膜技術(shù)和水處理_英文翻譯

1、膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protectionREN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2(1. China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9 West Road , Beitucheng Chaoyang District ,Beijing 100029 , China ;2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin , Co

2、rso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , Italy)Abstract : The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pollution is becoming more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 cities ,360 c

3、ities of them are short of water. The situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wastewater is

4、 discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane is a clean production technology ,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource. China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane. The paper present

5、s some data of Chinese membrane research and manufacture.Key words : membrane ; water treatment ; environment protectionCLC number : TQ028. 8 Document code : A1 IntroductionWater is a main resource for our human being ,but the problem of water is more serious than before.China is a developing countr

6、y while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development of economy , the eco - environmental problem is becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these are bound to have fatal impact s on the improvemen

7、t of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance.Membrane separation technology is an advanced tech

8、nology that has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO for the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application , which was a symbol of the bi

9、rth of membrane science and technology. China has a 40 year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis , pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fields of energ

10、y , electronics ,petroleum , petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , peoples daily life and the environmental protection. Especially in the water treatment , the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly impo

11、rtant role.2 The state of water resource and water pollution in ChinaIn range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the n

12、ext 30 years. It is forecast by some experts that water , rather than oil , is going to be the main cause of conflicts regionally even globally.There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of th

13、e cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually.The water quality in China was det

14、eriorated over the past few years. The polluted river length increased every year. According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23 %. 1 Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic develo

15、pment and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties discharging wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjia

16、ng power station. The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station.Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development , but also endangers the exi

17、stence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable.3 State of membrane industryChina has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 19582 . RO memb

18、rane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric coat system in 1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane , gas mem

19、brane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane.Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly. According to the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over 1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output

20、 of solo membrane was 45 million , within which the imported value was 27 million. The industrial output relevant to membrane was estimated 0. 17 billion and it will be 0. 3 billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output of locally manufactured membrane increased b

21、y 30 % annually.In 1997 , the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about 10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to 14 billion in 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was 1. 1 billion in 1997 and will reach 1. 6 billion in 2001 with the

22、annual growth rate of 8. 0 %. In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was 0. 97 billion in Europe. It is reckoned to be 1. 65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7. 9 %. According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as

23、shown in Fig. 1.Tab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over 1. 2 millionNoCompaniesProducts18271RO2National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology , Dalian ChinaGas membrane3Motian Company of Membrane Technology and Engineering , Tianjin Institute of Textile Science and Tec

24、hnologyRO,UF,MF4Beijing Shunyi Water Treatment Equipment FactoryED5Shandong Zhaoyuan Motian Group Co. , Ltd.UF6Eighth Research Institute of Nuclear Industry , ShanghaiMF7The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA HangzhouRO,UF,MF,ED8Huzhou Oumei Water Treatment Equipment Co. , LtdUF

25、, ED9Shenzhen Xinye Company10Qingjiang Chemical FactoryMF11Beijing Green Source CompanyEngineering12China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning CompanyEngineering13Shanghai Jimei Filter CompanyMFFig. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and ChinaThere are tens of research insti

26、tutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research bases on membrane. One is the aqueous membrane research institute The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane research base National

27、Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology ,Dalian , China.4 Application of membrane in water treatmentThe application of membrane in water treatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process. As an advanced separation technology , it is endowed with many advantages : h

28、igh selectivity , applicability under ambient temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation ,low pollution and etc.4. 1 Desalination of seawater and black waterRO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water. The energy consumption is

29、 less than 5 kW·h/ t for seawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for black water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water is 1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that RO is the best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial w

30、ater in the draught areas. It can be verified by the fact that most of the largest desalination plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab. 23 .4. 2 Purification of drinking waterMembrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can remove the suspended substance ,

31、bacteria , toxic metallic components and organic components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9 % supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drinking water. To supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the qua

32、lity of drinking water. Supplying water separately is to treat the 1 % supplied water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use RO membrane.Tab. 2 The largest five desalination plant s in the worldCountr

33、yProduction capacity (m3/ d)Unit numberWork yearMembrane companySaudi Arabia128 000151998TOYOBOSaudi Arabia90 909151999DUPONTSaudi Arabia56 800101989TOYOBOSaudi Arabia56 800101994TOYOBOSpain56 400101998DUPONTThe world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/ d.4. 3 Reuse of municipal

34、 domestic sewageCity sewage is an important potential water resource. Recycled water for different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewage with membrane. It is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource.There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing , and another

35、4 are under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water will flow out from these wastewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be reused for industrial purpose , green ar

36、ea and other fields. In this way , the municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water resource can be fully utilized. If the membrane technology is applied in the deep treatment of the city sewage ,more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing

37、. At the same time , more than one million tons of the water resource can be saved. So it would retrench 0. 36 billion tons of water per year. This method can reduce the water pollution , as well preserve the water resource.4. 4 Treatment of industrial wastewaterIndustrial wastewater has many types

38、in large quantity and it is very harmful. If the wastewater can be treated , it would not only preserve the resource ,but also protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterious substances such as oil ,metallic ions , phenol and etc. The membrane technology bears splendid signi

39、ficance in the industrial wastewater treatment . In early 1970s , RO membrane began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled ; Charged UF membrane turned the electro coating system in automatic company into clean producing line. The wastewater treatment with membrane recycled the wastewater

40、in dyeing process ; UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil wastewater.5 Future of membrane application in water treatment The essence of membrane technology is a highly effective material. The material should provide high flux , high selectivity and so on. In the wastewater treatment ,

41、 we often encounter hazardous condition. Under such kind of circumstances , organic membrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement . Consequently , more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these years with a rate of 30 %. Currently China can

42、produce tube ceramic membrane on industrial scale. With the decrease of water resource and the increase of water pollution , it is definitely that the membrane technology , the separation technology of the lowest energy cost , will realize a brilliant future. RO , NF ,UF , MF , ion - exchange , dial

43、ysis etc which are mainly used in water treatment will be the center of membrane technology. China is a country with a large population of nearly 1. 3 billion people , which covers one fifth of the world population , but the water resource is only 1/ 20 of world. Therefore the water resource per cap

44、ita is only 1/ 4 of that of the world. Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem. The advantage of membrane in water treatment is more and more obvious while it s application is wider and wider. The membrane industry of China marches rapidly at a rate of 30 % annually. However , the diff

45、erence from the developed count ry is still big. The membrane output per capita is merely 1/ 32 of that of USA and 1/ 12 of that of the world. The membrane market in China is huge with a bright outlook. To enhance the application of membrane in water treatment , we should :Ó Promote the applica

46、tion of membrane technology.Ó Develop new - fashion membrane.膜技術(shù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)中的水處理任建新1 張保成2(1 中國藍(lán)星化學(xué)清洗總公司, 中國 北京 朝陽區(qū)北土城西路9號,100029 2. 意大利都靈理工大學(xué)化工系, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , 意大利)摘 要： 這篇文章簡單介紹了目前中國水資源和膜工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀。目前，世界水污染日益嚴(yán)重，水資源日益短缺。中國有660 個城市，360 個城市缺水，110 個城市嚴(yán)重缺水，40 個城市極度缺水。有些專家預(yù)測，水資源將會成

47、為許多地區(qū)沖突和國際戰(zhàn)爭的根源。中國的水污染十分嚴(yán)重， 有46. 5 %的河流受到了污染，77 %的污水未經(jīng)處理被直接排放。膜技術(shù)在水處理方面有著獨特的優(yōu)勢。膜技術(shù)是一種可以用來提高人們飲用水質(zhì)量、處理污水節(jié)約水資源的清潔技術(shù)。中國也有眾多的膜研究人員和膜公司。這篇文章介紹了中國膜技術(shù)的研究和膜制造的一些數(shù)據(jù)。關(guān)鍵字: 膜技術(shù)/水處理/環(huán)境保護(hù)1 簡介水是對人類最為重要的資源，水資源的各種問題也比以往嚴(yán)重的多。中國是經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展的發(fā)展中國家。但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展生態(tài)環(huán)境問題也日益嚴(yán)峻，例如資源短缺、生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染等等，這一切對我們的生存水平的提高和經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展都有極大的束縛?，F(xiàn)在政府致力的

48、西部大開發(fā)，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)同為重中之重。膜分離技術(shù)是一項新型技術(shù)，在被開發(fā)至今的幾十年中發(fā)展非?？?。1952年，Reid第一次介紹了用反滲透技術(shù)淡化海水想的設(shè)想。1960年，Loeb和Sourirajin生產(chǎn)了第一個有實際應(yīng)用可能的反滲透膜，這標(biāo)志著膜科學(xué)與技術(shù)的誕生。中國對膜技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展有40年的歷史。其中反滲透、納濾、超濾、微濾、電滲析、滲透汽化膜、液態(tài)膜、膜反應(yīng)器等都有一定發(fā)展，并且在能源、電子、石油、石化、制藥、重工業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、食品、釀酒業(yè)以及人們的日常生活、環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域都投入了使用。特別是在水處理方面，膜技術(shù)的應(yīng)用面越來越廣，發(fā)揮的作用越來越重要。2 中國水資源和水污染的現(xiàn)

49、狀在眾多的環(huán)境問題中，水的問題是最為嚴(yán)峻的。全球三分之一的人們都面臨著水資源短缺或者廢水處理的問題，而這個數(shù)字在未來30年內(nèi)將會翻倍。有專家預(yù)測，水將代替石油成為區(qū)域沖突乃至全球沖突的主要原因。中國有660個城市，其中360多個城市缺水，110個處于緊缺狀態(tài)，更有40個城市位列極度缺水的城市名單之中。據(jù)估算，中國每年的缺水量為400.00億噸，到2030年，這個數(shù)字將會上升到600.00億噸，而由于水資源的短缺，產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值每年將會減少2400億元人民幣。在過去數(shù)年中，中國水資源的水質(zhì)不斷惡化，被污染的河長逐年提高。據(jù)1999年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，在監(jiān)測的100萬公里的河流中，46.5受到污染，但廢水處理率

50、只有23。水污染已成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步的障礙。在長江三峽庫區(qū)，21個縣區(qū)的廢水排入長江，導(dǎo)致水面上升24米，有時甚至可以達(dá)到6.5米，這直接影響了葛洲壩水電站的工作，也導(dǎo)致了二江水電站的頻繁故障。這種浮動造成的損失最為嚴(yán)重的一次是約為14 000kW的電力損失，約等于一座小型發(fā)電站的發(fā)電量。水污染不僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的障礙，也已經(jīng)危機(jī)人們的生存。由于被污染，yangteng湖的水質(zhì)從2級降至3級，不不能用作飲用水水源。3 我國膜工業(yè)的發(fā)展中國有許多關(guān)于膜技術(shù)研究機(jī)構(gòu)和研究人員。關(guān)于電滲析和離子選擇交換膜的研究始于1958年2 ，反滲透膜1965年，超濾膜的研究則始于20世紀(jì)70年代。20世紀(jì)80年

51、代，在制造出雙中空纖維超濾膜后，最早完成的超濾膜醋酸纖維超濾膜被用于電氣系統(tǒng)。關(guān)于納濾膜、汽化膜，無機(jī)膜、滲透汽化膜和液態(tài)膜等的研究也有很大發(fā)展雖然中國膜技術(shù)行業(yè)并不十分壯大，但其發(fā)展速度卻非常之快。根據(jù)1997年的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，中國有13家大型膜生產(chǎn)公司的總產(chǎn)值超過1 200萬美元（表1）。膜單項出口量是四千五百萬美元，其中進(jìn)口價值兩千七百萬美元。膜相關(guān)工業(yè)出口量估計為1.7億美元，而且今年將達(dá)到3億美元。百分之七十的進(jìn)口膜在中國內(nèi)陸銷售。國產(chǎn)膜出口量以每年百分之三十的速度增長。1997年，全球關(guān)于膜技術(shù)及其相關(guān)設(shè)備的總產(chǎn)值約為100億美元，據(jù)估計，到2000年將上升至140億美元。1997美國

52、膜工業(yè)的產(chǎn)值為11億美元，到2001年，這一數(shù)字將會以8.0%的年增長率上升至16億美元。1997年，歐洲有關(guān)于水處理的膜產(chǎn)品的銷售值為9.7億美元，據(jù)估計到2004年將會增長至16.5億美元，年增長率為7.9%。如圖1所示，根據(jù)以上增長速度，中國將在未來幾年中趕上美國和歐洲。表1 產(chǎn)值超過120萬的中國膜、公司NoCompaniesProducts18271RO2National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology , Dalian ChinaGas membrane3Motian Company of Membrane Te

53、chnology and Engineering , Tianjin Institute of Textile Science and TechnologyRO,UF,MF4Beijing Shunyi Water Treatment Equipment FactoryED5Shandong Zhaoyuan Motian Group Co. , Ltd.UF6Eighth Research Institute of Nuclear Industry , ShanghaiMF7The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA

54、HangzhouRO,UF,MF,ED8Huzhou Oumei Water Treatment Equipment Co. , LtdUF , ED9Shenzhen Xinye Company10Qingjiang Chemical FactoryMF11Beijing Green Source CompanyEngineering12China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning CompanyEngineering13Shanghai Jimei Filter CompanyMF年份圖1 美國、歐洲及中國膜產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)值增長中國有數(shù)十家關(guān)于膜技術(shù)的研究機(jī)構(gòu)，其中有20多家致力于超濾膜和微濾膜的研究。同時，我們還有兩個膜技術(shù)研究基地，一個是水膜研究學(xué)院中國杭州SOA水處理技術(shù)開發(fā)中心，另一個是氣膜研究基地中國大連膜技術(shù)國家工程研究中心。4 膜技術(shù)在