名詞的詞形變化

1、名詞的詞形變化1. 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式1 ）來自古英語的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：child-children foot-feettooth-teethgoose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice louse-lice ox- oxenpenny-penceanalysis-analyses appendix-appendices parenthesis-parenthes basis-bases ellipsis-ellipsesaxis-axeshypothesis-hypothes oasis-oases cris crisescriterion-criteria

2、phenomenon-phenomenadatum-datamedium-media bacterium-bacterianucleus-nucleifungus-fungistimulus-stimuli alumnus-alumnifocus-fociradius-radiiterminus-terminilarva-larvaealga-algaeformula-formulae#當(dāng)代美國英語中往往把data當(dāng)做單數(shù)用，因此常見到復(fù)數(shù)形式datas。另外，lens是一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為lenses1 ）詞尾讀音為f 并以 f 或0 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種情況：a）規(guī)

3、則形式：belief-beliefschief-chiefscliff-cliffsgrief-griefs b）不規(guī)則形式，即把一f或一fe變成一v,再加一es,讀音為vz:calf-calveshalf-halvesleaf leaves life lives loaf-loavesself-shelvesthief-thieveswife-wives wolf-wolvesc）既可是規(guī)則形式又可是不規(guī)則形式：dwarf-dwarfs/dwarveshoof-hoofs/hovesscarf-scarfs/scarveswharf-wharfs/wharves1/ 63）詞干以o 結(jié)尾的名

4、次有三種情況：a）附屬形式為一s：這類詞包括縮略詞kilos,photos;表示國籍或民族的詞Filipinos,Eskimos以及 radios,solos,sopranos,studiosb）復(fù)數(shù)形式為一es,如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。c）復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種形式，如：cargo-cargos/cargoesmosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoesvolcano-volacbos/volcanoes2 .單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞1 ）某些動(dòng)物名詞，如：deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,shee

5、p 等2）以一ese或一ss結(jié)尾的表示民族或國籍的名詞，如：Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese3）某些以一s結(jié)尾的名詞，如：barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works4）某些表示計(jì)量單位的名詞，如：horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu 等其他一些名詞，如：aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring 等。其中請?zhí)貏e注意s 結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，它們是考試的重點(diǎn)！2/ 63 .不可數(shù)

6、名詞不可數(shù)名詞前一般不需要加定冠詞，永遠(yuǎn)不能加不定冠詞！例如下列用法均屬錯(cuò)誤：the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語要用單數(shù)形式。如：Water is important.但如果不可數(shù)名詞前面被piece,drop,set等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)該與 piece,drop,set等的單復(fù)數(shù)形式保持一致例如：Few drops of water are need to save the flower.下面是典型的不可數(shù)名詞，是應(yīng)該熟記的！air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitro

7、gen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,s now,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,sal t,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,br ead,toast,stone,iron,

8、copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happ iness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laught er,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,en

9、joyment,recreation,relaxation,progre ss,room,work,homework,population,percent,3/ 6mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics ,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,obsterics請?zhí)貏e注意其中以-s結(jié)尾的不可數(shù)名詞，大家平時(shí)應(yīng)該積累遇到的不可數(shù)名詞！注意下列可數(shù)名詞！poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon scene

10、photograph photographer英語中有許多名詞既可作可數(shù)，又可作不可數(shù)。如:hair 作 “人或動(dòng)物的毛”的時(shí)候是可數(shù)名詞，作頭發(fā)解釋時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。判斷一個(gè)詞是否可數(shù)，除了記憶以外，主要看題中該名詞的修飾詞來決定。如：much 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞4 .單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同的名詞英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同于單數(shù)形式，如：air（空氣）-air（氣派）arm（手臂）-arms（武器）ash依）-ashes牌灰；廢墟）authority（權(quán)利）-authorities（當(dāng)局）cloth（織物）-clothes（衣服）content（含量）- contents（目 錄

11、）custom（習(xí)慣）-customs御關(guān)；關(guān)稅）damage（損害）-damages蠟償 金）force（力量）-forces（武裝部隊(duì)）glass破璃）-glasses（艮鏡）good（禾 U 益）-goods假物）green（綠色）-greens倩菜）letter（字母）-letters（文學(xué)）manner（方式）-manners肆止，儀態(tài)）minute（分鐘）- -minutes（t 己錄）pain（痛苦）-pains傍苦）paer（紙）-papersa 件）宿舍）spectacle（光景）-spectacles艮鏡）spirit（精神）-spirits（烈性酒）time（時(shí)間）- t

12、imes（時(shí)代）4/ 6water（水）-waters（水域）wood（木頭）-woods（森林）work（工作）-works（工廠）總結(jié)1 . 單數(shù)名詞不能單獨(dú)存在，一般前面應(yīng)該有限定詞修飾。2 .不定冠詞a/an 永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。3 .every和each永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。但every+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的，如：every ten years4 .序數(shù)詞后面一般使用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。5 .anther 永遠(yuǎn)只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞但another+數(shù)詞/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的，如：another eight years;anotherfew books6 .other 通常修飾

13、復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。但the other+is/was單數(shù)名詞或any other+單數(shù)名詞是正確的，如We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice.Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.7 .下列詞和短語只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a （good/large/great）number of,numbers of,

14、one of8 .大于 1 的詞數(shù)只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞！牢記的結(jié)構(gòu)：one/two/many+of+ 限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞！5/ 69 .只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a！注意！many student 以及 many a student10 .只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：>1 的數(shù)字(two,six),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,afew,these,those,a (good/large/great) number ofnumbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of11 .只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞：much,little,a litter,a great dea