中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題 第二部分 第4講 閱讀理解

1、第 4 4 講 閱讀理解閱讀理解是中考英語(yǔ)考試中所占分值最大的部分，由此可見，閱讀理解部分的成績(jī)是直接關(guān)系到考生能否通過考試或取得優(yōu)異成績(jī)的關(guān)鍵。因此，如何提高閱讀理解水平，尤其是掌握閱讀理解的應(yīng)試技巧，就成為考生非常關(guān)注的問題。閱讀理解的最終目的是考查考生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力，即閱讀獲取信息、分析信息和處理信息的能力。具體來說，考查以下六種能力：1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力；2.把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力；3.根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞涵義的能力；4.對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系及對(duì)文章各段、各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力；5.依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力；6.推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能

2、力。閱讀理解中的文章內(nèi)容主要涉及兩大類：一類是科技方面的，如有關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)、動(dòng)植物、海洋、地質(zhì)、遺傳、語(yǔ)言、天文、空間技術(shù)等；另一類是社會(huì)方面的，如有關(guān)歷史、文化、家庭、婚姻、教育、娛樂、交通、住房、環(huán)境、能源等。文章體裁多樣化，包括記敘文、說明文、議論文等，但從實(shí)際情況看，用作閱讀理解的文章基本上以后兩種體裁為主，即載有一定信息量的說明文和有作者觀點(diǎn)的議論文。說明文、議論文會(huì)對(duì)一些社會(huì)或自然現(xiàn)象和問題進(jìn)行解釋、闡述和論證，它們的特點(diǎn)是信息量大且比較復(fù)雜，邏輯性強(qiáng)，主要是由抽象思維，如概括、判斷、推理等組成的。這類文章理解的障礙主要來自于句子的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和長(zhǎng)句，其中句子的平均長(zhǎng)度和復(fù)雜程度都高于其他一

3、般的語(yǔ)言材料。2012 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試A()56.When they visit the places of interest on an East Bus,the visitors _.A.need to watch their carsB.have to worry about the drivingC.have to find places to park the busD.can sit back and relax themselves()57.From the advertisement, we can see that East Bus isa kind of _.A

4、.tourist busC.airport busBvillage busDschool bus()58._ on an East Bus can speak two languages.A. The guideCThe visitors BThe driverDThe children)59.Children under 1.2m tall need to pay _ for(the trip.A. 230 yuanC320 yuanB290 yuan D460 yuan()60.Which of the following is NOT true?A.The tour price incl

5、udes six meals.B.Visitors can see six places within three days.C.Visitors must go to the company to book the tickets.D.The office hour of the company is eight hours a day.答案本文是關(guān)于乘大巴玩轉(zhuǎn)北京的廣告。56.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段中的 “with no need toworry about driving, finding a parking place or leaving your carwith no one

6、to watch it”可知旅客不需要擔(dān)心駕駛與停車的事情，即可以全身心地放松。57.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的“East Busmaybethe best choice on your visit to the famous places of interest inBeijing”可知答案為 A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由“Chinese & English speaking guides.”58.A可知選 A。59.B數(shù)字計(jì)算題。由第六段可知，成人票價(jià)是580元，1.2米以下的兒童半價(jià)，即 290 元。60.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段和第六段最后一句可知，行程為三天去六個(gè)地方，包兩餐，故

7、A、B 項(xiàng)正確；又由最后一段可知公司營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間為 8 小時(shí)。故選 C。BFifty-three years ago Barbie Millicent Roberts first appearedin the world of toys.Since then, Barbie doll, as everyone called her,has become the most successful toy doll in history.Her parent, theMattel Company, said that 90% of all American girls between 3 and10 h

8、ave at least one Barbie at home.However, Barbie is facing some trouble at present ( 現(xiàn) 在 ) There are many similar dolls on the market in competition withher.Another doll named Bratz, for example, came to life thirteenyears ago.She looks more like todays pop stars with heavy makeup( 濃 妝 ) and miniskir

9、ts.And her company offers more kinds ofclothes too.It seems that Barbie has lost her magic among older girls.“Foryounger girls, playing with a Barbie is much fun.But when you getolder, you want something smarter and more modern ， ” says VeraShepherd, a shop assistant in a New York toy store.It is go

10、od news that on the international market, Barbie is stillNo.1.Although Mattel is selling fewer Barbies in the United Statesthese years, sales in other countries are still going up.In January 2009,Mattel opened its first Barbie store in Shanghai, where girls can shop,eat, drink or even become fashion

11、_designers for their own Barbies.MattelisplanningbigcelebrationsforBarbies53rdbirthday.Fashion designers from all over the world have been called tomake new dresses for Barbie.How long will Barbie stay popular in theworld of toy dolls? It is hard to say, but 53 is surely not the age toretire (退休)()6

12、1.Barbies family name is_.ARobertsB. MillicentCShepherdD. Bratz()62.Barbies trouble is that_.Ait wears heavy makeup and miniskirtsBother dolls are more popular with little girlsCother dolls are trying to beat her in the marketDit has become less popular in the international market()63.Girls can do t

13、he following in the first Barbie Shop inShanghai except_.Agoing shoppingCdrinking juiceBhaving foodDtaking photos()64.Whats the meaning of the underlined words“fashion designers” in the passage?A珠寶設(shè)計(jì)師C舞臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)師B發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)師D服裝設(shè)計(jì)師()65.What is the best title of the passage?AFirst Barbie Shop in ShanghaiBBarbies

14、Past and PresentCBarbies 53rd Birthday PartyDBarbie Lost Her Magic答案本文主要講述了芭比娃娃的過去和現(xiàn)在，并且提出了芭比娃娃還能夠流行多久的問題。61.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一句可知芭比的姓是 Roberts。62.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句“There are manysimilar dolls on the market in competition with her.”可知選 C。63.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段最后一句中的“wheregirls can shop, eat, drink or even bec

15、ome fashion designers for theirown Barbies”可知只有拍照不在其范圍內(nèi)，故選 D。64.D詞義猜測(cè)題。 根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知 fashiondesigners 的工作是設(shè)計(jì)服裝，故選 D。65.B主旨大意題。全文對(duì)比了芭比娃娃的過去和現(xiàn)在，并提出了它還能流行多久的問題，故 B 項(xiàng)最合適。配對(duì)閱讀左欄是五位病人的健康問題，右欄是七位專科醫(yī)生的簡(jiǎn)介。請(qǐng)根據(jù)五位病人的健康問題為他們選出最合適的?？漆t(yī)生診病。C()66.Kent has endless work todo every day.He has trouble gettingto sleep at

16、night and usually staysawake till 2 am.()67.8-year-old Dongdong hasa sweet tooth.He has already hadfour bad teeth and his mom isworried about his toothache.()68.Lins father has been aheavy drinker for 20 years.Hedecided to give up drinking afterthe body check which showedsome health problems.()69.Re

17、cently Betty eatswhatever she likes, including lotsof meat.She has found herselfputting on weight week by weekbut just cant stop eating.()70.Nina has a high feverbecause of the flu she caught atschool.She has such a big headachethat she cant go to school.A.Dr.Yang has developed a new treatment to he

18、lp patientsgive up drinking.She also does well in curing (治愈)diseases caused by drinking.BIf you break or lose your teeth, go to Dr.Smiths.He hasdifferent kinds of false teeth for people aged over 20, andhelps you feel good about yourself.CDr.Li got a doctors degree in traditional Chinese andwestern

19、 medicine.He is good at treating flu (fever, coughetc.) in both traditional Chinese and western medicalways.DDr.Chen has a lot of experience in helpingpatientsget normal sleep.She not only gives them medical carebut also provides advice on how to relax from busy work.EDr.Wright is always ready to of

20、fer help on eatingproblems.He believes each patient needs a different planto control his/her wish to eat.FDr.Liu, one of the best dentists in Guangdong GeneralHospital, has great skills in fixing bad teeth andcommunicating with kids to win their trust.GDr.Grey is one of the top doctors in the field

21、of heartdiseases.She used to work in America for three years andis good at doing heart operations.答案本題是有關(guān)為五位病人尋找合適的專科醫(yī)生。66.D題中的關(guān)鍵信息“has trouble getting to sleep at night”與D 項(xiàng)中的“helping patients get normal sleep”相匹配。67.F 題中的關(guān)鍵信息“bad teeth”與 F 項(xiàng)中的“fixing bad teeth”相匹配。68.A題中的關(guān)鍵信息“decided to give up dr

22、inking”與 A 項(xiàng)中的“help patients give up drinking”相匹配。69.E 題中的關(guān)鍵信息“She has found herself putting on weightweek by week but just cant stop eating.” 與 E 項(xiàng)中的“offer help oneating problems”相匹配。70.C題中關(guān)鍵信息“has a high fever because of the flu” 與 C項(xiàng)中的“He is good at treating flu”相匹配。一、選擇型閱讀理解題(一)閱讀技巧1通篇略讀法通篇略讀法有三

23、個(gè)目的：(1)對(duì)文章有一個(gè)總的概括和印象；(2)了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本觀點(diǎn)與立場(chǎng)；(3)記住文章的信息方位。它要求考生多注意文章的主題句(一般在段落的首尾處)和關(guān)鍵詞，可略過具體的論述、細(xì)節(jié)、數(shù)字等。這種方法較適用于敘述性的故事或說明文。2照題閱讀法照題閱讀法用于以下兩種情況：(1)在通篇略讀之后，遇到細(xì)節(jié)的、較難解決的問題時(shí)；(2)在做圖片或表格閱讀題(也就是A 篇閱讀)時(shí)。照題閱讀法的步驟為：(1)先讀問題，根據(jù)問題提供的線索，在文章中找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。(2)仔細(xì)閱讀和問題有關(guān)的前后句子。(3)再回到問題，仔細(xì)比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，確定正確答案。一般來說，照題閱讀法對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)理解題和詞義猜測(cè)

24、題效果較好。(二)答題技巧1主旨大意題此類考題多針對(duì)段落或短文的主題或標(biāo)題來設(shè)題。主要提問方式有：(1)Which is the best title of the passage?(2)Whats the main idea of the passage?(3)This passage mainly talks about _.技巧點(diǎn)撥：理解文章主旨大意的最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開的，而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫作主題句。找準(zhǔn)了主題句，就不難確定文章的中心思想及最佳標(biāo)題了。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(

25、1)表述的意思比較概括，相對(duì)其他句子來說，它的概括性更為明顯。(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，多數(shù)都不會(huì)采用長(zhǎng)、難句的形式。(3)段落中的其他句子起到解釋支撐主題句的作用。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的出現(xiàn)情況有以下三種：(1)主題句在篇首或段首主題句在篇首或段首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說明文、議論文大都采用先總述后分述的方法，讀這些文章可多留心篇首或段首，通常能很快找到答案。(2)主題句在篇末或段末用歸納法寫文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概括性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于篇末或段末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)、歸納或概括。所以當(dāng)文章用各個(gè)例子進(jìn)行說明時(shí)，其主題句往往在篇末或段末

26、。(3)無主題句有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句，需從文章中提煉、總結(jié)出文章的主題。這時(shí)常用的解題技巧是首先找出每一段的中心意思。各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來展開，或者是用來說明一個(gè)問題的，這個(gè)中心或問題就是這篇文章的主題。如 2012 年廣東省卷真題第 65 題：What is the best title of the passage?A. First Barbie Shop in ShanghaiBBarbies Past and PresentCBarbies 53rd Birthday PartyDBarbie Lost Her Magic通讀文章后可知，文章并沒有明顯的主

27、題句，所以我們需要先找出每一段都說了什么。文章第一段講了芭比娃娃的過去，第二、三、四段都敘述了芭比娃娃的現(xiàn)在。因此綜合起來，B項(xiàng)“Barbies Past and Present”就是文章的主題。2細(xì)節(jié)理解題此類考題一般在文章中都能找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的答案。主要提問方式有：(1)Which of the following is TRUE (NOT true)?(2)Which of the following is NOT mentioned?(3)From the first (second/third.) paragraph we know that_.技巧點(diǎn)撥：這類題目有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1)凡是針

28、對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式與題設(shè)不同。(2)干擾項(xiàng)往往是真假細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至是相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)和無關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)混雜。解答此類題目，首先要弄清題目和每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義，然后按題目要求尋找與之相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，正確估計(jì)答案來源，同時(shí)要注意題目和文章中的暗示。當(dāng)答案難以確定時(shí)，還可輔以排除法。如 2012 年廣東省卷真題第 62 題：Barbies trouble is that _.A. it wears heavy makeup and miniskirtsB. other dolls

29、are more popular with little girlsCother dolls are trying to beat her in the marketD. it has become less popular in the international market題目要求找出芭比娃娃面臨的困難，通讀文章后可知，A項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容(化濃妝并且穿迷你裙)在第二段第四句中出現(xiàn)過，但仔細(xì)閱讀可知，文章描述化濃妝并穿迷你裙的是芭比娃娃的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，而非芭比娃娃，故 A 項(xiàng)屬于假細(xì)節(jié)；又根據(jù)第三段第一句可知芭比娃娃對(duì)年紀(jì)較大的女孩子吸引力減小了，根據(jù)第四段第一句可知芭比娃娃在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上還是很受歡迎的

30、，故可知 B、D 項(xiàng)也均為假細(xì)節(jié)。而文章第二段第二句“There are manysimilar dolls on the market in competition with her.”正好是 C 項(xiàng)的另一種表述，故答案為 C。3詞義猜測(cè)題此類考題要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。主要提問方式有：(1)The underlined word “.” in the passage (most probably)means _.(2)The underlined word in the first (second/third.) paragraphrefers to _.(3)

31、What does the underlined word “.” mean?技巧點(diǎn)撥：常見的猜詞方法有：(1)通過定義、釋義猜測(cè)詞義。如 2012 年廣東省卷真題第 64 題：Whats the meaning of the underlined words “fashiondesigners” in the passage?A珠寶設(shè)計(jì)師C舞臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)師B.發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)師 D服裝設(shè)計(jì)師讀完全文后可知，最后一段中的“Fashion designers”后有一個(gè) 短 語(yǔ) “to make new dresses for Barbie” ，正好 解釋 了 fashiondesigners 是做 什么的 ，

32、根據(jù) 這個(gè)解釋和 生活常 識(shí)可 以判 斷fashion designers 是“服裝設(shè)計(jì)師”的意思。故答案應(yīng)為 D。(2)通過同位、并列關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。有時(shí)，需要猜測(cè)的詞語(yǔ)后面或前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)并列的單詞，它們兩者往往會(huì)有一定的聯(lián)系，考生可以根據(jù)這個(gè)并列的單詞來進(jìn)行聯(lián)想和猜測(cè)。(3)通過生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義?？忌袝r(shí)可以聯(lián)系生活常識(shí)來猜測(cè)生詞，這樣的生詞通常會(huì)在文章中對(duì)其功能、性質(zhì)有一些解釋性的句子，可以幫助考生更好地進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。(4)通過轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、同義、反義關(guān)系和情景、邏輯猜測(cè)詞義。在 but, however, yet, otherwise, though 這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前

33、后的詞有明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，并通過這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。如：Though Karls face has been washed many times, his ears stillremain grubby.由“has been washed many times”可知暗含的意思是 Karl 的臉很干凈(clean)，而 but 表示前后兩個(gè)意思相對(duì)，句中和 clean意思相對(duì)的就是“grubby”了，因此可猜出句中 grubby 的意思是“臟的”。再如：Lisa let the hairdresser trim her hair a bit because it

34、 grew toolong.根據(jù) because 從句的意思，我們可推測(cè) trim 就是“修剪”之意。(5)通過構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。如：The journey to Hawaii this summer is unforgettable .利用構(gòu)詞法常識(shí)和我們已熟悉的詞 forget，我們可以知道unforgettable 就是“令人難忘的”的意思。(6)根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測(cè)詞義。有些需要猜測(cè)的生詞后會(huì)用冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)引出列舉的例子，通過這些例子，就能比較容易地猜測(cè)出生詞詞義。4推理判斷題這類考題要求考生透過表面文字信息推測(cè)文字的隱含意思，對(duì)文章的發(fā)展情節(jié)及作者態(tài)度、意圖等作出合乎邏輯的推