2012公共英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法全解析

1、精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量閱讀使人快樂(lè)，成長(zhǎng)需要時(shí)間2012公共英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法全解析( (一)人稱代詞主格： I we you she he it they賓格： me us you her him it them形容詞性物主代詞： my our your her his its their名詞性物主代詞：mine ours yours hers his its theirs2形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)(1) 一般在形容詞或副詞后+erolder taller Ion ger stron ger, etc(2)多音節(jié)詞前+moremore in terest ing, etc.(5)不規(guī)則變化:w

2、ell-better, much/ma ny-more, etc.3可數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式Most nouns + s a book -booksNouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story storiesNouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glassglasses a watch-watchesNouns ending in o +s or +es a pia no pia nos a man go man goesNouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife-

3、knives a shelf-shelves4.不可數(shù)名詞(單復(fù)數(shù)形式不變)bread, rice, water ,juice etc.(3)雙寫最后一個(gè)字母，再 +erbigger fatter, etc.把 y 變 i，再+erheavier, earlier精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量5. 縮略形式I m = I am you re = you are she s = she is he s = he isit s = it is who s =who is can t =can not isn t=is not etc6. a/ana book, a peachan egg an hou

4、r7. Prepositi on:on, in ,in front of, betwee n, n ext to, n ear, beside, at, beh ind.表示時(shí)間：at six o clock, at Christmas, at breakfaston Monday on 15th July On National Dayin the evening in December in wi nter8. 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞one -first two-sec ond twen ty-twe ntieth9. Some /anyI have some toys in my bedroom

5、.Do you have any brothers or sisters?10. be 動(dòng)詞(1) Basic form: am/are/is (2)肯定和否定句I am(not) from London.My eyes are(not) small.My hair is( not) long.一般疑問(wèn)句：Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you are n t.Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren t.Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn t.11. there

6、 be 結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句： There is a There are 一般疑問(wèn)句：1s there ? Yes, there is./ No, there isn t.Are there ? Yes, there are. /No, there aren否定句:There isn t .There aren t .精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量12.祈使句Sit dow n please .Don t sit dow n, please.1.1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí). .通常用“noWnoW.形式： be + verb +ingeg: I am(not) doing my homework.You/We/They

7、 are(not) readi ng.He/She/It is( not) eat ing.動(dòng)詞一 ing 的形式Most verbs +ing walk walk ingVerbs ending in e -e + ing come comingShort verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run -unning swim swimming2 2 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。通常用 “ usually,usually, often,often, everyevery day,day, sometimessometimes”形式：肯定句：I go to school

8、on foot every day.She goes to school on foot every day.在英語(yǔ)里的詞性有如下這些：1,名詞，Nou ns (n.)表示人或事物的名稱 box, pen, tree,apple2,代詞，Pron ou ns (pro n.)代替名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞 We, this,them,myself3,形容詞， Adjectives(adj.)用來(lái)修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征good, sad, high, short4,數(shù)詞，Numerals( nu m.)表示數(shù)目或順序on e,two, first5,動(dòng)詞，Verb (v.)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Jump,

9、sing,visit6, 副詞，Adverbs(adv.)修飾動(dòng)、形、副等詞，表示動(dòng)作特征 there,widely,suddenly7,冠詞，Articles (art.)用在名詞前，幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的范圍a, an, the8,介詞，Prepositions (prep.)用在名詞或代詞前，說(shuō)明它與別的詞的關(guān)系in,on,down,up9, 連詞，Conjunctions (conj.)表示人或事物的名稱 if,because,but10,感嘆詞，Interjections (int.)代替名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞等oh,hello,hi,yeah精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量vt.是及物動(dòng)詞，vt

10、.后必須跟賓語(yǔ)：sing a songvi.是不及物動(dòng)詞，vi.后不直接帶賓語(yǔ)或不帶賓語(yǔ):jump high情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，在英文中主要用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的看法、態(tài)度等。它很接近中文里的能愿動(dòng)詞。從用法上來(lái)說(shuō)，它有這樣幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1）各個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞自身都有一定的詞義。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能在句中獨(dú)立擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在句中不受任何人稱，性,數(shù)變化的影響。常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如下：can（ could）shall（should）/will（would）may（might）mustn eeddareought（除這個(gè)是接 to 以外，以上各個(gè)詞都是直接接動(dòng)詞原形）1.主謂一致1.1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)例

11、如： Read ing and writi ng are very importa nt. 讀和寫都是非常重要的。注意:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由 and 連接時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)于我們的生活來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。1.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則1）當(dāng) there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如： There is a pen, a knife and several

12、 books on the desk桌上有筆、小刀和幾本書(shū)。2）當(dāng) eitheror 與 neitherno, 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如：Either you or she is to go.要么是你走，要么是她走。Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不應(yīng)該受責(zé)備。1.3 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有 with , together with , like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞弓丨起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最前面的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：The teacher together

13、 with some students is visiting the factory.老師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去劃船。1.4 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情況1）代詞 each 和由 every, some, no, any 等構(gòu)精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)，或主語(yǔ)中含有 each, every,謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每個(gè)人都有一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表出問(wèn)題了。2）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)

14、是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本好書(shū)。3）表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ) 一般用單數(shù)。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允許用三周的時(shí)間做必要的 準(zhǔn)備工作。Ten yua n is eno ugh.十元錢足夠了。1.5 指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)1）集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如 fa

15、mily， audienee，crew， crowd，class， company, committee 等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該集體。例如：His family isn t very lar 他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。但集合名詞 people， police， cattle， poultry 等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Are there any police around?周圍有警察嗎？2）有些名詞，女口 variety， number， population， propor

16、tion， majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí) 看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞例如：A number of books have lent out.不少書(shū)都被借出去了。The majority of the students like English.大多數(shù)學(xué)生喜歡學(xué)英語(yǔ)。1.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1）用 half of， part of， most of， aportion of 等詞引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常與of 后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on b

17、ooks.他的錢大多用來(lái)買書(shū)了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分學(xué)生都能積極參加體育活動(dòng)。2）在一些短語(yǔ)，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量但由 more thanof 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多

18、的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。.名詞和代詞一致2.1 代詞與其代替或修飾的名詞在人稱和性別上必須保持一致。例如：（錯(cuò)誤）Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked regularly.（正確）Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure checked regularly.我們中五十歲以上的人應(yīng)該定期地檢查血壓。3同等成分一致3.1 句子中的同等成分應(yīng)該在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持一致，否則會(huì)失去平衡和協(xié)調(diào)

19、。例如：（錯(cuò)誤）She is not only famous in China but also abroad.（正確）She is famous not only in China but also abroad.她不僅在中國(guó)，在國(guó)際上也很有名氣。3.2 在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，被比較的事物應(yīng)是同等成分。例如：（錯(cuò)誤）The workers in that factory are fewer than our factory.（正確）The workers in that factory are fewer than those in our factory.那個(gè)工廠的工人比我們廠的工人少。代詞、數(shù)詞

20、、介詞、和連詞上面我們已經(jīng)講了動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞的用法。中考中當(dāng)然也會(huì)涉及到其他諸如代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡(jiǎn)單提醒大家每類詞需注意的地方。1. 代詞同學(xué)們需掌握以下不定代詞： all， each， both， either， neither， one, none, little， few， many, much， other，another， some， any， no 以及由 some， any， no， every 構(gòu)成的合成 詞如 nobody 等，并注意不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置，如something English2. 數(shù)詞同學(xué)們需要記住一些特殊拼寫的序數(shù)詞。如：第

21、 1- first 第 2- seco nd 第 3- third 第5-fifth 第 9-ninth 第 12- twelfth 第 20-twentieth另外需要記住以下短語(yǔ)： hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì) thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì) tens of thousands of 數(shù)以 萬(wàn)計(jì) several millionsof 好幾百萬(wàn) 但表示確切的百或千時(shí)不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：ten thousandthreemillio n3. 介詞精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量介詞的考察內(nèi)容主要是介詞短語(yǔ)，特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語(yǔ)。這類短語(yǔ)比較多，這里我不再一一贅述，大家可以

22、看初中英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)第204 頁(yè)至 208 頁(yè)上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個(gè)以前舊教材所沒(méi)有的短語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)大家注意。女口，speak highly of 高度贊揚(yáng) regard as 視為，把.看做.make a contribution to doing sth為. 做貢獻(xiàn)4. 連詞同 學(xué)們需要特別記憶 以下 連詞或連詞短語(yǔ)：neithernoreitherornoo nlybut alsobothand 前三個(gè)短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需遵循就近原則。女口，Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不正確。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是

23、 Lucy 就是 Lily 要去那兒。那么 bothand連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。女口，Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的種類1應(yīng)特別注意掌握的簡(jiǎn)單句有介詞的特殊疑問(wèn)句在特殊問(wèn)句中，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)代詞可以與介詞分離，放在句首，而把介詞放在句尾。女口，Whom do you travel with?當(dāng)然，也可以把介詞放在句首?？傊灰呀樵~丟掉。有插入語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句在特殊問(wèn)句中，經(jīng)?？梢钥吹竭@樣的句子：Where do you think they may go?其中，do you think 是疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)，其余部分是think 的賓語(yǔ)

24、從句。注意，疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)同句子的其余部分不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。疑問(wèn)式插入語(yǔ)還有 do you hope， do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語(yǔ)。如：That man， Iguess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier.在肯定句的插入語(yǔ)要用逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分分開(kāi)。去掉插入語(yǔ)，該句子仍然是個(gè)完整的句子。You d better (not)(do sth 這個(gè)說(shuō)法常用于提出勸告，建議，告戒 ” 比較委婉的有禮貌的說(shuō)法是 Would you like？或 What about (doing) ？口，It s too dark. You d better

25、leave at once. I mafraid (that) I m afraid (that) I can t用來(lái)委婉地 d 表示自己的看法或預(yù)料一件令人不悅的事情。2并列句并列句的考查重點(diǎn)是并列連詞。并列連詞有 and, or, but, bothand, neitherno, eitheror, not only but als o 等。3復(fù)合句精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量復(fù)合句考查的主要內(nèi)容是賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句。1賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句的考查要點(diǎn)是：時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、人稱的一致、詞序等。A. 賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞：賓語(yǔ)從句本身是敘述句是，用that 引導(dǎo)。He said (that) he

26、would leave onMarch 12 next weeek.賓語(yǔ)從句本身是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)， 用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?賓語(yǔ)從句本身是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)， 用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)。I don t know if / whether he has done that.B. 賓語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響。如，It is said that the panda was sent to America last mon th.主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)要做適當(dāng) 調(diào)整

27、：a) 由現(xiàn)在時(shí)調(diào)整為過(guò)去時(shí)。 I didn t know you were also here.b) 由將來(lái)時(shí)調(diào)整為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c）過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)多數(shù)不受影響，但一般過(guò)去時(shí)常調(diào)整為 過(guò)去完成時(shí)”，尤其是從句中有before,si nee 類的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，多調(diào)整為過(guò)去完成時(shí)如：She said she had worked at this school before herfather came to this city.2狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（常由 when， while， before，

28、after，until， as soon as 等詞引導(dǎo)）、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句（常有 where 引導(dǎo)）、原因狀語(yǔ)從句（常有 because, since， as 引導(dǎo)，這三詞所表達(dá)的 語(yǔ)氣由 because 到as 逐漸減弱，由 why 提出的問(wèn)題必須用because 來(lái)回答），條件狀語(yǔ)從句（常由 if引導(dǎo)卜結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句（常由 suchthatsothat，so that 等引導(dǎo)）、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（常由 though,although 引導(dǎo)）。3定語(yǔ)從句其考查內(nèi)容主要是正確使用關(guān)系代詞who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物）, etc.定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在修飾詞的后面，如：She is

29、 the person who I want to see.她就是我想見(jiàn)到的人。有時(shí)，為了使句子平衡，也可把定語(yǔ)從句與所修飾詞分開(kāi)。同學(xué)們還記得這樣一句話嗎？Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!這是第三冊(cè)第 54課中的一個(gè)句子。要友善，你一定要給人友好的感覺(jué)：快樂(lè)是友善的基礎(chǔ)。一個(gè)快樂(lè)的人總會(huì)面帶微笑。微笑好似有吸引力的磁鐵，你對(duì)別人微笑，你也會(huì)得到他微笑的回報(bào)。無(wú)論在哪里，友善之人都會(huì)讓陌生人有居家般自在舒適的感覺(jué)，設(shè)身處地為陌生人考慮，讓他有備受歡迎的感覺(jué)。Frie nds and valuative-On Making Fr

30、ie ndsEvery one n eeds frien ds,a ndif you fail to make frien ds,youshould exam ine yourself andsee if there is someth ing wrong with your pers on ality.May be you have social faults such as snobbishness,talkativenessand using slang etc.精品值得閱讀相信相信的力量which drive away your new acqua intan ces.Whatever

31、 your social faults may be,look at themhon estly and make real effort to correct them.To be frie ndly you must feel frie ndly.Cheerful ness is the basis of frien dli ness.Acheerful people smiles.A smile is a magnet which draws people.Smile at some one and you arealmost sure to get a smile in return.A frien dly pers on does his best to make a stra nger feel at home,wherever he happe nsto be.Put yourself in the other fellows place and make them feel welcome.Try to remem