大學英語專業(yè)寫作基礎(chǔ)ppt課件VIP

EnglishWriting 張德玉逄洋洋 英語寫作 山東省高等教育特色課程 英語寫作 課件 第一章成教英語寫作課程導航 本章重點 學習目的和相關(guān)要求 本章著重探討英語寫作的重要性 介紹主要教材及幾部輔助教材的精髓內(nèi)容和學習要求 精心指導相關(guān)具體學習策略 方法和技巧 通報課程考核方式等 并與學員商討有關(guān)本課程的更加行之有效的教學方法 以期追求更為理想的教學效果 AccordingtotheTeachingSyllabus Englishmajorsshouldlearntowritecompositionsconcerningtheirdailylifeandcommonlydiscussedsubjects InTEM testeesarenormallyaskedtowritebothfreecompositionsandguidedonesaswell Nowyouarefreshmen andthelong feltTEM 4isjustonitsway therefore learningtowriteEnglishcompositionsstepbystephasalreadycometotheagenda Withthedeepeningofreformsandopeningtotheoutsideworld ourcountryhasnowenteredanewhistoricalperiod MoreandmoreprofessionalswithhigherabilityofEnglishareneeded Inordertokeepupwiththechangingsituation youshouldworkarduously PartOne Introduction Recently stricterrequirementshavebeenputforwardinEnglishwriting whichlayincreasingemphasisontheactualuseofthelanguage Therefore howtohelpyoubeabletowritecompositionswithasfewerrorsaspossibleisevidentlyagreattaskconfrontingmyteaching Justoutofthisconsideration nowlet sgothroughourlecture Brieflyspeaking thiscoursewillbedeliveredwithtwoobjectivesinview Firstly itismainlymeanttomeetyourneedsofpreparingforthecomingGrade 4test Secondly itaimsatprovidingyouwithacoverageofwhatyouneedthemostinyouractualuseofthelanguage Forexample youcanlearnhowtowriteabusinessletterorotherpracticalwritings Fromyearsofmyteachingexperience Iknowclearlythatthereasonwhyquiteafewstudentscannotwriteprettygoodcompositionsisthattheyfailtoemploysentencepatternsinwritingandthattheycannotputproperwordsintoproperplacesinasentence Theydoknowwhattowrite buttheydo notknowhowtomakeuseoftheirwordstoexpresstheirideascorrectlyandeffectively Asaresult mistakesareoftenmadehereandthere anditisverydifficultforteacherstoreadtheso calledwrittenpassages Therefore Iwillsparenoeffortstogiveyouasmuchbasicinformationandguidanceaspossibleastotheusesofwords phrasesandsentenceswhilewedealwiththosecommontechniquesandstrategiesinparagraphandcompositionwriting Asyouknow writingisnoeasymatter Itisnoteasytowriteeveninone snativelanguage nottomentioninaforeignlanguage Thereisalsonomagicformulathatwillguaranteeinstantsuccess Therefore writingwelltakestimeandeffort Allthatyouneedforthefirststepisanactiveandresponsiveattitudetowardswriting beconfident becauseyouarenot startingfromscratch butdon tbeover optimistic fortheroadtoeffectivewritingislongandarduous Longandarduousasitis Istillhopethatmylecturewillbringtoyouthepleasure thehelpandtheconfidenceinwritingalltypesofarticlesinEnglish TopicsforDiscussion 討論題 1 WhydowestudyEnglishWritingcourse 2 Whatisthemosteffectivewayoflearningthecourse Howwouldyouliketobetestedforthecourse Whatdoyousupposeisthebestwritingteacherlike 本章重點 學習目的和要求 本章著重講述英語寫作的基本格式 包括如何布局 抄寫體例 單詞分節(jié) 大寫的用法 如何空格及標準書法等相關(guān)內(nèi)容 通過對本章的學習 要求學員熟練掌握規(guī)范的英語寫作格式 第二章英語寫作格式 PartTwo ManuscriptForm Aswearelearningtowrite weshouldhaveaclearideaofwhatisgoodmanuscriptform Weshoulddoeverything writingthetitle leavingmargins indenting capitalizing anddividingwords accordingtogenerallyacceptedrules Wheneverwewritesomething weshouldworkcarefully writeneatlyandclearly andtrytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible Beforehandinginouressayorexercise weshouldproofreaditonceortwice becausewemayneedtomakesomefinalcorrectionsandchanges Ifwealwaysworkinthisway wearesuretomakeprogress I Arrangement Writingincorrectmanuscriptformisveryimportant becauseitmakesiteasytoreadwhatiswrittenandpreventsmisunderstanding Weshouldfollowthegeneralpracticesinwritingthetitle leavingthemargins paragraphing capitalizing anddividingwords Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside Inanexercisebookthetopandbottommarginsaremarked weneedonlytodrawaverticallinetomarktheleftmargin Wecannotmaketherightmarginstraightorneat unlessweareusingacomputer butweshouldneverwritetotheveryedgeofthepage Whenthespaceleftneartheendofalineisnotorbarelyenoughforthewordwearegoingtowrite weshouldwritethewordonthenextline ordividethewordifitisalongone Theremustbeablankspaceontherightsideofthepage Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline Everywordofthetitle includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords shouldbecapitalizedexceptarticles shortprepositions coordinatingconjunctions and or but so yet nor andfor andtoininfinitives Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle itshouldbecapitalized Topicsaregenerallynounphrases nounswiththeirmodifiers thoughotherformsarepossible Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined italicizedinprinting andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks Belowaresomeexamples MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean Well LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost s FireandIce Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage Alineisneverbegunwithacomma逗號 aperiod句號 asemicolon分號 acolon冒號 aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets括號 quotationmarks 引號orparentheses Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend notatthebeginning ofaline II WordDivision Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords One syllablewordssuchascount healthandthoughtcannotbedivided Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables re peat ed in sist punc tu al san dal de cline trans la tion Astressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit ded i cate grat i fy la bor a to ry fin nish Aconsonantplus leistreatedasasyllable min gle peo ple no ble gig gle Asinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline e voke heart y Atwo letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline hand ed hard en Divisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided re ally lay man Wordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen broad minded broken hearted Two syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants strug gle lat ter Divisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided Dickens Paris Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy Whenwearenotsure weshouldconsultadictionary Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot asintheexamplesgivenabove inothersbyaspace together summer III Capitalization Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces propernames keywordsintitles andthefirstwordsofsentences Commonwordsusedaspartsofpropernamesarecapitalized ThirdRingRoadNorthwesternUniversitytheNationalLibraryofBeijingtheMiddleAgesWomen sDaytheYellowRiver Wordsderivedfrompropernamesareusuallycapitalized MarxistDarwinismFreudianDickensianTaoistLatinize Somepropernamesortheirderivativeshavebecomecommonwords mackintosh araincoat afterCharlesMacintoshwhoinventedit lynch tomurderbyhanging afterWilliamLynchwhostartedit quixotic likeDonQuixote heroofthenovelofthesamename Allsentences includingsentencefragmentstreatedassentences shouldbeginwithcapitalletters Inthisregard weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences MissJohnsonsaid Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay shesaid youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage Whenyouwriteanessay youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage theteachersaid MissJohnsonadvisedusto payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage whenwewroteanessay Theseexamplesshow 1 thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma 2 acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop 3 ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem thefirstpartendswithacomma thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter unlessthefirstwordisapropername andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop 4 ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying itendswithacomma andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop 5 ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence IV Handwriting Therearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters toformloopsandtoprint towritewithoutjoiningthelettersinimitationofprintedwords Botharegood butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily Weshouldmakecapitallettersbiggerandhigherthansmallletters a sdifferentfromo s n sdifferentfromu s andweshouldnotforgettodoti sandj s orcrosst s Alittlespace aboutthatofoneletter shouldbeleftafteracomma andaslightlybiggerspace aboutthatoftwoletters afterafullstop Whenwewanttocrossoutaword weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit Itisbemisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark Whenwewanttoaddaword weshouldwriteitabove notbelow thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted Exercises I Thinkoffivetitlesandwritethemintheproperform II Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules alivesettingsister in lawhandycorrectnessgratitudebonuspermissionsociablethought dictatorshipfar reaching III Copytwoorthreeparagraphsfromabook trytowriteneatlyandpayattentiontohandwritingandmanuscriptform TopicsforDiscussion 討論題 1 Whatisagoodmanuscriptform 2 WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenEnglishwritingandChinesewriting 3 WhatarethoseessentialqualitiesofEnglishwriting 第三章英文寫作措詞 本章重點 學習目的和要求本章著重講解寫作過程中如何措詞 強調(diào)措詞的重要性 主要內(nèi)容涉及英文詞匯的分類 詞匯的含義 同義詞的區(qū)別等 通過對本部分具體內(nèi)容的學習 要求學員學會用詞準確 傳神 地道 生動 得體 真正做到恰當?shù)脑~用在恰當?shù)牡胤?properwordsintheirproperplaces I TypesofWordsTherearetensofthousandsofwordsintheEnglishlanguage andalongwithsocialandscientificprogress newwordsappearfrequently ThetotalnumberofEnglishwords ifitcouldbefoundout mustbesurprisinglylarge Butweneednotbeworriedabouttheimpossibilityoflearningallofthem foronlyafewthousandwordsareusedbyordinarypeopleforordinarypurposes Thesearethemostusefulwords orthecommonwords wordsthatformthecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary Theyarethewordswemustlearnandremember Apartfromthecommonwords therearewordsusedbypeopleofspecialprofessionsorfields onspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes Amongthesearepolitical legal scientific technical businessandliterarywords PartThreeDiction Itwouldbegoodforustoknowsomeveryusefulwordsinvariousfields andmanyofthewordsrelatedtothefieldwewillworkinorbeassociatedwith Thesewordsaregenerallyformal andmaybecalledformalandtechnicalwords Thereisanothertypeofwords thoseusedbypeoplewhoarenotwelleducatedorbypeopleofspecialgroups suchaspeopleofaparticularregionoranagegroup Someofthesewordsmaynotbeunderstandabletopeopleingeneral andmaydisappearafterashortperiodoftime Someofthemmaycontinuetobeused becomeacceptabletoallpeopleandjointhecommonwords Amongthesewordsareslang jargon dialectalandobsoletewords Theymaybecallednonstandardwords Weneedtounderstandthembutshouldavoidusingthem unlessinspecialsituations Hereareexamplesofthefirstandsecondkindsofwords samespeechlearneddestroystifftrypieceidenticalorationeruditeannihilaterigidendeavorfragmentInthefirstrowarecommonwordsandinthesecondformalwords Itcanbeseenataglancethatthosecommonwordsareusedineverydayconversationandininformalwritinglikepersonalletters diariesandstories Thoseinthesecondrowareusedonlyinformalwritinglikearticles documents researchpapers manualsandinpublicspeaking Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofwordsisveryimportant fortheirpresenceorabsencehasmuchtodowithstyle Compare Isawaghost andIwasfrightenedtodeath Isawanapparition anditreducedmetoaconditionofmortalterror Thefirstsentenceisinformalandcolloquial andthesecondismuchmoreformal becauseitcontainssuchformalwordsasapparition reduce condition mortalandterror Thetwosentencesaresimilarinstructureandmeaning soitisthewordsinthemthatmakethemdifferentinstyle Ofcourse peopleseldomsayanythinglikethesecondsentenceindailyconversation AswemakeprogressinourstudyofEnglish wecertainlylearnmoreandmorewords Itisagoodpolicytofindacommonwordofsimilarmeaningwhenwelearnaformalor big word Belowareexamplesofnonstandardwords ain t amnot isnot hasnot jolly very cool verygood hot angry fast deal agreement damn very neat nice Sincesuchwordsarenonstandard weneednotusethemeitherinspeechorinwriting Thefollowingaretwoparagraphsinwhichdifferentkindsofwords anddifferentkindsofsentencestructures areused Whenthetrolleycameitwasfull Istoppedonthebackplatform Seatsupfront theconductorsaid Ilookedintothecar Therewerenoseatsontheleftside I mnotgoingfar Isaid I lljuststandhere Bettergoupfrontandgetaseat theconductorsaid Igetoffprettysoon Isaid Acoupleofblocks Igotoffbeforewereachedthepostoffice WilliamFaulkner TheSoundandtheFuryThisismainlyaconversationwithafewnarrativesentences Allthewordsaresimplecommonwords Theysuitthecontent somethingaboutdailylife verywell Fivescoreyearsago agreatAmerican inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday signedtheEmancipationProclamation ThismomentousdecreecameasthegreatbeaconlightofhopeformillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice Itcameasthejoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity ThisparagraphistakenfromMartinLutherKing Jr sfamousspeechdeliveredin1963 Heusedmanyformalwordsbecauseitwasaformalspeech However therearealsomanycommonwordsinit Thisshowsthatcommonwordsareusedinallkindsofwritingandspeech II ChoiceofWordsWhenwewriteoncommontopicsforthegeneralaudience wemayachieveaccuracyandappropriatenessbybearingin mindthefollowingguidelinesaboutthechoiceofwords 1 Usecommonorinformalwordsforgeneralpurposes useformalornonstandardwordsonlyonspecialoccasionsorforspecialpurposes 2 Usespecificandconcretewordswhengivingdetails usegeneralorabstractwordswhenmakingsummaries 3 Useidiomaticexpressionsandwordsinacceptablecollocations avoidcombinationsthatareunidiomatic 4 Whentherearesynonyms choosethewordthatexpressesthemeaningmostexactlyandthatsuitsthecontentandstyle Wehavegivenexamplesofcommon formalandnonstandardwords Hereareexamplesofgeneralandspecificwords GeneralSpecificanimaltiger horse fox cat mouse bird butterfly insectlaughchuckle guffaw giggle roar smile grin beambighuge great large vast immense enormous tremendousscientistphysicist chemist biologist astronomer geologist mathematician Wordsaregeneralorspecificbycomparison Animalisgeneralwhencomparedwithtiger horse etc buthorseismoregeneralthansteed stallion etc Bothgeneralandspecificwordsareusefulinwriting Whenwedescribeorexplainthings orwhenwegivedetails weshouldtrytousespecificorconcretewordswhereverpossible fortheyarevivid exactandinteresting whenwesummarizeorgeneralize wemayfindgeneralorabstractwordsuseful General Hehasabighouse Specific Hehasatwo storeyedhousewithfourbedrooms twoliving rooms adining roomandakitchen General Itisabeautifulpark Specific Withstreamsandpondsshadedbywillowsandbamboos andsmall elegantly furnishedcottagesbehindpilesofrocks theparkisquietevenwhentherearemanyvisitorsinit andcoolwhenitishotsummeroutside General Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday Specific YesterdaymorningittookmeaverylongtimetogettomyofficebecauseIhadgotintoseveraltrafficjams ThenIwaitedforhalfanhourwithoutdoinganythingforthemanagertobeginameeting IntheafternoonIhadtogotoapubliclecture ThespeakertalkedfortwohoursbutIcouldn tmakeoutwhathismainpointswere If aftergivingtheabovedetails wewanttosummarize sentencessimilartothosemarked general canbeused Itisreallyabighouseforonefamily Everyonesaysitisabeautifulpark Inshort Iwastedalotoftimeyesterday Whenwearetryingtoenlargeourvocabularyandlearntouseeffectivewords weneedtopayspecialattentiontoconcreteandspecificwords Weusuallythinkofgeneralwordsfirstwhenwewrite butweshouldrememberthattherearemanyspecificwordswhicharesimilarinmeaningbutaremorecolorfulandimpressive Theyarethewordsweshouldmakeanefforttolearnanduse Idiomaticexpressionsarethosehabituallyusedbynativespeakers ForeignlearnersofEnglishoftenhavedifficultyintellingwhatisnotidiomaticfromwhatis becausetheyhavenotbeenbroughtupinthelanguage andalsobecausetheyare likelytouseEnglishwordsinthewaytheyusewordsoftheirmothertongue Word for wordtranslationfromChineseintoEnglishgenerallyresultsinunidiomaticexpressions Thatissomethingweshouldbeonguardagainst TakeforinstancetheChineseexpressionmeiyouguilv Ifliterallytranslated theEnglishequivalentmightbe tohavenolaw Butthisphrasewouldbeveryunidiomaticifitisusedtodescribeaperson sdailylifeorhabits thoughtheaboveChineseexpressioncanbeused Instead thewordregularismuchbetter hedoesnotlivearegularlife or heisnotamanofregularhabits Anotherthingweshouldlearniswhatwordscanbeusedtogether orcollocations Again collocationsinEnglishareoftendifferentfromcollocationsinChinese WesayinChinese forinstance daxue whileinEnglishthewordsnowismodifiednotbybigbutbyheavy ItissaidthatEnglishgrammarisnottoocomplicated buttheidiomaticuseofEnglishwordsandexpressionsisquitedifficultforforeignlearners WemustpayspecialattentiontothestudyofidiomaticEnglishifwewanttoimproveourwriting endof1stlecture III SynonymsTheEnglishlanguageisveryrichinsynonyms ThisispartlyduetothefactthatEnglishhasoverthecenturiesborrowedorabsorbedtensofthousandsofwordsfromotherlanguages mainlyGreek LatinandFrench WordsofAnglo Saxonoriginaregenerallycolloquialorinformal andtheyformagreatpartofthevocabularythatpeopleusedaily ManyofthewordsofGreek LatinandFrenchoriginareformal learnedor big andaremainlyusedinformalwritingorspeech Weshouldrememberthatwordsareonlyroughlyorapproximatelysynonymous Itisdifficulttofindtwowordsthathaveexactlythesamemeaning carrythesameimplication areusedinthesamecollocation orhavethesamestylisticvalue Littleandsmallarebothcommonwords andcanbecalledsynonyms Buttheyareslightlydifferentinimplication littlemayimplyafeelingoffondness whilesmallisobjective Smallisoftenusedtomodifyamount mistake number etc butlittleisseldomusedwiththesewords Similarly