九年級英語上冊unit5知識要點

.九年級英語上冊Unit5 What are the shirts made of?一、 語法 被動語態(tài)(一)、什么是被動語態(tài)?英語中時態(tài)很多，但語態(tài)不多，只有兩種，即：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。所謂“被動語態(tài)”，相當于中文中常說的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行車被偷了?！?，“這座樓房是由他們建造的。”(二)、被動語態(tài)的結構那么，英語中被動語態(tài)是怎么樣構成的呢?請看下面的例句(注意劃線部分)：His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built for 20 years.通過上面的例句，可以看出，“被動語態(tài)”的構成是：be + 過去分詞 + (by+動作執(zhí)行者)(三)、被動語態(tài)的運用什么情況下要用被動語態(tài)呢?一般地說，有下面幾種情況：1、不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要。例如： Paper is made from wood. (紙是由木材生產(chǎn)出來的。) The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. (這座房子太舊了。它是1950年建成的。) He was wounded in the fight. (他在戰(zhàn)斗在受傷了。) This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。2、 需要強調(diào)動作的對象時。例如： Calculator cant be used in the maths exam.(計算器不能用于數(shù)學考試。) Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. (閱覽室的書籍和報紙不準帶走。)The window was broken by Mike.窗戶是邁克打破的。 This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。 (四)、各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例一般地講，被動語態(tài)可用于英語的各種時態(tài)。為了能準確地運用被動語態(tài)，重點是要掌握be動詞的各種時態(tài)變化。各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例如下：1、 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài). am / is / are + 動詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned every day. This car is made in China.2、一般過去式的被動語態(tài): was / were + 動詞的過去分詞 His desk was cleaned just now. The station was built in 1928.3、現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動詞的過去分詞 A new factory is being built in our city now. Some trees are being cut down in the park.4、過去進行時的被動語態(tài): was / were + being + 動詞的過去分詞 A new factory was being built in our city at that time. Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen at this time last year.5、一般將來時的被動語態(tài): (A) will / shall + be + 動詞的過去分詞 (B) am / is / are + going to be +動詞的過去分詞. Some new factories will be built in our city this year. Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.6、過去將來時的被動語態(tài): (1).would / should + be + 動詞的過去分詞 (2).was / were +going to be +動詞的過去分詞. She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city. He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.7、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have / has + been + 動詞的過去分詞 Some new factories have been built in the city since last year. Your watch has been mended already.8、過去完成時的被動語態(tài):had + been + 動詞的過去分詞 He said that some new factories had been built in the city. I didnt know that my watch had been mended .9、含情態(tài)動詞的被動式：can/may/must + be +動詞的過去分詞 He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.(五)、如何將主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài) (1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 (2)把謂語變成被動結構(be過去分詞) (根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式)。 (3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory.（六）被動語態(tài)的特殊情況：1、復合賓語變成被動語態(tài) 如果一個動詞后帶的是復合賓語（賓語+賓補）時，若需變被動語態(tài)時，其方法是：把主動語態(tài)句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，而賓語補足語仍留在謂語動詞后，作為主要的補足語。如：They chose Tom captain. 他們選Tom為隊長。Tom was chosen captain.湯姆被選為隊長。I found him lying on the ground.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上。He was found lying on the ground.他被發(fā)現(xiàn)躺在地板上。注意：在主動語態(tài)中，由于動詞see、hear 、watch 、notice、make、feel等動詞后，動詞不定式作賓語補足語時，不帶to。但改為被動語態(tài)時，要加上to。如：People saw him enter the building.人們看見他進入大樓。（see/watch/hear/make sb. do sth.）He was seen to enter the building.他被看見走進大樓。（be made / seen / heard / watched / noticed to do sth.被迫 / 被看見 / 被聽見 / 被觀看 /被注意 做某事）（使役感官真奇怪，to去to來令人猜，主動語態(tài)to離開，被動語態(tài)to回來。）2、雙賓語變被動語態(tài)：如果一個動詞帶雙賓語，在變被動語態(tài)時，可將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個賓語不動。但通常是將間接賓語（指人）變?yōu)橹髡Z。如：He gave me a book yesterday.昨天他給了我一本書。I was given a book by him yesterday.昨天由他給了我一本書。若把直接賓語（指物）改為主語時，應在間接賓語前加介詞to或for。A book was given to me by him yesterday.昨天一本書由他給了我。按英語習慣，在bring、give、lend、pass、sell、show、tell等動詞后通常用to；在buy、choose、find、get、teach、sing、make等動詞后用for引出間接賓語。 I bought her a dictionary.A dictionary was bought for her.（雙賓語，很奇特，被動語態(tài)有兩個，用人簡單用物難，難在人前to, for添）二、課文知識要點：1、What are the shirts made of?這些襯衫是用什么做的？ be made of“由制造的/制作的”（后接原材料，強調(diào)物理變化，能看出原材料） The desk is made of wood.課桌是用木材做的。 The bridge is made of stone.這座橋是用石頭砌的。 注意區(qū)別： be made from“由制造的/制作的”（后接原材料，強調(diào)化學變化，看不出原材料）Paper is made from wood.紙是用木材造的。The wine is made from wheat.這種酒是用小麥造的。 be made by sb.“被制作/制造”（后接人，強調(diào)制作人是誰） The chair was made by an old carpenter.那把椅子是一位老木匠做的。 be made in “在制作/制造”（后接地點或場所，強調(diào)物品的產(chǎn)地） This car is made in Shanghai.這輛車由上海制造。 be made into “被制作成/制造成”（后接成品，強調(diào)被制作成什么成品） Some of the trees will be made into paper.一些樹將被制作成紙。2、glass “玻璃”，“玻璃杯”，“眼鏡” glass作“玻璃”講時，為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復數(shù)形式，表示數(shù)量時用“a piece of” Three pieces of window glass were broken because of strong wind.由于大風，三塊窗玻璃打碎了。 glass作“玻璃杯”，“眼鏡”講時，為可數(shù)名詞，復數(shù)形式glasses I could really want a large glass of beer.我真想要一大杯啤酒。 I used to drink three glasses of cold water in the morning.我以前早上常喝三杯冷水。 I need glasses when I watch television.我看電視時需戴眼鏡。3、grass and leaves 草和葉 leaf “葉，葉子”，可數(shù)名詞，復數(shù)形式leaves巧記以f、fe結尾的名詞構成的復數(shù)樹葉（leaf）一半（half）自己（self）黃， 妻子（wife）拿刀（knife）去收糧， 架（shelf）后竄出一只狼（wolf）， 就像強盜（thief）逃命（life）忙。這九個詞變復數(shù)時，都是改-f(e)為ve再加-s。由self構成的復合詞，其變化與self相同(如： myselfourselves; yourselfyourselves; himself，herself，itselfthemselves)。4、China is famous for tea，right？中國已茶而聞名，對嗎？ be famous for“因/由于.而聞名”同義詞組be known for，后接出名的原因，后接賓語是主語的所屬內(nèi)容。He is famous for his great inventions. 因為他的偉大發(fā)明，他出名了。France is famous for his fine food and wine. 法國的美食和酒是出了名的。The area is famous for its green tea. 這個地區(qū)以產(chǎn)綠茶而著稱。Lu Xun was famous for his novels. 魯迅因他的小說而出名。 注意與be famous as的區(qū)別：be famous as“以/作為而出名”， 前面的主語和后面的名詞意思一致，后接賓語是主語的同位成分。Lu Xun was famous as a writer. 魯迅是位著名的作家。 Hangzhou is famous as a tourist place. 杭州是一個旅游勝地。 表示“非常出名”時，常用be very famous for，be well known for5、Well，as far as I know，tea plants are grown on the sides of mountains. 據(jù)我所知,茶植物是生長在山的兩側。 as far as“就”，“據(jù)” As far as I know，hell be away for three months. 據(jù)我所知， 他將外出三個月。 As far as I know, you are not a quitter. 據(jù)我所知，你不是一個放棄的人。 As far as I see，there are no mistakes.依我看來，沒有什么錯。 on the sides of 在的邊上 Is that factory on the side of the river? 那座工廠在河邊嗎？6、When the leaves are ready, they are picked by hand and then are sent for processing. 當葉子成熟了以后，它們就被手工采摘，然后被送去加工。are picked by hand“被手工采摘” by hand “用手” He moved the huge stone by hand.他用手移動了那塊大石頭 This handbag is made by hand.這個手提包純手工制作。 process“加工，處理” The fish are processed by freezing.這種魚經(jīng)過了冷凍處理。7、The tea is packed and sent to many different countries and places around China. 茶被包裝起來，然后被送到中國周邊的很多不同的國家和地區(qū)。pack v.“包裝，裝箱”We usually pack shirts in paper bags.我們通常用紙袋包裝襯衣。 Please dont forget to pack me a razor.請別忘了給我放一把剃須刀進去。 pack n.“包” a pack of一包(盒,箱,袋) He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day.他過去經(jīng)常一天抽一包香煙。8、No matter what you may buy, you might think those products were made in those countries. 無論你可能會買什么，你或許會認為那些產(chǎn)品就產(chǎn)于那些國家。no matter what 相當于whatever “無論什么”，引導讓步狀語從句。No matter what / Whatever you say, I can not agree with you.無論你說什么，我都不會贊同。 No matter what happened, he would not say a word. 不管發(fā)生什么情況，他一句話都不肯講。No matter what you do, dont touch this switch. 無論怎樣，都別碰這個按鈕。No matter what happens Ill stand by you. 不管發(fā)生什么事我都支持你，別怕。She says she11 follow him no matter what he says. 她說不論他怎么說她都要跟他走。 類似no matter what用法的還有： no matter who=no matter whoever無論誰 no matter when=no matter whenever無論什么時間 no matter where=no matter wherever無論在哪里 No matter where you go，dont forget your hometown.無論你去哪里，都不要忘記你的家鄉(xiāng)。 product n.“產(chǎn)品、結果，產(chǎn)物” They touted their new product around. 他們四處兜售他們的新產(chǎn)品。 The novel is the product of ten years of labor.這部小說是十年努力的產(chǎn)物。9、He realized that Americans can hardly avoid buying products made in China. 他意識到美國人幾乎不可避免會買到中國制造的產(chǎn)品。avoid“避免、回避”， 后可接名詞、代詞、動詞ing形式作賓語，不能接不定式作賓語 He avoided answering my questions. 他避而不答我的問題。It was impossible to avoid being affected. 要想不受影響是不可能的。I think she is avoiding me. 我想她是在躲著我。Try to avoid accidents. 盡量防止發(fā)生事故。I avoided him as much as possible. 我盡量避開他。You should avoid such mistakes. 你應當避免這樣的錯誤。10、What language is spoken in Germany? 在德國人們說什么語言？ Germany n.德國German n.德國人；德語 adj.德國的A German speaks German 德國人說德語。注意：詞尾為-man表示某國人的單詞復數(shù)形式一般是把man變成men an Englishman two Englishmen a Frenchman two Frenchmen但是German復數(shù)形式是直接加s a German-two Germans11、Careless driving causes many traffic accidents.粗心駕駛導致很多交通事故。 traffic 不可數(shù)名詞“交通、路上行駛的車輛” There is heavy traffic during the rush hours.上下班時間交通很繁忙。 There is little traffic on this road.這條路上行駛的車輛很少。12、1. Laura is trying to find out more about_:勞拉正在試圖找出更多關于_ find out “查明，弄清”；指經(jīng)過調(diào)查、詢問等弄清事實的真相。The window is broken. Try to find out who broke it.窗戶打破了。盡力找出誰打破的。find的用法： find found found v尋找 (1) find sb. doing sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事 (2) find it + adj. + to do sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)做某事很 find it difficult/ hard to do sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)做某事很困難 She found it hard to finish the work by herself.她發(fā)現(xiàn)獨自完成工作是很難的。find與find out 、look forfind v “發(fā)現(xiàn)”，指發(fā)現(xiàn)的結果 find out “查明，找到”指經(jīng)過調(diào)查、詢問等弄清事實的真相l(xiāng)ook for“尋找”，指找的過程I looked for my pen everywhere , but I couldnt find it. I havent found out who took it away.13、The international kite festival is held in _every year. 國際風箏節(jié)每年在_ 舉行。 international adj. 國際的 an international sports star an international organization國際組織hold ( held, held) 多義詞，“擁有、抓住、拿住；保持、持有；舉行”He always holds a pipe between the teeth.他嘴里總叼著煙斗。to hold someone by the collar抓住某人的衣領You may hold your opinion, but you have to obey orders.你可以保留你的意見，可你必須執(zhí)行命令。to hold a barrel of red wine存了一桶紅葡萄酒 to hold a meeting 舉行一次會議14、Each different part of China has its own special forms of traditional art. 中國每個不同的地方都有各自獨特的傳統(tǒng)藝術形。its own 它自己的Own n. 自己的adj. 自己的；特有的（常用于所有格代詞后面，加強語氣自己的；屬于自己的）your own 你自己的 their own 他們自己的 his own 他自己的 form n.“形式、類型”；“表格” These are two different forms of the same thing.這是同一種事物的兩種不同形式。 Please fill in the form，giving your name，address and business.請?zhí)钜幌逻@張表格，寫上你的姓名、地址和職業(yè)。15、The most common things, from paper to clay to bamboo, are turned into objects of beauty. 最為普通的東西，從紙到陶土再到竹子，都變成了精美的物品。 turn into“把變成”Turn the following Chinese into English將下列漢語譯成英語。The farmers are turning wasteland into ice fields.農(nóng)民正把荒地變成稻田。turn v 旋轉轉動 turning “路的拐彎處” Take the second turning on the left. 在第二個拐彎處向左拐 turn right/left 向右/左轉turn on “打開”；指把電器，水龍頭等打開。 Please turn on the radio.turn off“關閉”；指關閉電器、水龍頭等。Please remember to turn the light off before leaving home.turn up/down“調(diào)大/?。ㄒ袅浚?turn in 上交 turn over 翻轉16、According to Chinese history, sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming 根據(jù)中國歷史，天燈是由諸葛孔明首次使用的。according to “根據(jù)，按照”；to 是介詞，后跟名詞或代詞。 according to an legend根據(jù)一個神話 according to this article根據(jù)這篇文章 According to the new traffic law, everyone in a car must wear the seat belt. 按照新交通法規(guī)，車內(nèi)每個人都必須系安全帶。 be used by “被使用”17、He sent them out to ask for help when in trouble .當遇到麻煩時，他放天燈來尋求幫助。 send out “發(fā)送，派遣，放出”；接代詞時，放在out前面，名詞時，放在out前后都可以。 The sun sends out light and heat.太陽發(fā)出光和熱。to send out invitations發(fā)出邀請信 sent out information send構成的短語： send away 趕走 send for 派人去請 send off 寄出 send out 分發(fā) send up 發(fā)射 send sb. sth = send sth to sb. 送給某人某物 （類似的動詞有：show (展示， 給看) give (給) lend (借出) offer提供 return 歸還 tell 告訴） ask for help 請求幫助ask for 請求要某物 ask sb. about sth 向某人詢問關于某事 ask sb. for help 向某人請求幫助 ask sb. (not) to do sth請求某人做（不要做）某事 in trouble 處于困境中 in need 急需 in fact 事實上 in danger. 處于危險中18、They are made of bamboo and covered with paper. 它們是由竹子制成的，并被紙覆蓋住。 be covered with被.蓋住 In the winter, the mountain is covered white snow.冬季，山被冰雪覆蓋。 cover sth. with sth 用某物覆蓋某物 Cover the table with a cloth.19、When the lanterns are lit, they slowly rise into the air like small hot-air balloons for all to see.當燈籠被點亮的時候，它們像一個小氣球一樣慢慢升向天空，讓所有的人都能看見。 light 動詞“點燃”；過去式、過去分詞lighted 或lit. lit the candle light其他意義： (1) adj. “明亮的，淺色的”；反義詞dark light green (2) adj. “輕的” = not heavy 反義詞heavy (3) n 燈 turn off the light (4)不可數(shù)名詞 “光” rise (rose; risen) “增加，提高，增強，上升，升起” The sun rises in the east.太陽在東方升起。The population of the city has risen to five million.該市人口已增加到五百萬。The waters continue to rise as more than 1,000 people are evacuated.水面持續(xù)上漲，已經(jīng)有1,000多人被疏散了。The price rises .物價上漲。The river rose by two inches this morning.今天早晨河水上漲了兩英寸。20、The paper, usually red, is folded before it is cut with scissors.紙通常是紅色的在用剪刀剪之前被折疊起來。 scissors n “剪刀”常用作復數(shù)，作主語時謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 a pair of scissors 一把剪刀 成雙成對的名詞只有復數(shù)形式，類似的詞還有： jeans 牛仔褲 trousers褲子 shorts 短褲 glasses眼鏡 shoes鞋 “a pair of +復數(shù)名詞”做主語時謂語動詞與pair的形式一致。 A pair of scissors costs a little, in fact.21、The pieces are usually cute children or lively characters from a Chinese fairy tale or historical story.陶土作品通常是可愛的孩子，或是中國童話故事或歷史故事中生動的人物。lively adj.“生氣勃勃的，活潑的、（色彩）鮮艷的” She may be 80，but she，s still lively.她也許有80了，但仍精力充沛。live v 居住alive adj. 活著的 living adj. 有生命的 lively adj. 有生氣的 alive 表示“活著的”可作表語，也可作定語。作定語時必須后置。 living 表示“活著的有生命的”常作定語lively 表示“活潑的，有生氣的”可用來修飾人，也可以修飾物，可作表語或定語。 Who is the lively boy in the picture？照片中那個活潑的男孩是誰？ Luckily，the dog is still alive.幸運的是，這只狗仍活著。 He is one of the oldest men alive in the world.她是世界上仍健在的最老的人之一。 The river is so dirty that no living things can live in it.河水這么臟，以至于沒有生物能在里面生存。22、It takes several weeks to complete everything. 完成每件作品需花費好幾個星期。 It takes (sb) + 一段時間 + to do sth It took him an hour and a half to write the letter.寫這封信花費了他一個半小時。三、常用短語：1、be made of由制作/制造 21、everyday things日用品2、be made from由制作/制造 22、find out查明，弄清3、be made in在制作/制造 23、go on a vacation去度假4、environmental protection環(huán)境保護 24、paper cutting剪紙5、be famous for以而著名 25、such as例如6、be produced in在生產(chǎn) 26、turninto把變成7、be known for以聞名 27、send out發(fā)出，發(fā)送，放出8、as far as I know據(jù)我所知 28、be covered w