錢(qián)偉良外文文獻(xiàn)譯文

1、浙江萬(wàn)里學(xué)院現(xiàn)代物流學(xué)院信息管理與信息系統(tǒng)，2007級(jí)1班周志丹信息管理系07011838錢(qián)偉良學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)班級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師系 別學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)譯文11 / 12文檔可自由編輯打印外文文獻(xiàn)譯文資料來(lái)源：Computer Suence Pr. 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)（2003.5）作者：McFadden F.R管理信息系統(tǒng)MIS （Management Information System），它就是我們所說(shuō)的管理信息系統(tǒng)，它強(qiáng)調(diào)在生活上的應(yīng)用，并且在當(dāng)今信息社會(huì)普及的背景下應(yīng)用得越來(lái)越廣泛。管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的新分支，它跨越多種領(lǐng)域，例如，管理科學(xué)知識(shí)，系統(tǒng)科學(xué)，運(yùn)籌學(xué)，統(tǒng)計(jì)與計(jì)算設(shè)備的科學(xué)知識(shí)。

2、這以學(xué)習(xí)為基礎(chǔ)，涉及生活的多種領(lǐng)域，并注意要以收集和處理為手段，從此形成了一個(gè)縱橫交織的系統(tǒng)。1.管理信息系統(tǒng)概述20世紀(jì)，在整個(gè)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展時(shí)期，許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出的一個(gè)新的管理理論之一。西蒙對(duì)政府提出，信息和戰(zhàn)略的意義的決定依賴于50年代，20世紀(jì)。同時(shí)，學(xué)科界承認(rèn)控制論，并認(rèn)為，政府便是一個(gè)控制程序。1958年，德?蓋寫(xiě)到：“美國(guó)政府在準(zhǔn)確獲取信息的的前提下，降低成本和解決信息延遲問(wèn)題，完成了很好的控制。”這種特殊的時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)始在會(huì)計(jì)工作中應(yīng)用，提高了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的處理的效率。1970年，瓦爾特提出了一個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)的定義：管理信息系統(tǒng)以書(shū)面或口頭的形式，在適合的時(shí)間向經(jīng)理、職員以及外界人員

3、提供過(guò)去的、現(xiàn)在的、預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的有關(guān)企業(yè)內(nèi)部及其環(huán)境的信息，以幫助他們做決策。1985年，警戒信息系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)始人，明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)管理學(xué)教授高登?戴維斯給出了一個(gè)較完整的信息系統(tǒng)定義：管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)利用計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、軟件、人工規(guī)劃、管理和決策模型以及數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，為組織作用、管理和決策職能提供信息的綜合性人機(jī)系統(tǒng)。管理信息系統(tǒng)能實(shí)測(cè)企業(yè)的各種運(yùn)行情況，利用過(guò)去的數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)，從全局出發(fā)輔助企業(yè)進(jìn)行決策，利用信息控制企業(yè)的行為，幫助企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)其規(guī)劃目標(biāo)。1.1管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展歷程電子數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)是管理信息系統(tǒng)的早期形態(tài)，其研究的內(nèi)容是實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)管理的數(shù)據(jù)處理自動(dòng)化，以提高工作效率。單項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)是第一階段，

4、用計(jì)算機(jī)孤立地處理部門(mén)中的一些事務(wù)，將處理產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化成信息。第二階段是綜合數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)。美國(guó)的航空公司于20世紀(jì)50年代有了很大的發(fā)展，飛機(jī)訂票系統(tǒng)是綜合數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的一種典型代表。那時(shí)航空公司在一分鐘內(nèi)便有1008個(gè)訂票點(diǎn)可能同時(shí)處理600000位旅客的事務(wù)，并有27000航段正在航行，對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的操作控制及其復(fù)雜，即使是一個(gè)點(diǎn)的控制。綜合數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)將一系列的管理業(yè)務(wù)，通過(guò)共享文件的數(shù)據(jù)把單項(xiàng)處理業(yè)務(wù)有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。還有銀行的業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)對(duì)綜合數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。因此，這是管理信息系統(tǒng)的初步階段。第三階段是狀態(tài)報(bào)告系統(tǒng)，它可劃分為生產(chǎn)狀態(tài)言論和服務(wù)的狀態(tài)，并了解和研究，如情況報(bào)

5、告制度等。它的類(lèi)型代表是生產(chǎn)控制系統(tǒng)，這是IBM公司針對(duì)生產(chǎn)狀況控制開(kāi)發(fā)的，例如其中的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)。IBM公司是總所周知的世界上最大的計(jì)算機(jī)公司，成立與1964年IMB的工廠遍及美國(guó)各地，它所生產(chǎn)的中等計(jì)算機(jī)和計(jì)算機(jī)趕超的15000不同的組件，對(duì)有差異的和不同的組件元素相互協(xié)調(diào)計(jì)算，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)過(guò)精密、裝配、安裝和運(yùn)輸?shù)牡倪^(guò)程及其復(fù)雜，因此，必須要有一個(gè)生產(chǎn)狀態(tài)報(bào)告系統(tǒng)，以保證成功得制造。IBM建立完善的管理，它可以進(jìn)行450個(gè)專業(yè)工作業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)的原子吸收。數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)報(bào)告制度仍然具有另一種形式，而且用于處理日常業(yè)務(wù)工作，情調(diào)手工任務(wù)的自動(dòng)化，在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中有效得潔身勞動(dòng)力，這是數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)通常無(wú)法提

6、供的信息戰(zhàn)略決策。最后一個(gè)階段是決策支持系統(tǒng)，是信息系統(tǒng)作為戰(zhàn)略決策過(guò)程中的補(bǔ)充手段。1.2 管理信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用管理信息系統(tǒng)用于最基礎(chǔ)的工作，像計(jì)算薪資和人力管理事務(wù)等，并發(fā)展了商業(yè)金融事務(wù)的管理和庫(kù)存 和對(duì)個(gè)別時(shí)間，以便業(yè)務(wù)控制，這涉及電子數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)建立企業(yè)資料庫(kù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)共享，為整體計(jì)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的順利實(shí)施而建立信息系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)管理信息系統(tǒng)情況階段。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和需求的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大驅(qū)動(dòng)管理信息系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)一步提升發(fā)展，因此人們更加強(qiáng)調(diào)管理信息系統(tǒng)的階段發(fā)展。管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展強(qiáng)調(diào)是否能滿足高層主管在制定戰(zhàn)略決策時(shí)的多樣、靈活和綜合性決策眼球，更特別強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)于對(duì)企業(yè)外部的信息和數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)集成、模型庫(kù)

7、、方法庫(kù)，并收集其他人工智能方法是否具有戰(zhàn)略意義，這是支持系統(tǒng)（DSS）的任務(wù)作出的戰(zhàn)略決策。70年代初，管理信息系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始應(yīng)用與工作中，20世紀(jì)在全世界開(kāi)始普及。截至目前，MIS已普及到每個(gè)國(guó)家，幾乎涵蓋了各個(gè)部門(mén)的每個(gè)工作階段，1.3 管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向20世紀(jì)，管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展將有三個(gè)方面的現(xiàn)象：A.美國(guó)政府正在建立管理信息系統(tǒng)，并造成管理的技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人的老齡化問(wèn)題。B.該系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)是在具有戰(zhàn)略意義的基礎(chǔ)上決定的，并在物資管理信息系統(tǒng)的主管在任何時(shí)候都感興趣的信息服務(wù)。C.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，管理程序的設(shè)計(jì)是與具體的工作事務(wù)聯(lián)系在一起。不只是大中規(guī)模的iqye普遍建立管理信息系統(tǒng)，一些小規(guī)模

8、的企業(yè)也無(wú)不例外，也普遍建立像電子郵件和電子數(shù)據(jù)交換等公用數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，管理信息系統(tǒng)提供的良好的支持環(huán)境在是以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展為前天的，特別是過(guò)去幾年在商業(yè)界的發(fā)展。通過(guò)國(guó)際技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展，看到20世紀(jì)90年代，出現(xiàn)了各種新的管理技術(shù)。（1）業(yè)務(wù)流程再造（BPR）企業(yè)流程再造是以企業(yè)流程為改造對(duì)象，從顧客的需求出發(fā)對(duì)企業(yè)流程進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)性的再思考和根本性的再設(shè)計(jì)，以達(dá)到成本、質(zhì)量、服務(wù)和速度現(xiàn)代關(guān)鍵業(yè)績(jī)指標(biāo)的巨大提高。（2）智能化決策支持系統(tǒng)（IDSS）在具有戰(zhàn)略意義的智能化決策支持系統(tǒng)是充分考慮到工作的需求和更高的業(yè)務(wù)區(qū)分層次人才工作人員的功能。（3）精益生產(chǎn)（LP）對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，進(jìn)行全面質(zhì)量控制

9、和并行項(xiàng)目的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的改革，最大限度的削減產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)成本和生產(chǎn)周期，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和降低貨物儲(chǔ)備，改善服務(wù)水平，以滿足客戶需求的不斷變化。（4）敏捷制造（AM）一個(gè)商業(yè)管理模式，將柔性生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，有技術(shù)、有知識(shí)的勞動(dòng)力與能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)內(nèi)部和企業(yè)之間合作的靈活管理（三要素）集成在一起，通過(guò)所建立的共同基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)迅速改變的市場(chǎng)需求和市場(chǎng)實(shí)際做出快速響應(yīng)。2.管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展對(duì)商業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)管理的影響管理信息系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)，改變了企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)管理模式，并對(duì)企業(yè)的未來(lái)發(fā)展具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。具有戰(zhàn)略意義的決策，特別是戰(zhàn)略決策，在管理信息系統(tǒng)的協(xié)助下，它的好壞直接影響可商業(yè)的發(fā)展。管理信息系統(tǒng)通過(guò)在與不同數(shù)學(xué)模型中的定量分

10、析計(jì)算業(yè)務(wù)的管理問(wèn)題，從而減少阻礙企業(yè)發(fā)展的因素。過(guò)去的管理，對(duì)管理中的問(wèn)題很難測(cè)試，但管理信息系統(tǒng)可結(jié)合利用管理中任何信息，并提供足夠的數(shù)據(jù)，并模擬產(chǎn)生對(duì)企業(yè)發(fā)展具有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)意義的管理方式。在管理信息系統(tǒng)發(fā)展之后，許多分散的業(yè)務(wù)逐漸集中，企業(yè)可建立直屬主管的信息系統(tǒng)部，業(yè)務(wù)操作的權(quán)威性，逐漸集中在高素質(zhì)的管理人員手中，仿佛帶來(lái)諸多部門(mén)辦公室工作的減少，因此有人預(yù)言，中間層管理應(yīng)該消失。實(shí)際上，中間管理層不僅沒(méi)有下降，反而增加。這是因?yàn)?，盡管中間管理層的工作人員減少了每天繁瑣的工作，但需要他們進(jìn)行分析研究的工作卻增加了，這便顯示了中間管理層在戰(zhàn)略決策上的重要作用。在MIS發(fā)展后，不斷增加了對(duì)高技術(shù)

11、人才需求，但是能力有限的事情，應(yīng)該逐步淘汰。這迫使人們更加注重人才的培養(yǎng)。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)和文件傳輸系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)工作人員的數(shù)量減少，反而對(duì)創(chuàng)造性工作人員的需求增多，這導(dǎo)致了網(wǎng)上辦公系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)具有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展意義。目前，許多國(guó)家正在醞釀一個(gè)更加發(fā)達(dá)的制造業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，制造企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。它完全更具用戶要求組織設(shè)計(jì)和制造，業(yè)務(wù)流程可在不同地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移，并且要求對(duì)機(jī)械的資源和工作人員進(jìn)行重組改造，構(gòu)建適合企業(yè)發(fā)展的新穎的系統(tǒng)?？焖僦圃炱髽I(yè)建立了一個(gè)全新的策略整體對(duì)消費(fèi)需求的依賴關(guān)系，并能喚起再次生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的革命。管理信息系統(tǒng)是以一個(gè)組織進(jìn)行全面管理和發(fā)展而設(shè)計(jì)的，為組織活動(dòng)提供適合的決策程序。西方一些企

12、業(yè)家把管理信息系統(tǒng)看成企業(yè)發(fā)展的靈丹妙藥，能夠治療企業(yè)的各種疾病，但是也有人說(shuō)，管理信息系統(tǒng)在組織活動(dòng)中的應(yīng)用有太多的失敗。其實(shí)，管理信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用效應(yīng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是建立在企業(yè)是否選擇了適合自己的管理信息系統(tǒng)，讓它在我們的研究和組織活動(dòng)中得到最大效用的發(fā)揮，同時(shí)企業(yè)組織和管理制度對(duì)管理信息系統(tǒng)提出更過(guò)的需求，從而發(fā)展管理信息系統(tǒng)，建立更有效的管理信息系統(tǒng)。外文文獻(xiàn)原文Material Source: High Technology Letters, Computer Science Pr. 2003（5）.Author: McFadden F.RManagement Information Syst

13、em It is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message

14、 . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that

15、 the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1.The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one.

16、Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “the ad

17、ministration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only

18、a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approachi

19、ng relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.I

20、n 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and

21、hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capaci

22、ty and component, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern

23、 on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline compa

24、ny put up to in the 50s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “

25、spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, t

26、hereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type

27、 stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 a

28、nd causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places t

29、o every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and tra

30、nsportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed admin

31、istration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the da

32、ta handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The dat

33、a handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over

34、key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importa

35、nce message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developi

36、ng up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to atta

37、in data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the s

38、ystem of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether b

39、ack business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directl

40、y to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is livin

41、g, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A.Paying special attent

42、ion to the administration being emphasized to establishing MISs system, and causing the administration technique head for the ageing.B.The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MIS supplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C.Director causes such

43、management program getting in touch with together with the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size business also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data network, like the electroni

44、c mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS supplied the well support environment to the application of Intranets technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few years in the interest of the business.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90s

45、 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.（1）Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process

46、 compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?（2）Intelligentization De

47、cision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.（3）Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and

48、 parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that c

49、lient continuously changes.（4）Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile an

50、d answers client requires swiftly.2.The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come int

51、o being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the or

52、ientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult t

53、o test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system mi

54、nistry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant managers grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staffs hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence some

55、one prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off

56、 exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand

57、of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individuals quality. InThe wake of the news dispatch and electric network and system development, business staff member is on d