托福閱讀點題沖刺班.ppt

托福閱讀點題沖刺班 托?？键c概述技巧思維綜述閱讀新題難題 托福考點概述 1 基本句法結(jié)構(gòu) 定語 狀語 2 句間邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)因果 轉(zhuǎn)折 比較3 句間論證結(jié)構(gòu)X opinion forexampleY fact 4 句間并列 遞進結(jié)構(gòu)5 觀點概括歸納 邏輯關(guān)系1 1顯性 Because since leadto contributetoReason consequently attributeto hence therefore thus outcome effect dueto inthat cause resultin from induce trigger bringabout giveriseto 2隱性 Accountfor suggesting for by through engender accordingto liein beascribedto bebasedon beguidedby depend relyon evolvefrom comefrom inthesenseof similar like both comparable consistent thesameas asmuchas inthesameway parallels likewise resemble unlike relatively different more less although however nevertheless but instead ratherthan whereas yet conversely onthecontrary unless onlyif incontrast Asopposedto ontheotherhand 1同級 2差量 1相反 2相對 邏輯關(guān)系2 1較強 particularly additionally what smore also beside then furthermoremoreover inaddition aboveall inparticular even moreimportant inthisconnection atmost apartfrom 2較弱 and notonly but aIso neither nor both and one another some others Typeyourphrasesandsentenceshere forexample forinstance toillustrate specifically suchas Accordingtoa n experiment research study survey experimentally 技巧思維綜述 閱讀理解句子 句子理解核心 閱讀考查結(jié)構(gòu) 結(jié)構(gòu)不可變態(tài) 閱讀答案直接 直接對應(yīng)文章 題干比較復(fù)雜 讀題一定清晰 選項句式糾纏 錯誤定語狀語 選項必須科學(xué) 極端態(tài)度不選 選項結(jié)構(gòu)固定 添加結(jié)構(gòu)不選 選項偶有陷阱 指代跳躍避免 閱讀理解句子 句子理解核心 Sincethelawsofphysics notsomearbitrarydecision havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied artobjects theyfollowbasicpatterns somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater 句子的核心含義 主干 邏輯 態(tài)度 例題1 OG P81Q3 EdisonwasmoreinterestedinthesaleofKinetoscopes forroughly 1 000apiece totheseparlorsthaninthefilmsthatwouldberuninthem whichcostapproximately 10to 15each Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine aprojector fromhiminsteadofseveral ExcerptfromOG Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim 例題2 TPO3 1 3 Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically Theworld sarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago Buildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws Unlikebuildingmaterials themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws 拓展1 TPO1 1 4拓展2 TPO14 3 8 閱讀答案直接 直接對應(yīng)文章 細節(jié)類題目 答案選項與原文是同義改寫關(guān)系 不作推理 例題1 TPO3 1 8 Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody asupportingskeletonorframe anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces equipment similartothebody svitalorgansandsystems Theequipmentincludesplumbing electricalwiring hotwater andair conditioning Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture suchasigloosandadobestructures therewasnosuchequipment andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone 8 Whichofthefollowingcorrectlycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthehumanbodyandarchitecturethatisdescribedinparagraph5 Complexequipmentinsidebuildingsistheoneelementinmodernarchitecturethatresemblesacomponentofthehumanbody Thecomponentsinearlybuildingsweresimilartothreeparticularelementsofthehumanbody Modernbuildingshavecomponentsthatareaslikelytochangeasthehumanbodyis Ingeneral modernbuildingsmorecloselyresemblethehumanbodythanearlierbuildingsdo 例題2 TPO3 3 3 Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfinditrelativelyunchangedinayear stime Individualfishmaybereplaced butthenumberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromoneyeartothenext Wecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystemaremorestablethantheindividualorganismsthatcomposetheecosystem 3 Accordingtoparagraph2 whichofthefollowingprinciplesofecosystemscanbelearnedbystudyingapond Ecosystempropertieschangemoreslowlythanindividualsinthesystem Thestabilityofanecosystemtendstochangeasindividualsarereplaced Individualorganismsarestablefromoneyeartothenext Achangeinthemembersofanorganismdoesnotaffectanecosystem sproperties 題干比較復(fù)雜 讀題一定清晰 題干舉例1 TPO6 3 4 4 Allofthefollowingtheoriesabouttheinabilitytorecallearlyexperiencesarerejectedinparagraph2EXCEPT 題干舉例2 TPO11 3 9 9 Inparagraphs4and5 whatevidencesupportstheclaimthattheintensityofnestlingbeggingcallsisagoodindicatorofwhichoffspringinanestwouldmostbenefitfromafeeding 選項句式糾纏 錯誤定語狀語 例題1 TPO3 1 6 Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable suchaswood stone brick Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial 6 Accordingtoparagraph4 whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofbuildings Becausenewbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations Theavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybebuilt Theprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood stone andbrick Architectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbuildingmaterialstoencloselargespaces 例題2 SummaryQ1 OGT2 1 Fullerbelievedthataudiencesinthelatenineteenthcenturyhadlostinterestinmosttheatricaldance 2 Fullertransformeddanceinpartbycreatingdanceinterpretationsofworksbypoetsandpainters 3 Fuller sworkinfluencedanumberofotherdancerswhowereinterestedinexperimentaldance 4 Fullerintroducedmanytechnicalinnovationstothestagingoftheatricaldance 5 Fullercontinuedtodevelopthroughouthercareer creatingmorecomplexworksandexploringnewartisticmedia 6 Bythe1920 s Fuller stheaterattheParisExhibitionhadbecometheworldcenterforinnovativedance AnswerChoices1 Icecoreswereusedtodeterminethatgreenicebergswereformedfromthecompactionofmetalliccompounds includingcopperandiron 2 Alliceshelvescanproducegreenicebergs buttheAmeryIceShelfisespeciallywellsuitedtodoso 3 Greenicebergsformwhenatwolayerblockoficebreaksawayfromaglacierandcapsizes exposingthebottomseaicetoview 4 Icecoresandsamplesrevealedthatbothiceshelvesandgreenicebergscontainalayerofbubblyglacialiceandalayerofbubble freeseaice 5 Greenicebergsarewhiteuntiltheycomeintocontactwithseawatercontainingplateletsandsolubleorganicgreenpigments 6 Inagreeniceberg theseaicecontainslargeconcentrationsoforganicmatterfromtheseawater 例題3 SummaryQ1 TPO3 1 Answerchoices Architectsseektocreatebuildingsthatarebothvisuallyappealingandwellsuitedforhumanuse Overthecourseofthehistoryofbuilding innovationsinmaterialandmethodsofconstructionhavegivenarchitectsevergreaterfreedomtoexpressthemselves Throughouthistorybuildingshavebeenconstructedlikehumanbodies needingdistinct organ systemsinordertofunction Bothclientsandarchitectsareresponsibleforthemediocredesignsofsomemodernbuildings ModernbuildingstendtolackthebeautyofancientstonebuildingssuchasthoseofMachuPicchu Thediscoveryanduseofthearchtypifiesthewayinwhicharchitectureadvancesbydevelopingmoreefficienttypesofstructures 選項必須科學(xué) 極端態(tài)度不選 選項結(jié)構(gòu)固定 添加結(jié)構(gòu)不選 極端態(tài)度詞 any every main major primary always best must most superior only more mostlikely probably prefer surprisingly strikingly exclusively indicate suggest 添加結(jié)構(gòu) 比較結(jié)構(gòu) 讓步轉(zhuǎn)折 例題1 OG P251Q1 Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging butEarthisadynamicbody anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering slowlyonthehumantimescale butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth about4 500billionyears Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain constructiveprocessessuchasuplift whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms ExcerptfromOG Accordingtoparagraph1 whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofchangesinEarth slandscape Theyoccurmoreoftenbyupliftthanbyerosion Theyoccuronlyatspecialtimes Theyoccurlessfrequentlynowthantheyoncedid Theyoccurquicklyingeologicalterms 例題1 OG P115Q6 Becausetheyarealwaysswimming tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills Accordingly theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills Infact tunasmustswimtobreathe Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder thegas filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant ExcerptfromOG Accordingtothepassage whichofthefollowingisoneofthereasonsthattunasareinconstantmotion OTheylackaswimbladder OTheyneedtosuckinmorewaterthanotherfishesdo OTheyhavelargemusclesforbreathing OTheycannotopentheirmouthsunlesstheyareinmotion 選項偶有陷阱 指代跳躍避免 例題1 TPO6 2 8 AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland SmithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksParticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinanothersandstone thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame SomefossilsenduredthroughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearInmanystrata butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum 8 Accordingtoparagraph4 itwasdifficultforSmithtodistinguishrockstratabecause therocksfromdifferentstratacloselyresembledeachother hewasoftenunabletofindfossilsintheyoungerrockstrata theirsimilaritytoeachothermadeitdifficultforhimtodistinguishonerocktypefromanother thetypeofrockbetweentwoconsistentstratawasalwaysthesame 例題2 OG P237Q9 TheWhigs incontrast viewedgovernmentpowerpositively Theybelievedthatitshouldbeusedtoprotectindividualrightsandpublicliberty andthatithadaspecialrolewhereindividualeffortwasineffective Byregulatingtheeconomyandcompetition thegovern mentcouldensureequalopportunity Indeed forWhigstheconceptofgovernmentpromotingthegeneralwelfarewentbeyondtheeconomy Inparticular WhigsinthenorthernsectionsoftheUnitedStatesalsobelievedthatgovernmentpowershouldbeusedtofosterthemoralwelfareofthecountry Theyweremuchmorelikelytofavorsocial reformlegislationandaidtoeducation Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutvariationsinpoliticalbeliefswithintheWhigParty OTheywerefocusedonissuesofpublicliberty OTheycausedsomememberstoleavetheWhigparty OTheywereunimportanttomostWhigs OTheyreflectedregionalinterests 閱讀新題難題 段落大意段落關(guān)系推理題目 段落大意 例題1 TPO1 1 11 Theproportionofemptyspaceinarockisknownasitsporosity Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability whichmeasurestheeasewithwhichwatercanflowthroughamaterial thisdependsonthesizesoftheindividualcavitiesandthecreviceslinkingthem 11 Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph7 Toexplainwhywatercanflowthroughrock Toemphasizethelargeamountofemptyspaceinallrock Topointoutthatarockcannotbebothporousandpermeable Todistinguishbetweentworelatedpropertiesofrock 例題2 TPO1 2 9 Inadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater Whydidtheaterdevelop andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds One setforthbyAristotleinthefourthcenturyB C seeshumansasnaturallyimitative astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons things andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations Another advancedinthetwentiethcentury suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife Thus fantasyorfiction ofwhichdramaisoneform permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears confrontthem andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact Thetheater then isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldorescapefromunpleasantrealities 9 Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofparagraph5 Theauthorpresentstwotheoriesforahistoricalphenomenon Theauthorarguesagainsttheoriesexpressedearlierinthepassage Theauthorarguesforreplacingoldertheorieswithanewone Theauthorpointsoutproblemswithtwopopulartheories 段落關(guān)系 例題1 TPO6 1 2 Paragraph1 InBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwastheharnessingofpower UntilthereignofGeorge 1760 1820 availablesourcesofpowerforworkandtravelhadnotincreasedsincetheMiddleAges Therewerethreesourcesofpower animalorhumanmuscles thewind operatingonsailorwindmill andrunningwater Furthermore eventhemostreliablewaterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedinadrought thenewageofmachinery inshort couldnothavebeenbornwithoutanewsourceofbothmovableandconstantpower Paragraph2 Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited Earlyinthecentury apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapistoninacylinder andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum This atmosphericengine inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner ThomasNewcomen embodiedrevolutionaryprinciples butitwassoslowandwastefuloffuelthatitcouldnotbeemployedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned Inthe1760s JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam sothatthecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke thenhedevisedawaytomakethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating backandforth motionintorotarymotion 2 Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationofparagraph2toparagraph1 Paragraph2showshowtheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1arose Paragraph2explainshowtheproblempresentedinparagraph1cametobesolved Paragraph2providesamoretechnicaldiscussionoftheproblemintroducedinparagraph1 Paragraph2showswhytheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1wasespeciallyimportanttosolve 推理題目 TPO3 3 7 Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackofchangeisnotalwaysassociatedwithmaximumdiversity Atleastintemperatezones maximumdiversityisoftenfoundinmid successionalstages notintheclimaxcommunity Oncearedwoodforestmatures forexample thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingontheforestfloorarereduced Ingeneral diversity byitself doesnotensurestability Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewisesuggestthatdiversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemstability justtheopposite infact Amorecomplicatedsystemis ingeneral morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown 7 Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutredwoodforests Theybecomelessstableastheymature Theysupportmanyspecieswhentheyreachclimax Theyarefoundintemperatezones Theyhavereduceddiversityduringmid successionalstages TPO4 1 2 Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeer sdiet Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants theblack taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry salad dogwood andalmostanyothershruborherb Butthisisfair weatherfeeding Whatkeepstheblack taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt inurgetomigrate Deermaymovefromhigh elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall Evenwithsnowontheground thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar hemlock redalder andotherarborealfodder 2 Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditions Causesomedeertohibernate Makefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeer Makeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplants Preventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinter 讓步邏輯陷阱 9 Accordingtoparagraph4 thefactthatpastoralistcommunitiesaresubjectto strictrulesofportability encouragessuchcommunitiesto relocatelessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise havehouseholdsthataremoreorlessequalinwealth becomeself sufficientinthemanufactureofsilkandjewelry sharelargematerialsurpluseswithneighboringcommunities Nomadismalsosubjectspastoralistcommunitiestostrictrulesofportability Ifyouareconstantlyonthemove youcannotaffordtoaccumulatelargematerialsurpluses Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksorjewelry So byandlarge nomadismimpliesahighdegreeofself sufficiencyandinhibitstheappearanceofanextensivedivisionoflabor Inequalitiesofwealthandrankcertainlyexist andhaveprobablyexistedinmostpastoralistsocieties butexceptinperiodsofmilitaryconquest theyarenormallytooslighttogeneratethestable hereditaryhierarchiesthatareusuallyimpliedbytheuseofthetermclass TPO7 1 4 Inthedaysfollowing samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor Furthermore thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumla