英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).doc

英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、什么是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)很多，但語(yǔ)態(tài)不多，只有兩種，即：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所謂“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”，相當(dāng)于中文中常說(shuō)的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行車(chē)被偷了?！保斑@座樓房是由他們建造的?！倍⒈粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)那么，英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是怎么樣構(gòu)成的呢？請(qǐng)看下面的例句His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built in 2000.通過(guò)上面的例句，可以看出，“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”的構(gòu)成是：be + 過(guò)去分詞 + (by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用什么情況下要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)呢？一般地說(shuō)，有下面幾種情況：（1） 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。例如： Paper is made from wood. （紙是由木材生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的。） The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （這座房子太舊了。它是1950年建成的。） He was wounded in the fight. （他在戰(zhàn)斗在受傷了。） Electricity is used to run machines. （電是用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器的。）（2） 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí)。例如： Calculator cant be used in the maths exam. （計(jì)算器不能用于數(shù)學(xué)考試。） Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （閱覽室的書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙不準(zhǔn)帶走。） He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比賽中獲得了第一。）（3）為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提到是誰(shuí)做的這件事。例如： The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. （新實(shí)驗(yàn)室必須在下個(gè)月底前完工。）四、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例一般地講，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于英語(yǔ)的各種時(shí)態(tài)。為了能準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，重點(diǎn)是要掌握be動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例如下：1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Our classroom is cleaned every day.This car is made in China.2、一般過(guò)去式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down in the park.4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory was being built in our city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.5、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):(A) will / shall + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(B) am / is / are + going to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.Some new factories will be built in our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.6、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): (1).would / should + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 (2).was / were +going to be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have / has + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.Your watch has been mended already.8、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):had + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didnt know that my watch had been mended .9、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式：can/may/must + be + done例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.五、如何將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、從句子意義上說(shuō)，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。例1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：人們說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。People speak English in many countries.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)被說(shuō)。English is spoken in many countries.例2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：我們?cè)爝@座橋。We built this bridge last year.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：這座橋被建造。This bridge was built last year.2、從語(yǔ)法的角度說(shuō)，把原句的賓語(yǔ)改成主語(yǔ)。例1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：小王邀請(qǐng)你(賓語(yǔ)) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你(賓語(yǔ))被邀請(qǐng)。 You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.例2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你不準(zhǔn)帶走雜志(賓語(yǔ)) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：雜志(賓語(yǔ))不準(zhǔn)被帶走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.例3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他們授給他(賓語(yǔ))一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ)).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他(賓語(yǔ))被授予一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)? He was given a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ))被授給了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.6將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本方法為：將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)椤癰e及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”，并通過(guò)be的變化來(lái)表達(dá)出不同的時(shí)態(tài)；主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，組成介詞短語(yǔ)放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。（有時(shí)by短語(yǔ)可以省略）。7被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句是將一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前；否定句是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后加not；特殊疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋阂蓡?wèn)詞一般疑問(wèn)句。例如： You must throw the broken pottery away at onceThe broken pottery _ _ _ _ at once（同義句）（填m ust be thrown away） Where did they grow vegetables？（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Where _ vegetables _ ？（填were；grown）六注意特例將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意幾個(gè)特殊情況：1含雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，有兩種方法：將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)保持不變；將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)用介詞to或for引導(dǎo)。例如： He told us a story（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）We were told a story（by him）或：A story was told to us by him Her mother gave her a new pen（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）A new pen _ _ _ her by her mother（填was given to）2短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視為一個(gè)整體，其后的介詞或副詞不能省去。例如： This dictionary mustnt _ from the libraryCAtake away Btaken away Cbe taken away She will take good care of the children（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The children will _ _ _ _ _ （by her）（填be taken good care of）3含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。注意：省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to必須補(bǔ)上。例如：Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（變被動(dòng)He _ _ _ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（填was seen to）4不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“to be 過(guò)去分詞”。例如：The radio says a wild animal zoo is to _ in our cityCAbe building Bbuild Cbe built5以疑問(wèn)代詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要注意詞序：應(yīng)將主動(dòng)句中的疑問(wèn)代詞改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，但仍然放在句子開(kāi)頭。例如：Who has broken the cup？（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）By whom has the cup been broken？七注意區(qū)別被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：1）含義不同：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作由誰(shuí)完成、怎樣完成；而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)描寫(xiě)情景，敘述人或事物的特征及所處的狀態(tài)。試比較：The window is broken窗子破了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The window is broken by him窗子被他打破了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）2）用法不同：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以被 so，very，too等程度副詞修飾，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則不能用so，very，too修飾，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修飾。試比較：He was very interested in science他對(duì)科學(xué)有極大興趣。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）I was so much surprised at the scene that I didnt know what to do我被那種場(chǎng)面搞得大吃一驚，不知所措。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）10牢記（相關(guān)）句型初中教材中與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相關(guān)的句型有：1be covered with被覆蓋2be made of由制作（發(fā)生物理變化）be made from由制作（發(fā)生化學(xué)變化）be made in由（某地）制造be made by被（某人）制造3be used for被用來(lái)be used as被當(dāng)作（作為）來(lái)使用be used to do sth被用來(lái)做某事4It is said that據(jù)說(shuō)It is hoped that希望It is well known that眾所周知例如： 加速度學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng) 讓學(xué)習(xí)變得簡(jiǎn)單被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)共有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)往往用被、受、給等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：He opened the door.他打開(kāi)了這扇門(mén)。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The door was opened.這扇門(mén)被打開(kāi)了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過(guò)去分詞部分不變。疑問(wèn)式和否定式的變化也如此。1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)較常見(jiàn)的八種，現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞clean為例列表說(shuō)明：2、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式變化：以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和動(dòng)詞invite為例，列表說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式變化：3、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞；其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成，be+過(guò)去分詞部分不變。如：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那時(shí)桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問(wèn)句）三、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 轉(zhuǎn)換圖示： 1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：（1）將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)： 注意：如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞，需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。如?Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom.（2）將動(dòng)詞改為be+過(guò)去分詞。注意： They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他們昨天開(kāi)會(huì)了。（3）將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為be放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。 注意：如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞，則應(yīng)由主格變?yōu)橘e格。 He sang a song. A song was sung by him.2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)： 含有雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)（常指事物）和間接賓語(yǔ)（常指人）的句子，每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告訴了我們真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.四、動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有： be動(dòng)詞 起來(lái)（7個(gè)）：look/seem/appear, feel(感覺(jué)，摸起來(lái)), sound, smell, taste e.g. She seems/appears happy. It smells terrible. (逐漸)變得/變成：become, grow, get, turn, come, go e.g. His wish has come true. People often went hungry in the old days. The tree is growing tall. 保持：keep, stay e.g. We must keep quiet in the reading room.五、下列動(dòng)詞（詞組）沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式：1、happen, take place, break out, belong to ,cost, take 2、不及物動(dòng)詞sell, wash, read , write, open, close, shut, lock, wear等，常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 、An accident was happened yesterday.（）昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。 An accident happened yesterday.（） 、The flower smells sweet.這花聞起來(lái)很香。 、Thewatch looks good.這表看起來(lái)很好。 、This book sells well.這本書(shū)暢銷(xiāo)。 、The kind of cloth washes well. 這種布很容易洗。 、The article reads well. 這篇文章讀起來(lái)很好。 、The supermarket opens at 8:00 in the morning. 超市在早上八點(diǎn)鐘營(yíng)業(yè)。 、The door wont close/shut. 這門(mén)關(guān)不上。 、The door locks easily. 這門(mén)容易鎖。 、This material wears well (wont wear). 這種材料耐久（不耐久）六、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例（以動(dòng)詞do為例）1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（am/ is/ are +done） English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。 Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都舉行班會(huì)。 The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)(was/ were +done) The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那個(gè)男孩打碎了。 He was saved at last. 他最終獲救了。 My bike was stolen. 我的自行車(chē)被偷了。3一般將來(lái)時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(will/ shall be +done;