無(wú)傳感器液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)和控制————英語(yǔ)論文.doc

Real-Time Pressure Monitoring and Control of aHydraulic System without SensorTianshu Peng1, Craig Struthers2, and Peng Wen21 Computing Centre of Gansu Provincial Department of Science & TechnologyLanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, C2 Faculty of Engineering and SurveyingUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD 4350, A.auAbstract. In a traditional hydraulic system, a pressure sensor is used to implement feedback control. However, there are many industrial cases where applications have required a pressure feedback but the media is so corrosive and/or dangerous, the sensor becomes prohibitively expensive. This research proposes the control of a pumping system which can achieve the desired pressure without a pressure sensor. Along with the control system itself, a user friendly interface is developed to operate over the Ethernet.Keywords: system reliability, Modbus Protocol, pressure transducer, Ethernet network and WEB server interfaces.1 IntroductionThere are a greater number of pumps which are utilized in almost all aspects of industry and engineering, and range widely from feeds to reactors, distillation columns in chemical engineering and pump storm water in civil and environmental engineering. There is an almost endless assortment of pumping equipment available ranging in size, type and material of construction 6, 8. Research contributing to advancements in pumping technology can potentially create immense benefits for a large proportion of the engineering and industry sectors.Currently, within the industrial field there appears to be a deficiency in products designed specifically for the control of pumping systems. This is particularly evident in the application of constant pressure in a hydraulics system. The current industry standard is to perform this process with multiple units and a pressure transmitter feedback. Fig. 1 demonstrates how pressure control in a hydraulic pumping system is currently achieved. Note in particular the use of a pressure transmitter in conjunction with a controller and a Variable Speed Drive.The research was chosen in order to find a practical solution to achieving pressure feedback in pumping applications with highly corrosive or dangerous mediums. At present, this particular aspect of the pumping industry does not appear to be adequately addressed. Although pressure transmitters are available for mediums that are considered dangerous and corrosive the cost of this component is highly prohibitive.Fig. 1. Illustration of existing Pressure Control SystemFurthermore, replacement or calibration of the pressure transmitter component can be difficult and again not cost effective under such severe conditions.Research into current initiatives reveals that the main developments in sensorless pump control are being undertaken predominantly within the medical field such as artificial hearts and blood pumps. The objective being to remove the invasive pressure transmitter component from within the human body 7, 9.This research proposes to develop a pumping controller able to maintain constant pressure within the hydraulics system without utilizing a pressure transmitter and controller. The main purpose of this undertaking is to ensure that the controller will have no physical contact with the medium. Thus removing the pressure transmitter component of pump pressure control in order to achieve the reduction of a component. In completing the functionality, a real-time monitoring, configuration and control system software package is also being developed.2 MethodologyThis research proposes to remove the pressure transducer component of pump pressure control in order to achieve an efficient process 5. Fig. 2 represents the proposedpressure control system whereby all the pressure control is performed within the Variable Speed Drive itself, the WEB server is simply a remote user interface. Fig. 2. Illustration of proposed Pressure Control System2.1 System ConfigurationThe culmination of some specified equipment that will be listed in next section resulted in the final test product as can be seen from Fig. 3. The outlet of the pump feeds into the tank creating a closed loop system. The pressure transmitter has then been connected back into the VSD and the VSD is then monitored for pressure, speed and motor current readings. Fig. 4 shows photos of the actual test equipment used. Fig. 3. Closed Loop Testing System PI DiagramFig. 4. This Photograph is of Closed Loop Testing system and Testing Systems Pump, Pressure Transmitter and VSD2.2 System ComponentsFollowing is the components that have been utilized for this project. Each item has been carefully chosen for its suitability for the purpose of the research.A pumping system essentially consists a supply or suction side, a pump with a driver and a discharge or delivery side 8. A centrifugal pump alternatively is known as a pressure generator because its rotating element transfers the energy to the fluid 2,8. Not withstanding the fact that the centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used pumps for transferring liquids, it also has excellent ability to control pressure, is quiet in comparison to other pumps, has relatively low operating and maintenance costs, takes up minimal floor space and can create a uniform, non pulsating flow 2, 3.For these reasons above, the type of pump chosen is a Centrifugal pump with a Radial Flow Impeller driven by a suitably sized Squirrel cage induction motor.This form of pump consists of a shaft mounted impellers rotating unidirectionally within a casing. The velocity head is converted into pressure head by the Volute which directs the liquid from the outer perimeter of the impeller to the pump discharge1.A VSD alters the speed of an electric motor by means of modulating the power to that motor. The VSD maintains constant pressure in a conventional pumping system by receiving a signal from a pressure transmitter, and corresponding the motor output relative to the feedback from the transmitter 4. VSDs provide a number of advantages over traditional methods of constant pressure control which have been taken into consideration as part of this research. Most significantly, a VSD allows for rapid adjustment of small variations which greatly enhances its value 5.The WEB server chosen for this project is a device which has a primary role of converting from Ethernet to serial. With recent technological advances it is now possible to interact with these devices from a remote location using a WEB browser over an Ethernet network 11.A Lantronix Din Rail mounted Serial to Ethernet convertor / Web server was selected. The unit can be programmed to perform calculations and control functions for the VSD system as well as be able be configured as an HMI (Human Machine Interface) from the VSD system to the real world.2.3 Programming and ImplementationThe VSD has a user programming software which was developed by PDL called Vysta. The VSD has 30 registers that can be used for a user application written in Vysta. The PDL Microdrive Elite Series are primarily motor controllers. Therefore any programming that is done in Vysta must not interfere with their ability to control the motor 10.Programming of the VSD involved utilising three softwares written and supplied by PDL Electronics. The first software used was Vysta which is the actual programming language that provides the platform to write the control applications.The next software that is used is PDL Drivelink Version 2.7. This software is utilized to download the compiled Vysta program into the VSD. This was required to be done throughout the project during the various testing stages.The last software that is required to be used is PDL Drivecome Version 3. It was used to set up variables used in the Vysta programs that have been written to achieve the end result of the project.In order to develop the user interface, various types of WEB servers were investigated. A Lantronix unit was chosen. It is 24 volt DC powered and has the ability to communicate from Ethernet to RS-232, RS-422 or RS 485 all within the one unit. The added benefit of using this type of device is that any person within an organization who has access to their LAN or WAN can view and adjust parameters without the cost of further software other than windows explorer.3 Test and EvaluationA program was written in Vysta which ramped the speed of the drive up and then held it at maximum speed and then ramped it down again. This was done repetitively so that a pressure, speed and motor current relationship in an open head and a closed head system could be obtained.3.1 Open Head System TestsFig. 5 illustrates the motor current and pressure variance in an open head system when the speed of the pump is varied from 0% to 100% and vice versa. It shows that the motor current at 3.75amps at full speed results in a pressure of approximately 155 Kpa. This indicates that the motor current is linearly proportional to both speed and pressure in the Open Head System.Fig. 5. Plot of Pressure and Motor Current with speed being varied for 0%-100% with the pump outlet valve fully open3.2 Closed Head System TestsFig. 6 shows that the motor current drops down to approximately 3 amps whilst the pressure increases up to 200 Kpa or thereabouts. This data indicates that there are pressure limitations within the system. These limitations are that once the pressure of approximately 165 Kpa is reached, then the motor current begins to decrease until such time that a minimum current of approximately 3 Amps is reached and maintained. This current of 3 Amps will be held at this level as long as the motor pressure is greater than the 165 Kpa.Fig. 6. Plot of Pressure and Motor Current with speed being varied for 0%-100% with the pump outlet valve fully closed3.3 Fixed Speed TestsAfter conducting the initial Open and Closed Head Tests, it was determined that further tests were required in order to better understand the relationships between system pressure, pump speed and motor Amps.Fig. 7. Plot of Pressure and Motor Current when speed is held at 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%Fig. 8. Plot of Pressure and Motor Current when speed is held at 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%Numerous testing was undertaken, and it was found that as the centrifugal pump does not start moving the fluid until 30% speed or greater that the results from tests at the lower speeds were irrelevant. It became evident that below 60% of motor speed it would be virtually impossible to control the pressure in the pumping system by modeling the motor current.From the results obtained thus far it is evident that the control algorithm that is required to control pressure in a pumping system without the use of a pressure transmitter will require the system to operate around a known speed which can be calculated to approximately match the pressure required in the system. At this point, due to the test data revealing that the actual motor current decreases as the system pressure increases, the information can be used as a feedback which will be used to finely adjust the speed of the pump to control more closely the required pressure setpoint.3.4 Closed Loop System Tests with Pressure Transducer and Using Proposed AlgorithmThe closed loop control of a conventional system with the use of a pressure transmitter is achieved by utilising the internal PID capabilities of the VSD which has an output as shown in Fig. 9. (a) It can be seen that the pressure is controlled constantly about the required setpoint of 65 Kpa. From this data the best setpoint to use for the Closed Loop System using the Control Algorithm was to be 65 Kpa as it can be seen from the conventional system, control is possible.It can also be shown in Fig. 9. (b) that control around the setpoint was achieved, with the pressure fluctuating marginally. This was due largely to having to control system pressure by crude means of manually turning the outlet valve on the pump for open to closed and vice versa.Fig. 9. Closed loop system Pressure-with pressure transmitter feedback4 ConclusionThis project presents a new method to implement the pressure control of a hydraulic system without sensor, and developed a user friendly interface package to monitor, control and configure the system over Internet in real-time. A comparison is carried out between conventional pressure control system and proposed control strategy. Based on the obtained data, we can see the proposed control strategy works well, however the performance is not better than the traditional one. Further work is required to improve the proposed strategy to achieve better accuracy and smoother response.References1. Australian Pump Manufactures Association Ltd: Australian Pump