土木工程英語文獻(xiàn)原文及中文翻譯

1、英語原文 Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of scie

2、nce and development.Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.ke

3、y words : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineeri

4、ng belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering becameCivil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering i

5、nclude water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engi

6、neering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the projec

7、t. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridge

8、s, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellit

9、es, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of humansociety and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, suc

10、h as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, waterand wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. 1Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has

11、its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering con

12、struction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for humanlife and production p

13、rovide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life

14、 expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and

15、 is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also m

16、ust solve the problem is mechanical problems. Wehave to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research b

17、uilding structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effe

18、ct and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, worki

19、ng conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technologyimproves gradually develo

20、ped. In ancient times, the humanlives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials madeof housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make la

21、ter reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely appli

22、cation. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted m

23、aterials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building co

24、nstruction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "con

25、struction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own

26、rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordina

27、tion, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the pro

28、ject.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the f

29、oundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is theinteraction of the whole. Foundation c

30、an be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation., foundation andfoundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building

31、under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining wate

32、r and relevant measures. 3As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to dec

33、orate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of ad

34、ornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoyi

35、ng, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great

36、progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has madegreat achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comforta

37、ble living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, somemajor projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating

38、environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for

39、some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a morecomfortable living enviro

40、nment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will makecivil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thou

41、sands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, th

42、e nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life i

43、n myhand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic. But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this sam

44、e architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus

45、one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:1 LuoFuWu

46、 editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 20072 WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 20023 jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering int

47、roduction of higher education press. Beijing. 1992土木工程概論 譯文 摘要： 土木工程是個(gè)龐大的學(xué)科， 但最主要的是建筑， 建筑無論是在中國(guó)還是在國(guó)外， 都有著悠久的歷史， 長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展歷程。 整個(gè)世界每天都在改變， 而建筑也隨科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而發(fā) 展。力學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，材料的更新， 不斷有更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)引入建筑中。以前只求一間有瓦蓋頂 的房屋， 現(xiàn)在追求舒適， 不同的思想， 不同的科學(xué)， 推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展， 使其更加完美。 關(guān)鍵詞 ：土木工程；建筑；力學(xué)；材料。土木工程是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它的原意是與“軍事工程”相對(duì)應(yīng)的。在英語中，歷史上土木工程、機(jī)

48、械工程、電氣工程、化工工程都屬于 CivilEngineering ，因?yàn)樗鼈兌季哂忻裼眯?。后來，隨著工程科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械、電氣、化工都已逐漸形成獨(dú)立的科學(xué)， Civil Engineering 就成為土木工程的專門名詞。至今，在英語中， Civil Engineering 還包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我國(guó)， 水利工程和港口工程也成為與土木工程十分密切的相對(duì)獨(dú)立分支。 土木工程既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程是一種與人們的衣、 食、 住、 行有著密切關(guān)系的工程。 其中與 “住”的關(guān)系是直接的。因?yàn)?/p>

49、，要解決“住”的問題必須建造各種類型的建筑物。而解決“行、食衣”的問題既有直接的一面，也有間接的一面。要“行”，必須建造鐵路、道路、橋梁；要“食”，必須打井取水、興修水利、進(jìn)行農(nóng)田灌溉、城市供水排水等，這是直接關(guān)系。而間接關(guān)系則不論做什么，制造汽車、輪船也好，紡紗、織布、制衣也好，乃至生產(chǎn)鋼鐵、發(fā)射衛(wèi)星、開展科學(xué)研究活動(dòng)都離不開建造各種建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和修建各種工程設(shè)施。土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展，至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)出許多分支，如：建筑工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程結(jié)構(gòu)，給水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。 1土木工程作為一個(gè)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科

50、，有其重要的屬性：綜合性，社會(huì)性，實(shí)踐性，統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)， 對(duì)眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)作用， 工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過程，因此，建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱之一。建筑工程就是興建房屋規(guī)劃，勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)，施工的總稱。目的是為人類的生產(chǎn)和生活提供場(chǎng)所。房屋好比一個(gè)人， 它的規(guī)劃就像人生活的環(huán)境， 是由規(guī)劃師負(fù)責(zé)的； 它的布局和藝術(shù)處理相應(yīng)于人的體形、容貌、氣質(zhì)，是由建筑師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的結(jié)構(gòu)好比人的骨骼和壽命， 是由結(jié)構(gòu)工程師負(fù)責(zé)的； 它的給排水、 供熱通風(fēng)和電氣等設(shè)施就如人的器官、神經(jīng)，是由設(shè)備工程師負(fù)責(zé)的。也像自然界

51、完好地塑造人一樣，在城市我地區(qū)規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)上建造房屋， 是建設(shè)單位， 勘察單位、 設(shè)計(jì)單位的各種設(shè)計(jì)工程師和施工單位全面協(xié)調(diào)合作的過程。結(jié)構(gòu)說穿了， 不過就是受力體的反力與內(nèi)部應(yīng)力如何與外力達(dá)到平衡。 建筑首先要解決，也是必須要解決的問題就是受力的問題。我們把解決這個(gè)問題的學(xué)科稱為建筑力學(xué)。 建筑力學(xué)有可以分為： 靜力學(xué)， 材料力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)三大力學(xué)體系。建筑力學(xué)是討論和研究建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及構(gòu)件在荷載和其他因素影響的 工作狀況，也就是建筑的強(qiáng)度，剛度，穩(wěn)定性。在載荷作用下，承受載荷和傳遞載荷的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)引起周圍的物體對(duì)它們的作用， 同時(shí)物件本身受載荷作用而產(chǎn)生變形， 并且存在著被破壞的可能性， 但

52、是結(jié)構(gòu)本身就具有一定的抵抗變形和破壞的能力， 而結(jié)構(gòu)的承載能力的大小是與構(gòu)件的材料， 截面的幾何尺寸， 受力性質(zhì)， 工作條件和構(gòu)造情況有關(guān)。 而這些關(guān)系都可以由力學(xué)關(guān)系式通過計(jì)算而得以解決。建筑材料在建筑中也有著舉足輕重的作用。 建筑材料是隨著人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科學(xué)技術(shù)的提高而逐步發(fā)展起來的。 遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，人類的住、 行采用的是石塊和樹木。公元前124世紀(jì)先后創(chuàng)制了瓦和磚，人類才有用人造材料做成的住房。17世紀(jì)有了生鐵和熟鐵以后，直到18世紀(jì)有了波特蘭水泥，才使后來的鋼筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃發(fā)展。 如今各種高強(qiáng)度結(jié)構(gòu)材料、 新型裝飾材料和防水材料的開發(fā)， 則和 20 世紀(jì)中期以來高分子有機(jī)材料在土木

53、工程中的廣泛應(yīng)用密切相關(guān)。在所有材料中，最為主要和最為大眾的是鋼材、混凝土、木材、砌體。近年來，采用兩種材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)， 將它們組合在一起， 做成的組合結(jié)構(gòu)得到很快發(fā)展。 現(xiàn)在的建筑中， 工程質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣通常與所采用材料的優(yōu)劣， 性能及使用的合理與否有直接的聯(lián)系， 在滿足相同技術(shù)指標(biāo)和質(zhì)量要求的前提下， 選擇不同的材料不同的使用方法，都對(duì)工程的造價(jià)有直接的影響。 2在建筑過程中， 建筑工程施工是和與建筑力學(xué)， 建筑材料同樣重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。 建筑施工是將設(shè)計(jì)者的思想， 意圖及構(gòu)思轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)的過程， 從古代的穴居巢處到現(xiàn)在的摩天大樓，從農(nóng)村的鄉(xiāng)間小道到城市的高架道路都需要通過“施工”的手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)。 一個(gè)工程的施工包括許多工種工程， 諸如土石方工程， 深基坑支護(hù)工程，基礎(chǔ)工程，鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程，結(jié)構(gòu)吊裝工程，防水工程，裝飾工程等， 各個(gè)工種工程都有自己的規(guī)律， 都需要根據(jù)不同的施工對(duì)象及施工環(huán)境條件采用相應(yīng)的施工技術(shù)， 在土建施工的同時(shí)