動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done進(jìn)行式 to be doing完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing1.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作與主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或發(fā)生在主要謂語之后，通常用不定式的一般形式。如：I saw him go out.Im glad to see you.2.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的時(shí)間之前，不定式就要用完成式。如：I intended to have telephoned you， but I for

2、got to.I should like to have bought a dictionary.3.不定式進(jìn)行式表示主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。如：I am glad to be talking with you. She pretended to be listening attentively.4.不定式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是一個(gè)開始于過去某一時(shí)刻但一直延續(xù)到謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的那一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作。如：He was thought to have been working on the project for two years.5.不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是

3、動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這個(gè)不定式要用被動(dòng)式，包括它的各種時(shí)態(tài)在內(nèi)。如：She doesnt like to be treated as a guest.她不喜歡被當(dāng)作客人對(duì)待。They want their TV set to be fixed right now.他們想把電視機(jī)馬上修好。There are a lot of things to be done.有許多事要做。This is the text to be read next time.下次就讀這篇課文。注意：有些習(xí)慣用法中，只能用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The house is to let.這房子要出租。A lot of work still

4、 remains to do.許多工作有待去做。不帶to 的不定式1.表示感覺的動(dòng)詞see， hear， feel， notice， watch， observe和have， let， make后的賓語可接不帶to的不定式。He noticed the man enter the room.他注意到有人進(jìn)屋了。They observed her do the experiment.他們觀察她做實(shí)驗(yàn)了。2.help后的不定式可以帶to也可以不帶to.Can you help me (to) clean up after the meal?飯后你能幫我洗碗嗎?3.有些類似于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的詞語(如rat

5、her than， had better， would rather， might as well等)之后，不定式不帶to.如：We might as well go without him.我們可以不讓他跟去。Youd better go now.你最好現(xiàn)在走。動(dòng)詞不定式概述動(dòng)詞不定式指由to加上動(dòng)詞原形所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞，但在有些情況下to 可省略。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語，如：To ignore this dangerous signal would be a terrible mistake. (作主語)He promised not to tell

6、 anyone else about it. (作賓語)To treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy.(作表語)The manager announced his intention to retire.(作定語)The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(作狀語)不定式中的動(dòng)詞仍然具有動(dòng)詞的特性，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，另外雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的主語，但它所表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者就是該動(dòng)詞的邏

7、輯主語，動(dòng)詞不定式要和它的邏輯主語在語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)上保持一致。動(dòng)詞不定式的用法1.不定式作主語原則上，可用動(dòng)詞不定式直接作句子的主語，通常用it作句子的形式主語，而把不定式移到后面，形成“It + 謂語 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”的句型。如：To catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. It is not a good idea to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning. To learn a foreign language well takes painstaking effort

8、s. It takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.若要說明不定式的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，或是“of + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. It is very kind of you to help me .可用于“of + 名詞/代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞是指那些可以表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或品質(zhì)的好壞的形容詞。這些詞如：careful， cruel， foolish， bo

9、ld， brave， good， honest， kind， rude， polite， nice，stupid， selfish， silly， wicked， wise， thoughtful， wrong等。2.不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種情況：一是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，二是“動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式”?！皠?dòng)詞+帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：常見的以不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有afford， appear， agree， ask， believe， decide， demand， desire， fail， hope， intend，learn， mean， offer， promise

10、，refuse， wish等。如：I cant afford to buy a house.“動(dòng)詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)：常見的這類動(dòng)詞有advise， decide， forget， know， learn， remember， see， tell， think， teach， wonder，discover， understand， guess， explain等。這類疑問代(副)詞what， when， which， where， how， whether等(不包含why)。如：She does not know how to go there. He will tell you

11、 how to deal with it.在不定式作賓語時(shí)，有時(shí)我們會(huì)使用it作形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面。如：They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.3.不定式作表語不定式作表語時(shí)，主語通常是一個(gè)名詞，不定式短語或者從句。The bosss plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. To work means to earn a living. What you have to do is to push the button.4.不定式作定

12、語不定式作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，它修飾以下幾類名詞：由動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞，它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞通常有不定式作賓語。Another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month. In his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal.這類名詞主要有：attempt， claim， decision， plan， promise， intention， need，resolution，tendency， wishfailure， threat等。 由可能與不

13、定式搭配的形容詞派生出來的名詞。Her eagerness to learn a foreign language obvious.這類名詞主要有：anxiety， patience， ability， willingness， ambition等。不定式作定語還可用來修飾代詞something， anything， everything， nothing. She has everything to lose and nothing to gain.由only， last， next， 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞后常用不定式作定語。Jim is the only student to a

14、nswer the question correctly in his class. You are the last to undertake the blood test.不定式常作為定語修飾there be結(jié)構(gòu)的真實(shí)主語。There is a big task to complete. 有些抽象名詞。主要有：reason， right， time， effort， chance， way等。如： the time to go to school， the way to get to the clinic， the chance to win the game.5.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語

15、相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，表示形為的目的、結(jié)果或原因。表示目的。在這種情況下，不定式的邏輯主語通常也是全句的主語。He stayed there to see what would happen.在強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式目的狀語時(shí)，不定式前可加in order， so as等。如：She asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5：00 plane. He moved the TV set to the meeting-room so as to let everyone watch it.用soas to， such () as to， enough to， tooto， only to等表示結(jié)果，如：Have you got enough room to seat all of us?She is too weak to join us in the outing.將不定式移到句首表示條件，如：To hear the teacher better， you have to sit in