譯林版高中英語(yǔ)牛津版必修一學(xué)案：Unit2 grammar.doc

鍵入文字英語(yǔ)句式類型一、分類1）按照句式結(jié)構(gòu)分為三種：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句2）按照句子功能分為四類：陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句第一節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單句一、定義：簡(jiǎn)單句只包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)或并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)或并列謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子，且句子的各個(gè)成分都是由單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)組成的。二、分類：類型1：s + v。該句型中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不可接賓語(yǔ)，但可接狀語(yǔ)或其他成分例：nobody went out.the children are playing.we study hard.類型2：s + v + o. 該句型中的謂語(yǔ)為及物動(dòng)詞，后面必須接賓語(yǔ)，且只能接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。例：we love our country.the old woman looks after the baby carefully.he dreamed a terrible dream last night.類型3：s + v + o(人) + o(物)該句型中的動(dòng)詞為雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，后面必須接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。該類動(dòng)詞主要有：give, show, send, pass, lend, return, promise, owe; make, buy, do, fetch, paint, save, spare, find等 例：he gave his sister the piano.he gave the piano to his sister.he bought his wife a coat.he bought a coat for his wife.類型4：s + v + o + c該句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面必須接賓語(yǔ)，且還要用一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。 例：i found the book easy. the teacher told us to study hard.we heard him singing.類型5：s + l + p該句型中的l為系動(dòng)詞，后常接表語(yǔ)。注意：1）該句型無(wú)被動(dòng)；2）無(wú)進(jìn)行；3）作非謂語(yǔ)時(shí)常用v-ing形式。 例：the flower is beautiful.he is a teacher.系動(dòng)詞分類：1）變化系動(dòng)詞：turn, become, grow, fall, get, go, come, run等例：she becomes a lawyer.she turns lawyer.2）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：be, seem, remain, stay, stand, keep等例：he always kept silent at meeting.3）感官系動(dòng)詞：feel, smell, sound, taste, look, appear等例：the milk tastes sour.the cloth feels soft.4）終止性系動(dòng)詞：prove, turn out等例：his plan turned out a success.第二節(jié)句子成分在句子中起著不同語(yǔ)法作用的部分，叫做句子成分。句子成分有9種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)。1、主語(yǔ)（subject）：表示句子描述的是“誰(shuí)”或“什么”，通常是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。通常有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等充當(dāng)。the students worked very hard.they are from america.80% of the students in our class are girls.to learn english is very difficult for us.=it is difficult for us to learn english.swimming in the lake is dangerous.what he said is true.2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：什么主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或具有的狀態(tài)與特征。構(gòu)成形式如下：1）簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。she practices speaking english every day.the woman takes good care of the baby.i have got rid of smoking.2）復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)形式1：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。you may go now.he has caught a bad cold.we are going to visit the old town tomorrow.3）復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)形式2：由系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。we are students.she becomes famous.the little girl is afraid of the snake.4）復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)形式3：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)it will be wasted.he must be wrong.we will be free tomorrow.5）復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)形式4：被動(dòng)句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。mary was seen to swim across the river.they were expected to finish the work as soon as possible.3、表語(yǔ)：用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)的成分。一般在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)可由下列結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)：名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句。the young man has turned thief.all of these are yours.the flower is beautiful.the film is moving.we are moved by the film.her job is to look after the baby.my job is teaching english.tom was out then.the fact is that he passed the exam successfully.4、賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作承受的對(duì)象?？捎上铝薪Y(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、賓語(yǔ)從句等。he bought a new car.the heavy snow prevented her from going to school.she enjoys listening to music.i dont know how to get there.i think that he is old enough to join the army.5、賓補(bǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞后除了接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)外，還必須有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)對(duì)賓語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，這樣才能使句子的意義完整，這類動(dòng)詞被稱為“復(fù)合及物動(dòng)詞”，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：make, consider, find, get, have, let等。the boss made us work 14 hours every day.we found the dog lying on the ground.we painted our house white.we found him killed the next morning.6、定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。通常由下列結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)：形容詞、分詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。she is a beautiful girl.my book is old.more than 30 students in our class are from abroad.he is the first to come and the last to leave.the teaching building is under construction.the girl in white is my sister.7、狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分。通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、名詞、形容詞或狀語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。she used to sit for hours quietly.he has lived in the countryside for 20 years.the tree is too tall for the boy to climb up.encouraged by the teacher, she made up her mind to learn english well.wherever you go, whatever you do, i will wait for you.8、同位語(yǔ)（appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。this is mr. zhou, our headmaster.the question who should do the work is still in discussion.9、插入語(yǔ)（parenthesis）：對(duì)一句話作一些附加的解釋；通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。to be frank, i dont quite agree with you.第三節(jié)并列句一、概念：有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起，構(gòu)成的句子叫做并列句。例：he made a promise, but he didnt keep it.*：1、并列句中兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句相互之間沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)的所屬關(guān)系，只是在語(yǔ)意上存在一定的聯(lián)系。2、并列連詞的確定取決于分句之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系二、類型：1）順承并列句；2）轉(zhuǎn)折并列句；3）選擇并列句；4）因果并列句；5）條件或結(jié)果并列句1、順承并列句：表示兩個(gè)同等的概念，常由：and, not onlybut also等連接例：they talked happily, and they forgot to cook supper.not only did the students sing, but also the teacher sings.2、轉(zhuǎn)折并列句：表示兩個(gè)分句在語(yǔ)意上轉(zhuǎn)折。常由：but, while, yet, nevertheless等連接例：he worked hard, yet he failed.some problems are easy while others are difficult.3、選擇并列句：常由or，eitheror, otherwise等連接例：either you leave this house or i will call the police.i must work much harder, otherwise i cant catch up with the other classmates.4、因果并列句：常由for, so, therefore 等連接例：it was late, so we went home.its going to rain, for the sky is dark.it rained, therefore the football match was put off.5、條件或結(jié)果并列句例：hurry up, or well miss the train.work hard and youll succeed in time.第四節(jié)復(fù)合句一、概念：用一個(gè)句子作另一個(gè)句子的某個(gè)成分（主、表、賓、同、定、狀），兩個(gè)句子有所屬關(guān)系，含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子被稱為復(fù)合句。例：when we shall hold a meeting is still a question.the question is when we shall hold a meeting.we are discussing when we shall hold a meeting.the question when we shall hold a meeting is not decided.the question we are discussing is when we shall hold a meeting.the question will be discussed when we shall hold a meeting.*：1）所有的從句必須有相應(yīng)的從句引導(dǎo)詞，有些從句引導(dǎo)詞可以省略； 2）所有的從句語(yǔ)序要順承，不能倒裝。二、分類：1、定語(yǔ)從句；2、名詞性從句；3、狀語(yǔ)從句1、定語(yǔ)從句：限定性定語(yǔ)從句，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句例：this is the man whom we have talked about.the note was left by john, who was here a moment ago.2、名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句what he said was not true.china is not what it used to be.i dont know why she refused my invitation.the news that they won the match is true.3、主語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、讓步、比較例：i will tell him when he comes back.the