中學語法解難.doc

中學英語疑點A.形容詞與副詞形容詞1. 形容詞的位置修飾差不多的，字節(jié)少的在前（a small but beautiful room）Thosethree-beautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodentable限定-序數(shù)-基數(shù)-描繪大小- 新舊-顏色材料國籍2. 作表語的聯(lián)系動詞De,become,go,grown,get,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain3只能作表語的形容詞a.表示身體的形容詞 Well,ill,faint,contentb.以a-開頭的形容詞afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive4.以-ly 結(jié)尾的形容詞Friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely5.不能用于疑問句與否定句的形容詞詞組Plenty of,a lot of副詞1. 表示不確定的時間副詞放在行為動詞之前，助動詞之后Always,often,rarely2. 副詞修飾名詞，在名詞之后The person there is looking for you.3. 副詞與介詞構(gòu)成的詞組，介詞在后Theres the house,right in front of you.4. 修飾全句的副詞置于句首（perhaps,truly）Truly he will go to Hongkong.5. 副詞的作用賓語補足語 Let the dog out.定語 The building there looks very grand.表語 Time is up.狀語 I worked in Beijing almost for three years.6. Before 泛指“以前”，不用agoWe never met them before.7兩種形式的副詞Closely 仔細、密切地，nearly，loudly,deeply 抽象意義的深，highly 高度地，lately 近來，hardly ,freely 無拘無束地8.Much 與very 的區(qū)別Much 用于比較級，very 用于原級，very much 用于修飾動詞，在修飾表語時英國與美國有區(qū)別 very afraid (美國)，如果在不能判斷時用much 更為妥當。9.already,yet,still區(qū)別Already(已發(fā)生)，yet (期待發(fā)生)，still(正在進行，多用于肯定句)Have you met Mr Fang yet? Have you already met Mr Fang ?(你竟然-，出乎意料)10.quite ,rather用在帶有形容詞名詞和不帶形容詞名詞前有區(qū)別They are rather a strong team. They area rather team.11.cant-too的特殊意義You cant be too careful in doing these exercises.形容詞與副詞的比較級1. 單音節(jié)加more 的詞 real ,glad ,fond, tired, pleased2. 用more 或-er都可以 Cruel, often,strict,friendly3. 以-or 結(jié)尾的詞用toInferior,superior,senior,prior,majior,minorHe is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.4. 無比較級的詞Excellent,extreme,perfect,favourite,total,only,single,entireB.情態(tài)動詞1.could 表示請求時不用肯定句Could I open the door? Yes,you can. No,Im afraid not.2.表示能力 can 可用 be able to 代替，在已經(jīng)形成的能力不用couldHe was able to go to the party yesterday.3. might 比may 委婉(日常用can)，否定回答用cant,mustntMay I take this book out? No,you cant. No, you mustnt.Might I use your pen? No,you mustnt. May you succeed!4. 情態(tài)動詞need僅用于否定句和疑問句，肯定句中用must,have to, ought to,should5. Dare 也不用于肯定句，但可用于條件句How dare you say I am unfair!6. 實義動詞dare 在否定句和疑問句中可省略 toI wondered if he dared (to) say that.7.在美國英語中ought to在否定與疑問句中可省略toYou oughtnt (to) smoke so much！ Ought you smoke so much?8.should 在疑問句中可代替ought to9.情態(tài)動詞完成式的意義1).Can（could）you have done- ? 本來可以做而為做,問表示不肯定。You could have done better ,but you dont try your best.He cant have been to that town.2).may (might) have done表示對過去行為的推測He may not have finished the work.3).must have done肯定句表示想必You must have seen the film.否定句的完成時可用cant 代替4).neednt have done表示不必做而做了You neednt have watered the flowers,for its going to rain.I didnt need to clean the windows, my sister did it.(沒有做)5）。Should have done -本來應該做而未做You have started earlier ,but you didnt.6）.will have done 表示推測，用與第二、第三人稱He will have arrived by now.7).ought to have done-過去應該做而未做You ought to have done (should) helped him.(But you didnt.)8).had better (had best 同意，很少用)不可用于長輩C非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞、分詞）1.不定式：無人稱與數(shù)的變化，有時態(tài)語態(tài)的變化，邏輯主語常用for 的結(jié)構(gòu)2.不定式做主語、賓語、表語時常用it代替，不定式放在補足語之后I find it interesting to study English.3.省to的動詞（后接不定式做補足語）Feel,hear,listen to,look at ,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make4不及物動詞做定語，所修飾的詞是不定式的動作的地點工具是名詞或代詞時要用介詞Please give me a knife to cut with.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.如果所修飾的詞是time ,place ,way習慣上省介詞He had no money and no place to live (in).5. 所修飾的詞是不定式的動作承受者，用主動與被動有不同意義Have you anything to send?(動作的執(zhí)行者是you)Have you anything to be sent?(動作的執(zhí)行者是me or someone else)6).不定式做狀語目的in order to,so as to-I come here (in order) to see you.原因 ：We were very excited to hear the news.條件：To look at him,you should like him.結(jié)果：so-as to,enought to,only to,too-to,He hurried to the school to find nobody there.He lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet.7).tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定意義Anxious,delighted,eager,easy,glad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willingShe was too surprised to see how angry her father was.8).在not,never,only,all,but結(jié)構(gòu)中tooto 中的too表示veryIts never too late to learn.Im only too glad to stay at home.9).不定式做獨立結(jié)構(gòu):to be frank,to be exact,to begin with,to make a long story short, to tell the truthTo tell the truth, I dont agree with you.10).不定式與wh-word 連用與why ,why not 連用省to,且用于開頭Why worry about it?Why not have a rest?11).不定式的時態(tài)a).一般時：與主句謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生b).進行時：表示正在進行,有時也表示將來He is believed to be coming.c).完成時，表示其動作在謂語動作之前He is believed to have come.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.d).在有些詞后加不定式完成式表示過去沒實現(xiàn)的計劃：intended,expected,promised,hoped,wanted,wished,thoughtI hoped to have finished the work earlier.e).在seem,appear,think,consider,believe后加不定式完成時表示該動作在先He seems to have bought the new book.It seems that he has bought the new book.12).不定式的被動語態(tài)，表示不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者He had to shout to be heard.Its great honour to be invited to the party.a).當所修飾的詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系，用主動結(jié)構(gòu)Have you got a key to unlook the door?b).所修飾的詞與不定式構(gòu)成動賓關系，又和主語構(gòu)成主謂關系，用主動結(jié)構(gòu)I know what to do.He needs a room to live in.I have a letter to write.* I know what is to be done.(what是動作的承受者也是其邏輯主語)c).作表語形容詞的狀語，且與主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，用主動結(jié)構(gòu)The book is difficult to understand.He is hard to talk to.如果強調(diào)受事者，也可用被動結(jié)構(gòu) The handwriting is very difficult to be read.The box is too heavy to be lifted.d).在there be 句中主動式考慮必須有人做，被動式考慮事情本身必須有人完成There is a lot of work to do.(sb has to do the work)There is a lot of work to be done.(the work has to be done)There is nothing to do.(無聊)There is nothing to be done.(無法做)13).不帶to 的不定式a).would rather,would sooner,had rather,had soonerthanI know better than do such a thing.(我不至于蠢到這種地步做這種事)b).在cant but,cant choose)but ,cant help but 之后I cant but admire his courage.c)在why,why not 之后d).前面行為動詞是do 的不同形式，后接介詞but,except,desides不帶to ,否則有toShe could do noting but cry.What do you like to do desides swim?I have no choice but to accept the fact.e).避免重復Im really puzzled what to think or say.f).固定搭配let fly,make believe(假裝),make do(湊合)，hear say,go hang14).Its-for sb與of sb to do 結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（of 表示人的個性，for 表示事物性質(zhì)）D動名詞1做主語：動名詞一般表示抽象或多次行為，不定式則表示具體或一次性的動作。Its no use arguing with him.To play with fire will be dangerous.Playing with fire is dangerous.在Its no good (use ,useless) 結(jié)構(gòu)中只用-ing 形式2做表語和賓語Her job is teaching.He is fond of playing football.3.一些必須后接動名詞的動詞Admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feel like,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice,put off ,resist,risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand4.后接動名詞和動詞不定式均可，但意義不同F(xiàn)orget,go on, like,mean(to do 打算、ing 意味著),regret,stop,remmber,try5動詞結(jié)構(gòu)v. +sb to do sth 或 v. +doing sth: Allow, advise,forbid,permitWe dont allow students to smoke here.We dont allow smoking here.6. 動詞結(jié)構(gòu) V. doing sth 或V. to be done :require, need,wantThe windows want cleaning.The windows want to be cleaned.7. 動詞后接 to do 或 doing無明顯區(qū)別（但動名詞多泛指，不定式多有所指）Love,like,hate,prefer,deserve,intend8. 動詞口語中多為不定式，書面語多為動名詞Start,begin,continue9.有些詞組后面有to 的介詞，要用ingBe used to,pay attention to,in addition to,be equal to,lead to10.復合動名詞a.動名詞的邏輯主語是有生命的名詞，這個動名詞在主語中其邏輯主語用所有格，如做賓語名詞用普通格、代詞用賓格Toms coming is what we have expected.His coming is what we expected.She didnt mind Jack coming late.She didnt mind him coming late.b.動名詞的邏輯主語是無生命的，只用名詞普通格Is there any hope of our team winning the macth?c.指示代詞和不定代詞只能用普通格She was disturbed by somedody shouting outside.11.動名詞的時代和語態(tài)a.一般式：His coming will be of great help to us.b.完成式：表示其動作在謂語動作之前Im sorry for not having kept my promise.c. 被動語態(tài)：He likes being helped.(但在require,need,want be worth后接動名詞表示被動意義)E現(xiàn)在分詞 a.主動語態(tài)Being a student,he was interested in books.Having studied in the university for 8 years,he knows the city very well.b.被動語態(tài)Having been criticized by the teacher,Liming gave up smoking.The question being dicussed is important.F.過去分詞:表示在謂語之前的動作，有被動的含義，沒有完成式The cleaned desks are still very durty.G.分詞的用法1.做主語：單個分詞置于所修飾的詞之前，如是詞組則放在其后Pollutted air and water are harmful to our health.The man standing at the window is our teacher.如果兩個動作有先后，則不用現(xiàn)在分詞用從句The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.2.作狀語The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.要求分詞的主語要與句子的主語一致，如果不一致則分詞必須帶有其邏輯主語，表示時間也可以用while,when引導Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.3.作表語The news is inspiring.You shouldnt stand up if you are badly hurt.4.賓語補足語We saw the teacher making the experiment.H.全倒裝句1.There be 結(jié)構(gòu)2.在here +不及物動詞+主語結(jié)構(gòu)中（像這樣的詞有there,now,then）或以out,in ,up, down ,away 副詞開頭的句子（表示強調(diào)）Out went the children.Now comes your turn.There goes the bell.但當這種結(jié)構(gòu)中代詞做主語其主謂語序不改變(半倒裝)Here it is.Here you are.In he comes.3.句首為地點狀語From the valley came a frightening sound.South of the city lies a big steel factorey.4.在表語開頭的句子中（包括分詞或介詞短語加聯(lián)系動詞加主語的結(jié)構(gòu)）Adjective +link v.+ subject: Present at the meeting were Tom and Jack.Participle + link v.+ subject:Gone are the days when they could study at school.Preposition phrase + link v.+ subject:Among the goods are Christmas trees,flowers,candles and toys.5.以so,neither,nor開頭重復前句部分內(nèi)容He cant do it. Neither can I.He has been to Beijing. So have I.*David has made great progress. So he does and so have you.（so 簡略句用法）I部分倒裝句1.疑問句Do you speak English?2.虛擬條件句，句首if 被省略Had you reviewed your lessen,you might have passed the examination.3.形容詞（名詞、動詞）+as(though)讓步狀語從句Try as he would, he might fail again.Pretty as she is,she isnt clever.在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中如表語是名詞不可用冠詞，如主語太長也可全倒裝Child as he was,he had to make a living.Difficult as was the chemistry homework,it was finished in time.4.用于no noonerthan,hardly-when,not until句中Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.No sooner had he gone out than the telephone rang.5.用于never 等開頭的句中（at no time,many a time,little）Little did he know who the woman was.7. 用于only 開頭的句中Only in this way can you master English.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.如果only 后面不是狀語就不用倒裝Only Wangling knows this.8. 引語中某某說如果是名詞倒裝，代詞不倒裝9. 在祝愿句中May you succeed!J否定句1.部分否定 Not ,and,both,all,many,everyHe is not rich and kind.(He is rich but he is not knd.)He cant read and write.(He can read but he cant write.)Not every girl likes computer games.Not many poeple like ball games.2.否定前移Think ,believe,expect,imagine,soppose(that clause 的否定)I cant imagine that he is such a leader.K.反意問句1.had better(hadnt -)2.used to (didnt or usednt)3.ought to (oughtnt he? 在正式文體中ought he not? Or should he not? Shouldnt he?)4.must 表示推測不可用mustnt,而是根據(jù)后接不定式時態(tài)而定He must have come back,hasnt he?You must be tired,arent you?5.must 表示必要時用needntYou must take the money with you,neednt you?7. 表示禁止時用mustYou mustnt park here,must you?8. must have done(有過去時間狀語用didnt,表示強調(diào)完成用havent)You must have seen the film,havent you?He must have met her yesterday,didnt he?9. 否定詞才表示否定句，而詞的否定前綴不表示否定句He seldom sees a film,does he?He is unhappy,isnt he?10. 不定代詞 everyone,someone,no one用arent they? Isnt he?No one was hurt ,werent they?Everyone knows their job,dont they?Everyone knows his job,doesnt he?11.Im -,arent I?12.主語one正式文體用one,非正式用you,而that, this（it），these, those(they)One cant be too careful,can you? can one?13.否定前置I dont believe she knows it ,does she?14.感嘆句的附加部分為否定一般現(xiàn)在時What a lovely day,isnt it?15.前后均為肯定a.謂語wish疑問may 的肯定式I wish to go home now,may I?b.祈使句Lets go home,shall we?Let us clean the blackboard,will you?(Please allow us to clean the -)Have a glass of water ,will you?c.表示譏諷So thats little trick,is it?d.表示懷疑，需要對方證實Your bike is outside,is it?L.虛擬語氣1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反 If +s+didwere ,s+ wouldshould doIf he had time ,he would attend the meeting.If I were you,I should give him a lesson.2.與過去事實相反 If+ s+ had done,s+would have done.If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.3.與將來事實相反If+ s+ did(were, were to do,should do,s+would do )(第一人稱也可用should do)If it were to(should) rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.4.主從句時間不一致，結(jié)構(gòu)也作相應調(diào)整If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.5.If 被省略Were+s+-,Had+s+-,Should+s+-,Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.Were I in school again,I would work harder.6.介詞短語代替條件句But for the rain,we should have a pleasant journey.Without air,there would be no living things.7.用于賓語從句a.wish:I wish we had arrived there 2 hours earlier.（過去）I wish it were spring all the year round.（現(xiàn)在）I wish you could go with us.（將來）8.在下列詞引導的從句中用should doArrange,command,demand,desire,order,propose,request,require,suggestT