托福聽力lecture的結(jié)構(gòu)知識講解

1、福聽力 lecture 的 結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)好資料托福聽力lecture的結(jié)構(gòu)1. Lecture有結(jié)構(gòu)托福聽力的lecture基本上都是總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，即引入話題 一一展 開討論一一教授總結(jié)，下面分點論述：1）引入話題其實托福聽力lecture里面講課的教授就跟大家碰到過的老師一樣， 有的喜歡直入主題，有的喜歡拉七雜八?？偟恼f來，lecture話題的引入方式有三種：?開門見山：啥也不扯，一言不合就開車，比如 TPO1 Lecture2： Ok, let ' s get started. Greatd ay I want to talk about a way in which we are a

2、ble to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is dating techniques.?課程回顧：回顧上堂課的內(nèi)容，然后再切入本堂課的內(nèi)容；一般來說本次是上次的細化或者與上次的對比。比如 TPO5Lecture2: Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too ,

3、um - not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moon ' s age.?啰哩吧嗦：有的教授實在是特別啰嗦，比如 TPO2 Lecture2: Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runsbetween 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due.【來的人多不

4、好么，說明你受歡迎啊】 Um, I was hoping tohave your exams back today【啊，要放榜啦？ , but, uh, thesituation was that I went away for the weekend, and I wassupposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time thatI usually go to bed, but my flight wa

5、s delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one o' clock in themorning電關(guān)我什么事啊？.Anyway, I 'll do my best to have them finished by the next time we meet【開始上課吧，pleasei . OK. In the last class, we started talking about.【終于開始了J不論是用哪一種引入方式，話題總是要出來的。一般都有一個核心Lecture3: .But, let的話題詞，這個詞后面一般有一個定義或者

6、解釋。比如 TPO5's talS pecuxbscopy a little now just to coverthe basics. What is Spectroscopy? Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light.這個 topic+definition/explanation 定要聽懂， 最好還能在筆記上記下關(guān)鍵詞。（當(dāng)然，也有話題詞不那么明顯 的，這樣的lecture的結(jié)構(gòu)就

7、稍微難以整理一點。）在這個topic+definition/explanation之后，一般有一句話總起下 面的展開討論的內(nèi)容。比如 TPO33 Lecturel: The great pyramid ofGiza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world. We know exactly when it was built: construction started in 2547 B.C.E., about four thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had it

8、built: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know who oversaw its construction: the Pharaoh's brother. We know so many things about it, but the funny thing is, we still don't know exactly how it was built. This picture will give you an idea of the size of the pyramid and the size of blocks it'

9、;s made up of. About two million stone blocks were used to build the great pyramid, and they're incredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit

10、into place and without the benefit of modern technology. Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries.其實這就是常見的總起句式 several theories a few problems scientists have proposed several explanations , 下 面的展開討論部分就是具體展開這些theories、problems或 explanations o小結(jié)一下：Lecture的第一個部分包括：引入+話題+定義/解釋+總 起

11、。2）展開討論展開討論當(dāng)然緊接著上面的總起，結(jié)構(gòu)往往比較清晰。比如 TPO33 Lecturel 在總起Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries J之后就逐個展開這些theories。這些theories都是解釋上面的話題，先提出theoryl ,講清楚后再講theoryl的問題；因為 theoryl有問題，自然就轉(zhuǎn)入了 theory2 ,再以此類推講theory3、 theory4一般也就是三個或四個theory,再多就太長了。? The oldest recorded one theoryl is by t

12、he Greek historian Herodotus.Well, so much for that theory.? The next one theory2 has to do with the use of a ramp. theory2 的問題】OK, so what now? Well, if you'd ever driven on a mountain road.So why not wrap the ramp around the pyramid theory3 . Well, if you've got a ramp spiraling up from th

13、e base of the pyramid, those corners would be buried by that ramp during construction theory3 的 問題:1 .? Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid? And now we get to the latest idea theory4 : if the ramp were on the inside of the pyramid.其實這種就是托福聽力lecture的第一種，即總分總的多個分 點之間是并列的關(guān)系，

14、比較常見的是 problem+solution1、 solution2、 solution3 或者 puzzle+explanation1、 explanation2、 explanation?。不論是一個問題+多個解決方案，還是一個疑難+多 種解釋，不論具體的用詞是用solution > explanation還是theory ,總 體結(jié)構(gòu)都是類似的。這些結(jié)構(gòu)大多適用于理工科的話題，邏輯比較精品資料清晰，轉(zhuǎn)進的邏輯連接詞也很明確，占據(jù)托福聽力 lecture的大多數(shù)。另外一種就是總分總的多個分點之間是直線型的時間關(guān) 系，多適用于文科的內(nèi)容。比如講到某個作家的生平，一般都是早年青年一一中

15、年一一晚年，再比如講到某種樂器的進化 史，一般都是起源 一一19世紀(jì)一一20世紀(jì)一一21世紀(jì)之類的。 比如 TPO30 Lecture4:話題引入之后總起 But really the instrument electric guitar we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s.然后 就分階段講述guitar的發(fā)展史：? The first guitars were wooden.? the steel guitar

16、 was first introduced in the United Statesin the late 1890s.? Anyway, by the 1920s.? Electrified guitars. around 1940很顯然，這種直線型結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵在于聽懂記下這些時間標(biāo)記。小結(jié)一下：展開論述都跟著前面的總起，展開論述本身又包括problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分點型 （理科話題）和直線時間遞進型（文科話題）。3）教授總結(jié)主體部分結(jié)束之后，教授一般都要對前面講到的solution123、explanation123或者某作家的生平

17、進行一番總結(jié)。直線時間遞進型（文科話題）的總結(jié)沒有明顯規(guī)律，可能講講某作家的生平很勵志，鼓勵同學(xué)們努力，比如 TPO1 Lecturel： No matterwhat, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doingextremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like t

18、hat. But whats that yoportsept at itthat you don ' t give up. That ' s what is really important to remember. 而problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分點型（理科話題）的總結(jié)部分則規(guī)律明顯，有兩者情況：?教授贊同最后一個solution/explanation/theory :還記得前面theory 的轉(zhuǎn)進方式么？如果theory1就是對的，那就不會有theory234 了。?教授表示 not sure：比如TPO1 Lec

19、ture3: And hopefully, further excavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues.再比如 TPO32 Lecture1 : Clearly, more research needs to be done . Perhaps by some new scholars from this university? At least give it some thought.2.結(jié)構(gòu)有用 上面的結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)了托福聽力lecture的題目，而且還比較精準(zhǔn)：?引入話題? 引入?話題 + 定義/解釋Questionl : What is the lecture mainlyabout? 總起?分點 1Question2?分點 2Question3?分點 3Question4?總結(jié)Question5上面5題+重聽題，一共6題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與出題的對應(yīng)關(guān)系當(dāng)然是最理 想的情況，但是從我做TPO的經(jīng)驗來看，還真是大同小異。而且從 托福聽力的結(jié)構(gòu)還能推導(dǎo)出一些做題方法，試論兩個：1）跨區(qū)排除如果我們在聽力的時候能夠把聽力筆記區(qū)