2020屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專題動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)學(xué)案

1、2020屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專題動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)學(xué)案5/動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)思維導(dǎo)圖'左誡時(shí)態(tài)心過山定曲吋1你肝%C5彌崗被動諸態(tài)附構(gòu)施 不施用観諭冊態(tài)的兒沖情況 :i同盼成掄概動貢瓷II考點(diǎn)精講III 一般時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)是近幾年語法填空必考的語法項(xiàng)目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1 表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。On Mon day morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.周一早上我通?；ㄒ恍r(shí)開車上班。2 表示客觀事實(shí)、真理、格言或者警句等。Time and tide

2、 wait for no man.歲月不等人。3表示按照時(shí)間表、計(jì)劃安排好的或規(guī)定的動作，只限于表示起止或轉(zhuǎn)移等的動詞女口 come, go，leave, arrive，fly， retur n，start, beg in, ope n, close, end, stop 等。The shopcloses at 11: 00 p. m.every day.商店每天晚上 11 點(diǎn)關(guān)門。Tomorrow is Wedn esday明 天是星期三。4在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。I 'll write to her whenhIave time.有時(shí)間我會寫信給她。二、一般

3、過去時(shí) 1表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的具體時(shí)間狀語 連用 （或有上下文語境暗示 ）；也可用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣。We met her in the street yesterday.我們昨天在街上遇見她了。When he was young，he took cold baths regularly. 他年輕時(shí)經(jīng)常洗涼水澡。I didn 't expectto see you studying at the library. 我沒料到會看見你在圖書館學(xué)習(xí)。2在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中，若主句用了過去將來時(shí)，從句常用一般過 去時(shí)表示過去將來的意義。He said h

4、e would tell her about the news as soon as hmeet her. 他說他一見到她就把這個(gè)消息告訴她。3表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到、注意到、認(rèn)出或忘記等。Why didn ' you think of that?你怎么沒有想到呢？I did n' t noticet.我沒注意到。I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. 我忘了告訴你我以前和 哥哥去過那兒。I didn ' t recognizhim.我沒有認(rèn)出他。n .進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1表

5、示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作，也可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在 的狀態(tài)。He is working on a paper他在寫一篇論文。She is teaching English andlearning Chinese. 她在教英語并學(xué)習(xí)漢語。2某些表示位置移動的動詞，如 go，come，leave，arrive，start, move 等可用現(xiàn) 在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示即將發(fā)生或計(jì)劃要做的動作。I am meet ing Mr.Wa ng toni ght.我今晚將會見王先生。3與 always，often 等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩。The girl is always t

6、alking loud in public. 這個(gè)女孩總是在公眾場合大聲說話。二、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。He was readi ng an in teresti ng book this time yesterday昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他在讀一本有 趣的書。三、將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示將來某時(shí)或某一時(shí)段正在進(jìn)行的動作，常表示事情的正常發(fā)展。I 'llbe doing jobs about the house tomorrow.明天我將要干些家務(wù)活。川完成時(shí)態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作。常與 l

7、ately, recently, so far, by now, up to/till now , in the last/past few days/years等 時(shí)間狀語連用。Progresshas been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.到目前為止,工作進(jìn)展得很順利,我們確信一定會按時(shí)完工。 2表示過去已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 （也許還會繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去 ）的動作或狀態(tài), 常與“forb時(shí)間段” “sine毎時(shí)間點(diǎn)”等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。I remember you were

8、 a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me? Sorry，I haven't playedthe piano for years.我記得你在大學(xué)時(shí)是一位極有才華的鋼琴師。你能為我彈鋼琴嗎？ 抱歉，我多年沒有彈鋼琴了。3下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is (has bee n)+段時(shí)間+ since 從句This (That/lt) is the first (seco nd.) time that+ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This (That/lt) is the best/fi nest/most in terest

9、i ng. + that+ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 4在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替將來完成時(shí)。l shall post the letter as soon as hlave written it. 我一寫完信就會寄出的。二、過去完成時(shí) 1常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況。在 by, by the end of, by the time, un til, before, si nee 后接表示過去某一時(shí)間 的短語或從句的句子中。By the end of last year, we had sold 20, 000 cars. 到去年底,我們已經(jīng)賣出兩萬輛車了。(2) 表 示 未 曾 實(shí) 現(xiàn) 的 希

10、 望 、 打 算 、 意 圖 、 諾 言 等 , 常 用 had hoped/pla nn ed/mea nt/inten ded/thought/wa nted/expecte(等 或用上述動詞的過去式 接不定式的完成式,即： hoped/planned.+. to have done。We had planned to finish the work before dark, but we were held up by a heavy rain. 我們本打算在天黑前完成這項(xiàng)工作,但是被大雨耽擱了。(3) 時(shí)“間名詞+ before 在”句中作狀語, 謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)； “時(shí)間名詞+

11、ago” 在句中作狀語,謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí)。He said his first teacherhad died at least 10 years before他 說他的啟蒙老師至少 10 年前就死了。Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago 肖華三年前畢業(yè)的。(4) 在 hardly/scarcely.when.,. no sooner.than.句. 式中,主句常用過去完成時(shí),表示 一就 ”。當(dāng) hardly, scarcely, no sooner置于句首時(shí)，其后要用咅E分倒裝。We had no soonerbeen seated than the bus s

12、tarted.=No soon erhad we bee n seated tha n the bus started.我們剛坐下公交車就開了2在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。After he (had) left the room，the boss came in. 他離開房間后老板進(jìn)來了。三、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1常用來表示開始于過去某個(gè)時(shí)間，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動 作。For days，the kids have been looking for those we can help. 數(shù)日來，孩子們一直在尋找我們能幫助的人。2表示到目

13、前為止的一段時(shí)間里一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作。I have been calling him many times this morning， but there 's no answer. 今早我給他打了數(shù)次電話，但仍未打通。IV .將來時(shí)態(tài)1一般將來時(shí)(1) 表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)或臨時(shí)做出的決定，常用will/shall 動詞原形，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語tomorrow, next week等連用。We will have a meeti ng tomorrow 我們明天開會。(2) 一般將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)方式。 be going to在口語中常用來表示已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能

14、發(fā)生的事，也可用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。The railway is going to be open on October 1st.這條鐵路將于 10月 1日開通。 be to do表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可 能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3: 00 o ' clock this afterno會議將于今天下午 3 點(diǎn)舉行。 You' re to bback before five o ' c點(diǎn)前你要回來。 be about to do表示 即將，正要”后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句。Autumn harvest

15、 is about to start .秋收即將開始。2過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)， 這種時(shí)態(tài) 常用于賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時(shí)。He always said that he would study hard at that time.他那時(shí)總是說他會努力學(xué)習(xí) 的。V 被動語態(tài)1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般am/is/are donewas/were doneshall/will beshould/would bedonedone進(jìn)行am/is/are beingwas/were beingdonedone完成have/has bee

16、 nhad bee n doneshall/will haveshould/woulddonebee n donehave bee n done2.不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況(1) 所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。(2) 表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如:last, hold, con tai n, fit, cost等。(3) 表示歸屬的動詞，如 have, own, belong to等。表示希望、意圖、喜好”的動詞，如：wish, want, hope, like , love, hate(5) 賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)(6) 賓語是同源賓語

17、、不定式、動名詞等，謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。3. 主動形式表被動意義 (1)當(dāng) feel, look, smell, taste, sou nd 等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng) cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作為不及物動詞表示主語內(nèi)在 品質(zhì)”或 性能”時(shí)；當(dāng)動詞表 示開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時(shí)。The flowers smell sweet花兒散發(fā)著芳香。This kind of cloth washes easily 這種布料很容易洗。當(dāng) break out, take place shut off, turn off, work out 等動詞表示

18、發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。The lamps on the wallturned off .墻上的燈熄滅了。II解題指導(dǎo)II準(zhǔn)確確定動詞時(shí)態(tài)的四個(gè)依據(jù)”時(shí)間狀語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)，顧名思義就是指動作或狀態(tài)在不同時(shí)間條件下的動詞形式，因此時(shí) 間狀語是確定動詞時(shí)態(tài)的最直接的決定因素。例 1 Silk(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road byabout 100 BC.分析had become 句意：到大約公元前 100年，絲綢已經(jīng)成為絲綢之路上交 易的主要商品之一。題干中有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語about 100 BC”，且當(dāng)

19、時(shí)間狀語由介詞by(不遲于，不晚于)引導(dǎo)時(shí)，表示動作發(fā)生在 過去的過去”，謂語動詞 應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。例 2 In the last few years， China(make)great achievements in en vir onmen tal protect ion.分析has made 題干中的時(shí)間狀語是“h the last few years”，表示動作 從過去一直到現(xiàn)在”，故所填詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。依據(jù)參照動詞當(dāng)題干中沒有時(shí)間狀語，或時(shí)間狀語不能完全決定所填動詞的動作發(fā)生的具體時(shí) 間時(shí)，動詞的時(shí)態(tài)由其參照動詞來決定。例 3 The real reason why prices(

20、be) and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussi on can satisfactorily expla in this problem.分析were 題干中沒有時(shí)間狀語，由參照動詞are”和“s”可以推斷出所填動詞 陳述的是過去的事實(shí)，故應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。例 4 Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he(be) a famous scie ntist whose theories would cha nge the world

21、.分析was going to be 題干中雖然有時(shí)間狀語in 1879”，但這并非所填動詞的 動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。由As a child，可知，所填詞的參照時(shí)間是過去，而他成為一位 著名的科學(xué)家不是在他 是個(gè)小孩子”時(shí)，而是以后的事，即將來，所以所填詞應(yīng) 用過去將來時(shí)。依據(jù)三句意或語境當(dāng)題干中無時(shí)間狀語及參照動詞，或時(shí)間狀語和參照動詞都不能確定所填詞動作 的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，所填動詞的時(shí)態(tài)由題干的具體意思或動作所發(fā)生的語境來決定。例 5 Is Peter comi ng?No，he(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.分析cha n

22、ged 題干雖有時(shí)間狀語 at the last mi nute和參照動詞 “ is comi ng,但它們都不能準(zhǔn)確定位所填動詞的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，因此所填詞的時(shí)態(tài)由句意或 語境來決定。句意： 彼得要來嗎？ ”不，當(dāng)接到一個(gè)電話后，他在最后時(shí)刻改 變了主意?！庇纱丝芍?，所填詞的動作發(fā)生在過去，陳述的是過去的事實(shí)，故應(yīng) 用一般過去時(shí)。例 6 When walking down the street, I came across David whom I(not see)for years.(2016天津高考改編)分析had n' t seen句意：走在街上的時(shí)候，我偶然遇到了戴維，我已經(jīng)

23、多年沒 見他了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，從句中缺少謂語動詞；主語I與動詞see之間是主動關(guān)系，應(yīng)使用主動語態(tài)，且 多年未見”這一動作發(fā)生在 偶然遇到”之前，即過 去的過去和故使用過去完成時(shí)。固定句式英語有一些句式的時(shí)態(tài)常常很固定， 如果題干中出現(xiàn)這類句式，考生應(yīng)注意根據(jù) 規(guī)則選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)1. It is the first/second/.time that sb have/has done.2. It was the first/second/.time that sb had done.3. Sb was doing sth when.did.4. Hardly/Scarcely had sb

24、 done sth when.did.5. Sb was about to do sth when.did.6. It ' s (high) time that sb did sth/should do sth例 7 It is the first time that I(be) to Beijing.分析have been 句意：這是我第一次去北京。提示詞為be動詞，考慮設(shè)空處在句中作謂語，并考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)；再根據(jù)固定句式ft is the first time that sbhave/has don e.”確定使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。II強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練I單句語法填空1. Diets have c

25、hanged in Chinaand so too has its top crop.Since 2011, thecountry（grow） more corn than rice.（2018全國卷 n ）答案 has grown 由時(shí)間狀語Si nee 2011可知此處語境表示的是從過去的某個(gè) 時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。且主語the cou ntry是單數(shù)名詞，故填 has grown。2. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when thegovernment（start） a soil

26、testing program that gives specific fertilizerrecommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.（2018 全國卷 n ）答案started 根據(jù)破折號前的內(nèi)容可知，此處說的是2005年發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用動詞過去式。3. True to a gorilla' s unaggressivehnahungpe animal（mean） me no realharm.He was just saying :“I ' iking of

27、 this forest， and here is yourreminder! ”2018 全國卷 川）答案 meant 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。全文敘述的是發(fā)生在過去的事情，應(yīng)該用一般 過去時(shí)，故填meant。4. Later，engineers（man age）to con struct railways in a system of deep tunnels （隧道），which became known as the Tube.（2017全國卷n ）答案 managed 此處講的是發(fā)生在過去的事情，所以用一般過去時(shí)，主語engin eers和 man age之間是主動關(guān)系，故填 man age

28、d 5. Sarah says, “Mydad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment， school（come） first. （2017'全國卷川）答案 comes 此句是直接引語，陳述客觀事實(shí)，根據(jù)前面句子的謂語可知，動詞come應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。6. Pahlsson and her husband（search） the kitchenchecking every corner,but turned up nothing.（2017浙江高考）答案 searched 根據(jù)后面的but turned up not

29、hing”可知，此處描述的是過去發(fā)生的行為，故要用一般過去時(shí)。7. When fat and salt(remove) from food the food tastes as if it is missingsomething.(2017全國卷 I)答案 are removed 根據(jù)語境和主句時(shí)態(tài)可知此處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；主語 fat and salt”與remove之間是被動關(guān)系，所以填 are removed 8. Steam engines(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairlyunpleasant for the p

30、assenge, with all the smoke and noise.(2017全國卷 U)答案 were used 此處講的是過去的事情，主語Steam engines和use之間是被 動關(guān)系，所以用一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。9. Sarah(tell) that she could be Britain' s new/esurpergnadeillliondollars in the n ext year.(2017 全國卷答案 has been told/was told 句意：有人告訴過薩拉，她可能成為英國的一名 新超模，下一年能掙一百萬美元。根據(jù)句意可知句子謂語應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在

31、完成時(shí)的 被動語態(tài)。再由從句中的謂語動詞 could be”可知，此處也可使用一般過去時(shí)的 被動語態(tài)。10. So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not for profit PandaBase, where ticket money helps pay for research.1(allow) to get up close tothese cute animals at the 60 acre centre.(2016全國卷 I)答案 was allowed 根據(jù)空格前一句的時(shí)態(tài)及 allow sb to do

32、sth這一用法可知， 此處要用一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)形式。模擬沖關(guān)I .單句語法填空1. People have attachedattach) great importanee to the “ Beginningof Summer since ancienttimes.(2019杭州四校聯(lián)考)2. It is recorded (record) that in the Zhou Dynasty (1046 221BC) the emperor would take his top civil and military officials to the outskirts of the cap

33、ital on this day to welcome summer.(2019金華十校聯(lián)考)3. The tour guide lold(tell) us its name was from the nine Tibetan villages distributedalong the valleys, which had the reputation of“ fairyland (20e9i余.姚中學(xué)” 5月沖刺)4. Actually , the custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of South

34、west China ' s Sichuan Provinaed remained(remain) in fashion until the end of the Qi ng Dy nasty.(2019 寧波十校聯(lián)考)5. The festival traditi on ally begins (beg in) on the first day of the first month in theChinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which/that is on the 15th day.(2019舟山中學(xué)模擬)6. Thi

35、s morning I looked at the house and all the cleaning she had done (do) before.(2019 溫州模擬)7. Who cares how much you have scored(score) in your homework after you have settled dow n in life and fou nd your directio ns? (2019 樂清一模)8.ln a word, mass media will be(be) all the more important in the future

36、 and their function will enormously expand.(2019 杭州學(xué)軍中學(xué)模擬)9 . We ve got to remember this group wan ts to look at how the In ternet is being used/is used (use) in the classroom.(201 浙江大學(xué)附中模擬)10. He was working(work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was

37、a big machi ne that required a huge amount of time to process.(2019金華一中模擬)ren .語法填空With ever cha nging sce nery and so many amaz ing things to see while you traveling in New Zealand, you' ll want to stop oftenand a sel drive tour will let you do just that.Both camper vans(房車)and rental cars can

38、be 1.cost effectivechoice, especially when there ' s a group of you 2.(travel) together.Campervan ren tal rates range from $50 3.$300 per day in New Zeala nd depe ndingon the seas on and the type of camper van you require .Im porta nt 4.(th ing) toask your rental company are positions of their p

39、arking lots , equipment that5. (include) in the camper van , minimum hire periods and the6. (insure)You can legally drive in New Zealand for up to twelve months if you have either a valid driver 'licsense from your home country or an International Driving Permit.Commonly，you need to be 21 or 7.(old) to re