高三英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)動詞不定式

動詞不定式,一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注：在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，常采用先行it代替主語，而把不定式后置：Itsagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注：這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.,注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通?？稍谔囟ǖ纳舷挛幕蚯榫爸锌闯?，也可以由“for+名詞詞組”來表示，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注：某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，常在不定式之前加上“of+名詞詞組”來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，如：Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.Itsveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itsunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.,二、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語,1主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語部分有動作動詞do時，作表語的不定式可以省略符號“to”，如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.,三、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作動詞賓語,1“動詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類動詞常見的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：Ivearrangedtomeethimattenoclock.Ididntexpecttofindyouhere.2“動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句）。這類動詞常見的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idontknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaventdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.,注：如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語，則應(yīng)使用先行it，把不定式后置，例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語,只有在個別場合,即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞except或but(=except)的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如：Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符號的省略問題！,四、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,1不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如：Itstimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：Idontwishtoquarrelwithyou.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.,3某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是不及物動詞，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如：Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Letsfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名詞詞組，如：Heresabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.,五、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。,1表示目的：Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語(參見以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如：Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.,注：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞not時，通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒杢o之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但卻不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.,2.表示結(jié)果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型：soastoWouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?such()astoImnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.enoughtoTheboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.tootoHiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義：Imonlytoogladtogo.(=Imverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)onlytoo(adv.)極;非常;太;很,有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當(dāng)于一個并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如：Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個特點(diǎn)：不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當(dāng)于一個限定動詞詞組，如：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號隔開。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。（有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果），如：HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.,不定式之前有時可以加上only或butonly，以加強(qiáng)語氣，如：Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.(=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.),3.表示原因：（不定式所表示的動作先于謂語動詞的動作）Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.,六、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,Dontforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse?1只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞：表示“希望”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動詞，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Wemustntletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.帶有“請求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動詞，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.,含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動詞，如：advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動詞，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.其他還有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.,2既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞：see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Dontimagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.Illleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.,注：有些動詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成（即全過程）；而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作正在進(jìn)行，即：謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，如：Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.,注：使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，在有些動詞后面，不定式符號to應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。下列動詞用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，必須省去不定式符號to：let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom?feel一詞在使用todo型不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，不帶to；在使用tobe型不定式時，要帶to，如：Hefeltthemtoberight.Didyoufeeltheearthshake?help一詞在使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，可以帶to，也可以不帶to，如：Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子，改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語，這時，“to”不可以省略，如：Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight.,不定式的一般式所表示的動作，通常與主要謂語所表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生,例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這個不定式就要用完成式，如：Imgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.Imgladtoseeyou.),七、不定式的完成式有下列用法,1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.),2在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語，如：Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(=ImsorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如：Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.（主語）Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.（定語）Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.（復(fù)合賓語）Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.（復(fù)合賓語）,如果主要謂語所表示的動作（或情況）發(fā)生時，不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，這時，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。,八、不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法,1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如：Wedidntexpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如：Hepretendedtobe