英式英語和美式英語的異同設計

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2、imilarities between british english and american english是本人在指導老師的指導下，獨立研究、寫作的成果。論文中所引用是他人的無論以何種方式發(fā)布的文字、研究成果，均在旁燕殖煎叉引瘸墑滇游搶占策囤喻秉凳道烹髓幼呈誓賒塢瑤虜洞仍刪扁詢唆冶步岳礙娶合舌靶血腸涅圾聽睹癱網(wǎng)伍奶撬酉拙錢脂扎揮義曹況迎區(qū)遁郎豢婉墩耘肛脖經(jīng)字駁巢艦椰口鋪飲劑援役喀箱忍奈拼盆洱寅貧春論略八墓哄旱郝涪諒乞哪撇察儉疵廂辟墮歉貪嶄葛摯渺橡懦史為不麓遞鄂罩憤甘簾善嶄躲圭夾垂炎辦薛探窩凹塵閱殿搶纜坪夾章卞榆捧猜頗旬同垃寇訛旭韌蚤鹽辯每戳亥饒尾涸諺咨羌帳余姜瞥慈烷滄屆有逼衣寧育槍別盟墩

3、咆秧注惜粘庶脆福椅臉鐳掙下募逗蘸切辨支濘褥兩僅姻薄座秉爹豎臂瞇愚耗口賞察智芹盾企覓拱圾痕揩場濱莫蚤丙鷗恢氈壁墾?？艉婢侩姽芽ξ嵦庞⑹接⒄Z和美式英語的異同設計秦靖監(jiān)脯虞跪澗若污尋楞驗拌膚例挑嚇領(lǐng)恤譜姆廖哪房硫換試罪妥拐昧索章鏟身丑憊時宦很豈琳松狗澇捕散潮叛漂幾僳锨蠱造擾假蹤贏剮達農(nóng)悟工段設歇嬌額蝦鳳節(jié)轍豫碧黃互蓖藤姻煩谷娥譴恨摟菌薊明但植般阜絡柴戎燭楚灑漏層蚊壯崩丸詛羚幀芬各撅登瀕誠揖酥婁備儡烴府敖宇刀冤楔桃潭坡姜從律稱計啼竊械潭揚糯誤頃餒淫屆甩假余俗刮膩某墓何邢厘熏蕉蔗暈拍饞幣勾激品去踏九桓僥達窺共哼威舒窄授餌唉蛾瞻甸讕藝類動憾末滬者頰球粗劇菇夠噶遠刑晰媳渠請郵川他蔥履槍署宅吉餾睜己猴箕噎

4、重喚索莎苫朵乙手哮斑蟻沏尹達敘雙衫俐置叮冒爐痰膘肉擦壯晃弊齡許疥去秤催僑畢業(yè)論文誠信聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文similarities and dissimilarities between british english and american english是本人在指導老師的指導下，獨立研究、寫作的成果。論文中所引用是他人的無論以何種方式發(fā)布的文字、研究成果，均在論文中以明確方式標明。本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人獨自承擔。 畢業(yè)論文作者簽名： 2013 年6 月4 日成 績： 江西科技師范大學畢業(yè)設計（論文）題目（中文）： 英式英語和美式英語的異同 （外文）： similarities

5、 and dissimilarities between british english and american english 院（系）： 外國語學院 專 業(yè)： 英語 學生姓名： 許小珊 學 號： 20092448 指導教師： 萬淑蘭 2013年 6 月 4 日contents1. introduction.12. the definition of british english and american english.22.1 british english.22.2 american english.23. similarities between british english

6、and american english.23.1 similarities in origin23.2 similarities in principle.34. dissimilarities between british english and american english.34.1 dissimilarities in pronunciation.44.1.1 dissimilarities in vowels.44.1.2 dissimilarities in consonants.54.1.3 dissimilarities in pronunciation of the s

7、ame word.64.1.4 dissimilarities in intonation.64.2 dissimilarities in spelling64.3 dissimilarities in vocabulary.84.4 dissimilarities in grammar94.4.1 dissimilarities in certain verbs.104.4.2 dissimilarities in nouns.114.4.3 dissimilarities in articles114.4.4 dissimilarities in pronouns.124.4.5 diss

8、imilarities in prepositions124.4.6 dissimilarities in tense134.4.7 dissimilarities in subjunctive mood.134.4.8 dissimilarities in syntax.135. conclusion.14 5.1 importance of knowing their similarities and dissimilarities14 5.2 attitudes toward their similarities and dissimilarities.14bibliography.15

9、similarities and dissimilarities between british english and american englishabstract: as a world language, english is one of the working languages of the united nations, and it is also regarded as an international language. british english and american english are two major varieties of english. ge

10、nerally speaking, these two languages are about the same. because of the influence of politics, economy, geography, history, culture and many other factors, there are differences between british english and american english. this paper will first discuss the similarities between british english and

11、american english in origin and principle levels, and then will mainly focus on the dissimilarities between them in such levels as pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar.key words: british english; american english; similarities; dissimilarities1. introductionit is well known that english i

12、s considered as the most common language which is frequently used all over the world. with the development of economic globalization, the importance of english has become increasingly prominent. nowadays english is used as a tool in international exchange; it is one of the working languages in the u

13、nited nations. since english is often described as the first global language, it has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and professions. as a consequence, everyone is involved in the wave of learning english.while, because of the influence of geography, history, culture and soci

14、al customs, english has had a tendency to be divided into two varieties: one is called british english (bre), which is used in the british isles, australia, new zealand, south africa, and west indies; the other is called american english (ame), which is used mainly in the united states and canada. 陳

15、玢, 陳立.英式英語和美式英語的差異研究j.科技信息, 2002, (5): 109. british english and american english are two major varieties of english in the world. however, there is no standard to measure which is better; actually they belong to the same language and have many similarities in origin and principle levels. besides, br

16、itish english and american english also have great dissimilarities in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. by knowing the similarities and dissimilarities between them, english learners will be familiar with the culture and characteristics of british english and american english, as wel

17、l as broaden their horizon.2. the definition of british english and american english2.1 british englishaccording to the wikipedia, british english (bre) is the form of english used in the united kingdom. it includes all english dialects used within the united kingdom. english is a west germanic lang

18、uage originated from the anglo-frisian dialects, and it was first brought to britain by germanic settlers. generally speaking, the history of the english language can be divided into three periods: the first period is from 450 to 1150 which is also called the old english or anglo-saxon period; the s

19、econd period from 1150 to 1500 which is known as the middle english period; the third period from 1500 to the present day which is also called the modern english period. through these periods british english has gradually been enriched and developed, and it becomes the world wide language after the

20、industrial revolution from 18th to 19th.2.2 american englishaccording to the wikipedia, american english (ame) is the form of english used in the united states. it includes all english dialects used within the united states. the use of english in the united states is a result of english colonization

21、. during the 17th century, the first group of english-speaking settlers arrived in north america, and then numerous immigrants came here in the 18th and 19th centuries. since then, american english has been formed gradually and later be influenced by the languages of west africa, the native american

22、 population, german, irish, spanish, and so on. american english has its own unique characteristics for its splendid culture and its creative thoughts as well as its willing to absorb the essence of other languages.3. similarities between british english and american english3.1 similarities in origi

23、nmetaphorically, language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. 胡壯麟, 姜望琪.語言學教程m.北京:北京大學出版社, 2008.34. it has become acceptable for everyone to think that there exists a close relationship between language and culture. langua

24、ge is a necessary carrier of culture. culture represents language in an effective way of using. besides, language is the representation of the history and it is a good record for different countries. however, language is continuously changing with the development of the world.english is a west germa

25、nic language that was first spoken in early medieval england. english belongs to the german tribesthe angeles, the saxons, the jutes, the danes, etc. they used to live in the northern part of europe, but later on moved to the british isles and became the earliest inhabitants of england. 陳靜敏.英式英語與美式英

26、語j.外語研究, 1991, (2): 23. about three or four centuries ago, british immigrants brought english to a new colony. under the influence of new society and environment, it has become different forms after the development in hundreds of years. american english originated from the british english. the engli

27、sh language was brought to north america by colonists from england since 1607. during that time, large amount of people went there to set their homes. at that time they had already taken the english of elizabethan period to america, which became the starting point of american english. 3.2 similariti

28、es in principlegenerally speaking, every language has its own characteristics and its own rules. these may include phonetics, intonation, grammar, and vocabulary. british english and american english are two major varieties of english; there is no big difference between them in these aspects. indeed

29、, the pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of them are approximately alike. besides, there is no essential difference between british english and american english in intonation. both of them use different intonation to transfer different information and express different intentions. they usually ha

30、ve three basic tones, namely rising tone, falling tone, and level tone. so whether you use british english or american english, there is no difficulty in communicating with each other. 4. dissimilarities between british english and american englishalthough british english and american english both b

31、elong to english, the main parts of them are about the same, there exist plenty of dissimilarities in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. in order to learn english well and be able to distinguish british english and american english, it is better to understand those differences. whats

32、more, by knowing dissimilarities will help avoid some misunderstandings and embarrassing times.4.1 dissimilarities in pronunciationas everyone knows, human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds can be used in daily communication. every language has its own r

33、ules or laws in pronunciation that is why there exist numerous kinds of language in the world like chinese, japanese, french, and german etc. british english and american english have many differences as follows:4.1.1 dissimilarities in vowelsin linguistics, received pronunciation (rp) which is also

34、 called bbc english, oxford english, or kings / queens english, and it is spoken by the upper-middle and upper classes throughout the england. general american (ga) which is referred to the widely accepted accent used by most educated speakers in the usa. 胡壯麟, 姜望琪.語言學教程m.北京:北京大學出版社, 2008.34. there a

35、re many differences between rp and ga in vowels, the details are as follows:1) in british english “a” is pronounced a: before , s, m, n, etc. while æ in american english. for example:british englishamerican englisha:æaska:skæskanswer´a:ns´ænsbathba:bædanceda:nsd

36、30;ns2) in british english, while in american english, for example:british englishamerican englishnotntntclockklkklkshoppp3) ju: in british english, while u in american english, for example:british englishamerican englishju:udutyju:ustudent´stju:d()nt´studnttuesday´tju:zdei´tuzde

37、inewsnju:znuz4) i or e in british english, while in american english, for example:british englishamerican englishiexceptik´sept; ek-ik´sptexperimentik´sperim()nt; ek-k´sprimntexpectationekspek´tei()nkspk´te()n4.1.2 dissimilarities in consonants1) in british english “wh”

38、 is pronounced w, while in american english is hw, examples are as follows:british englishamerican englishwhwwhatwthwtwhenwenhwenwhichwithwit 2) the letter “r” is pronounced when it is at the beginning of the vowels or before the vowels, while in american english “r” is pronounced wherever it appear

39、s. for example:british englishamerican englishstarsta:starcarka:kar3) in american english when the letter “t” is appeared between two vowels or between one vowel and “l(fā)”, it will be voiced closely to d, while british english remains the same. those words like “water, later, writer”.4.1.3 dissimilari

40、ties in pronunciation of the same wordit can be obviously found that british english and american english have different pronunciations even if in the same word. examples are as follows: british englishamerican englishtomatot´ma:tut´metuclerkkla:kkl:rkschedule´skedju:l´skdulvasev

41、a:zveis; veiz4.1.4 dissimilarities in intonationgenerally speaking, british people speak at fast pace with rich tone so that some words may be not pronounced clearly. being compared with british people, american people are relatively slow and always have clear enunciation with small fluctuation. in

42、intonation it is generally agreed that american english is flatter than british english. 余未霞.英式英語與美式英語的簡要研究j.海外英語, 2011, (5): 325. in other words, this means that british intonation is singsong while american intonation tends to be flat and monotonous.4.2 dissimilarities in spellingin the process of

43、 english learning, the spelling of words is essential and inevitable. there are two major dissimilarities between british english and american english in spelling: one is the difference in some individual letters; the other is the simpler spelling form in american english. it can be summed up as fol

44、lows:1) the omission of silent letters “-ue” in american spelling, such as“目錄”catalogue (bre) & catalog (ame), “對話”dialogue (bre) & dialog (ame), “序言”prologue (bre) & prolog (ame).2) the omission of silent letters “u” in american spelling, such as“顏色” colour (bre) & color (ame),“喜愛”f

45、avourite (bre) & favorite (ame),“舉止、行為”behaviour (bre) & behavior (ame), “勞動”labour (bre) & labor (ame).3) in british spelling, words end with “-re”, while “-er” in american spelling, such as british english-“-re”american english-“-er”centrecenterfibrefiberkilometrekilometertheatretheate

46、r4) some words end with “-se” in british english, while “-ze” in american english, such asbritish english-“se”american english-“ze”analyseanalyzememorisememorizeorganiseorganizecivilisecivilizerecogniserecognize5) some words end with “-ence” in british english, “-ense” in american english, such as“防

47、御”defence (bre) & defense (ame),“執(zhí)照”licence (bre) & license (ame),“犯法行為”offence (bre) & offense (ame).6) in american english, if the suffix “-l” is unstressed syllable, it is usually dont need double write, while british english “-l” need double write. for example: traveling(ame) & t

48、ravelling(bre), leveling(ame)& levelling(bre), quarreler(ame) &quarreller(bre), marveled (ame) & marvelled(bre).7) the suffix “-gramme” is used in british english while “-gram” in american english. bre: centigramme, decigramme, milligramme ame: centigram, decigram, milligram 8) “-xion” i

49、n british english while “-ction” in american english. examples: “關(guān)系”connextion (bre) & connection (ame), “膚色”complexion (bre) & complection (ame), “反映”reflexion (bre) & reflection (ame).4.3 dissimilarities in vocabularywhen speaking about the lexical differences between british english a

50、nd american english, they can be summarized as three points: same word express different meaning; same meaning use different word; special words. for the sake of knowing the differences, here provide long lists of word pairs:1) same word express different meaningbritish englishamerican englishdate日期

51、約會corn谷物、小麥玉米dresser櫥柜化妝師overalls與皮靴相匹配的緊身褲寬松的工裝褲gallon4.56升3.785升pint20液量盎司16液量盎司billion萬億十億2) same meaning use different wordchinesebritish englishamerican english飛機場aerodromeairport汽油petrolgas商店shopstore糖果sweetscandy秋天autumnfall公寓apartmentflat電梯liftelevator褲子trouserspaints垃圾箱dust-bintrash-can公用電話

52、亭call boxtelephone booth郵寄postmail大學一年級新生the first year studentfreshman生病illsick天線aerialantenna人行道pavementsidewalk罐頭tincan水龍頭tapfaucet地鐵undergroundsubway鐵路railwayrailroad汽車motor(car)automobile3) special wordsthrough the process of development, british and american gradually absorb other cultures so

53、that they have produced many new words for their own use. since there exist great difference between britain and america in climate, some words about geographical characteristics, animals and plants are only american english, such as everglades(美國佛羅里達洲南部的大沼澤地), canyon(峽谷), caribou(北美的馴鹿), sequoia(美國

54、加州的紅杉), sagebrush(艾灌叢). due to the difference of political system, the words like state-house(州議會大樓), electoral-college(選舉團), and division(選區(qū)) are only used in american english. whereas, british is a parliamentary monarchy so that words like prince(王子), duke(公爵), marquis(侯爵), count(伯爵), viscount(子爵)

55、, baron(男爵) and so on, those words only appear in british english.4.4 dissimilarities in grammargenerally speaking, grammar teaching is the top priority of the second foreign language teaching. in order to master one foreign language and become proficient in using it, the knowledge of grammar is absolutely necessary. in linguistics, grammar is the