yè)競爭力：做同樣的事但比竟?fàn)帉κ肿龅酶?！SCM在零售業(yè)在零售業(yè) - 如何開始？如何開始？e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002開拓新服務(wù)開拓新服務(wù) 戰(zhàn)略效益戰(zhàn)略效益難易程度難易程度低低難難容易容易高高一般一般電子采購電子采購直接物料直接物料運(yùn)輸管理運(yùn)輸管理倉儲管理倉儲管理簡接采購簡接采購需求預(yù)測管理需求預(yù)測管理 庫存管理庫存管理$M$M$M$M$M$M知己知彼知己知彼基本數(shù)據(jù)分析現(xiàn)有流程分析組織結(jié)構(gòu)分析確定主要問題和改進(jìn)方向市場與競爭對手分析確定改革藍(lán)圖確定改革藍(lán)圖企業(yè)改革藍(lán)圖企業(yè)改革藍(lán)圖上下一致溝通上下一致溝通明確改

28、革目標(biāo)-具體化實(shí)施計(jì)劃供應(yīng)鏈整體戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)鏈整體戰(zhàn)略?戰(zhàn)略咨詢戰(zhàn)略咨詢$MSCM在零售業(yè)在零售業(yè) - 整體戰(zhàn)略整體戰(zhàn)略e-businessTMCopyright IBM 2002 SCM在零售業(yè)：流程優(yōu)化在零售業(yè)：流程優(yōu)化 - 成功之關(guān)鍵！成功之關(guān)鍵！Process采購流程采購流程 尋找供應(yīng)商尋找供應(yīng)商 采購操作流程采購操作流程 合同管理合同管理配送物流流程配送物流流程 庫存管理庫存管理 訂貨流程訂貨流程 倉儲管理倉儲管理 運(yùn)輸管理運(yùn)輸管理流程整合流程整合所有環(huán)節(jié)的考量所有環(huán)節(jié)的考量流程流程Consult/EducateManagement ConsultingEducationServicesHowFunctional ConsultingWhat PerformSystems & Application Design/Development ServicesMaintenanceServicesOperat