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1、US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1     The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Co

2、nvention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.2     The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the

3、 United States，last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.3     For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher

4、 tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.4 

5、;    The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are ca

6、used by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.5     The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.A  &#

7、160; What the FCTC DemandsB    US Signing of the FCTCC    Opposition to the FCTCD    How the FCTC Came into BeingE     What the FCTC Will Bring aboutF     Ratification of the FCTC練習： 1. Paragraph 1_B_2. Paragra

8、ph 2_D_3. Paragraph 3_A_4. Paragraph 4_E_  5.    Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward_B_.6.    Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, _D_.7.    It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths_E_.8

9、.    Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that_A_.A    have ratified itB    approving itC    implement its provisionsD    restrict smoking in public places E     caused by tobacco useF 

10、    including higher tobacco taxes More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing1Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2Investigators at the University of California in S

11、an Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a nightPeople who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep

12、 and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers.23These findings, which DrDaniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a nightHe added that “it might be a g

13、ood idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep for instance, one report demonstrated tha

14、t people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week

15、and whether they experienced any sleep problemsSleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each ni

16、ght were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hoursIn an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bedAs evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in be

17、d“It stands to reason6 that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.AKripkes Research ToolBDangers of Habitual Shortages of SleepCCriticism on Kripkes ReportDA Way of Overcoming InsomniaESleep Problem of Long and Short SleepersFCl

18、assification of Sleep Problems 練習：1Paragraph 2 _E_2Paragraph 4 _B_3Paragraph 5 _A_4Paragraph 6 _D_ 5To get a good nights rest, people may not need to _F_.6Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to _E_.7One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to _A_.8One

19、 survey showed that people who habitually _C_ each night have a higher risk of dying.Afall asleep againBbecome more energetic the following dayCsleep less than 7 hoursDconfirm those serious consequencesEsuffer sleep problemsFsleep more than 8 hoursWashoe Learned American Sign Language1.  &

20、#160;  An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and around the w

21、orld for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.2.     Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching W

22、ashoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like a

23、pples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.3.   

24、60; However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for priz

25、es. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardeners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.4.     Scientists like private researche

26、r Jane Goodall believe8 Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.5.     Debate continues abo

27、ut chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.練習:A    Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research NowadaysB    Report about Washoes Progress in Learning

28、Sign LanguageC    General Information about WashoeD    The Gardeners Contributions RecognizedE    Debate on Chimps IntelligenceF    Washoes Love for Three Young Chimps  1.    Paragraph 1_C_2.    Parag

29、raph 2_B_3.    Paragraph 3_E_4.    Paragraph 4_A_ 5.    Washoe could make signs to communicate_C_.6.    Some scientists doubted_A_.7.    Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language_D_.8.    The experi

30、menters thought Washoe was intelligent_E_. A    if the Gardeners argument was soundB    because she was cleverer than other chimpsC    when she wanted to eatD    while she was at a research center in EllensburgE    becau

31、se she could use sign language to ask for fruitsF    while Washoe was learning sign language Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmun

32、d Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer.3. That was the conclusion reached by experts a

33、t the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.4. Ten points more on the pessimism scalethat was

34、 the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” were enough to boost a persons chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older surve

35、y taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schw

36、arzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.7. There have been suggestions that optimists do no

37、t stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interp

38、ret it in a positive way. “Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.9. German science journal “Bildder Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its curre

39、nt March issue, commented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor.10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.11. Doctors like, however, to point to the exa

40、mple of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:

41、 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was les

42、s likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.練習：A. Quicker recovery from illnessB. A longer lifeC. From good health to optimismD. A positive way of understanding reality

43、E. Optimism and pessimismF. Optimists with illusions1. Paragraph 2 _B_2. Paragraph 6 _A_3. Paragraph 7 _C_4. Paragraph 8 _D_5. Some scholars did not believe _B_.6. How long one can live partly depends on _D_.7. An optimist does not necessarily try _A_.8. An experiment showed that optimists were _C_.

44、A. to avoid unpleasant things in lifeB. in looking on the bright side of lifeC. less likely to catch coldD. how one looks on lifeE. to be unhappy all the timeF. more likely to get cancerFace Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu1If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespre

45、ad use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case1.2But it

46、9;s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with2preliminary guidelines. "We don't want people wearing them everywhere," said the CDC. "The overall re

47、commendation really is to avoid exposure."3When that's not possible3, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you're healthy and can't avoid going to a crowded place. Second, you're sick and think

48、you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you4. Third, you live with someone who's sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.4Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that pe

49、ople never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.5During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close con

50、tact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may cre

51、ate a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway5 instead.6Nor does flu only spread through the air6. Say7 someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole8. If you touch that

52、spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you've been exposed. It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the no

53、se. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.7Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing. AReasons for Excluding Masks from the Self-pro

54、tection ListBEffort to Stop Flu from SpreadingCWhen to Use Face MasksDGuidelines on Mask UseEWarnings from the CDCFDanger of Infection through Germy Hands and Masks練習：1Paragraph 2 _D_.2Paragraph 3 _C_.3Paragraph 5 _A_.4Paragraph 6 _F_.5The scientists are trying to find out if mas

55、ks may or may not _E_.6The CDC is afraid that the public may _A_.7The public will not know the answer about masks until scientists _F_.8We can infer from the passage that the US authorities _B_.Aoveruse face masksBdeal with the mask problem seriouslyCrub their faces and noses in

56、the subwayDprotest against the mask guidelinesEhelp protect people from being attacked by a fluFannounce the results of their mask research  Old And ActiveIt is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A 1 report also shows that Japan has the longest healt

57、h expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of 2 in social environment.Scientists are trying to work 3 exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be 4 from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we 5 any changes to our eating habits, f

58、or instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret 6 in the Japanese diet that is particularly 7 to the human body?Another factor 8 to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrateAlthough longer life should be celebrated, it is 9 considered a social problemTh

59、e number of older people had 10 in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costsThe country could soon be 11 an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked 12 and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them13 the retirement age f

60、rom 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a 14 of responsibility and mission in life. Its important that the elderly play active 15 in the society and live in harmony with all generations.練習：1A late B recent C contemporary D new2A increase B progress C growth D improvement3A for B out C in D off4A learnt B gathered C understood D g