高考 動詞知識點梳理.doc

第八講 動詞和動詞詞組思維導圖:動詞考點：時態(tài)，語態(tài)，非謂語動詞，主謂一致動詞的分類: 實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞的用法動詞的分類：實義動詞、助動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞動詞的基本形式：動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞動詞的用法： 1. 實義動詞的用法： 及物動詞帶賓語，有被動語態(tài) 不及物動詞不帶賓語，沒有被動語態(tài) 1）及物動詞及物動詞可以有一個或兩個（直接和間接）賓語，或者復合賓語（接一個賓語的同時再接一個補語）常見的跟單賓語的及物動詞Accept, borrow, bury, cover, defeat, discover, eat, excite, forget, guess, put, please, surprise, enjoy, worry等Do you intend to accept the gift?常見的跟雙賓語的及物動詞Bring, buy, feed, find, get, give, hand, lend, make, offer, pass, show, teach, tell等。一般間接賓語在前，直接賓語在后。如果直接賓語在前，那么在間接賓語前加介詞to或for如： we showed the visitors our new products. =we showed our new product to the visitors.A. 直接賓語位于間接賓語之前時，常用介詞to作搭配的動詞有： Accord, advance, award, bring, deal, forward, give, grant, hand, lease, leave,lend, loan, mail, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, post, read, rent, repay, sell. Send, serve, show, sing, take, teach, tell, write.B. 直接賓語在前， 常與介詞for搭配的動詞有 book, buy, bring, build, cook, cash, cut, design, fetch, find, fix, get, guarantee, keep, leave, make, mix, order, paint, pick, play, pour, prepare, set, reserve, save, secure, sing, spare, take, win, write等C. 有一些動詞不能接to或for，只能放在直接賓語前 Allow, ask, bet, cause, charge, cost, deny,draw, envy, forgive, promise, refuse等She wished them a safe journey.她祝你們一路平安。I envy you good luck.我羨慕你的好運。常見的跟賓語補足語的及物動詞 A.可跟形容詞或形容詞短語做賓補的動詞有 Believe, consider, declare, drive, find, get, imagine, judge, keep, leave, make, think. We all believe him honest and kind. B. 可跟名詞或名詞短語做賓補的動詞有 Call, consider, choose, elect, find, keep, make, name The parents named the baby Ella. We consider him a strange person. C.可跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做賓語的動詞有 Advise, allow, ask, except, get, invite, order, tell, teach, wish, warn, want. She advised us to discuss the report immediately 2) 不及物動詞不及物動詞是本身意思完整，后面不需要加賓語的實義動詞。不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。常見的不及物動詞有：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive, fall等。It happened in June, 1932.2. 系動詞： 連系動詞又稱系動詞，本身有詞義，但不能單獨做謂語，后面需跟系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況，性質(zhì)，特征等。全系動詞：be動詞(am is are , waswere 完全沒意思)半系動詞: 既像實義動詞有意思，又像系動詞后跟形容詞 分為感官類: look, sound, taste, smell, feel用來說明主語”感覺上”的狀況 My job is teaching English.變化類: get, turn, go, become, grow,come, fall說明主語變成什么樣 He became mad after that.保持類: keep, stay, remain,last, lie, stand 表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀態(tài)或態(tài)度。 He always kept silent at the meeting.表象類: seem, look, appear用來表示“看起來像”這一概念 He seems to be) very sad.終止類: prove, turn out 表示主語已經(jīng)停止動作。 I think it would prove impossible for me to mend the broken vase.我想要讓我補好這個花瓶是不可能的。3. 助動詞的用法： 助動詞是協(xié)助主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語的動詞。助動詞本身沒有詞義不能單獨作謂語，只能和別的動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示時態(tài)，語態(tài)，疑問和否定。必須與動詞原形或分詞構(gòu)成合成謂語，不能單獨做謂語。 常見助動詞如下表：助動詞作用Do, does, didDo:用于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時的“否定，疑問，強調(diào)，倒裝”句型中Be: is, am, are, was, were, have, been, beingBe: 與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進行時，與過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)Have, has, had, have had, havingHave: 與過去分詞構(gòu)成完成時Will, would, shall, shouldShall, will :與動詞原形構(gòu)成將來時4. 情態(tài)動詞的用法：主要用來表示說話人的語氣，情態(tài)等。主要有：can, could, may, might, must, should, need, have to, ought to dare等，表示說話人的語氣或情態(tài)，表示有能力，義務，必要，猜測，允諾，愿望等。情態(tài)動詞不能單獨做謂語，只能和動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。5. 延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞1）延續(xù)性動詞表示行為或過程能持久地繼續(xù)下去或能產(chǎn)生持久的影響。有: contain, have, hold, lie, live, make, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, wear, work 等此外，表示狀態(tài)，情感，思維等動詞如believe, consider. Hate, hope, know, like, love, respect, think, understand, wish 等也屬于延續(xù)性動詞。表示狀態(tài)和延續(xù)性動作時必須要用延續(xù)性動詞。This book has been put on the desk for a week. 改成lying正確2） 非延續(xù)性動詞表示行為或過程是短暫的或瞬間完成的，有add, admit, answer, arrive, ask, attack, begin, break, bring, buy, catch, close, come, die, discover, fall, do, leave, open, put on, sell, start, marry, stop, return, take off.等When did she know my email address? 改為 get to know.3) 區(qū)別 延續(xù)性動詞可以用表示一段時間的狀語修飾，而非延續(xù)性動詞不能。 How long can i keep the book? They will work here till next Friday. 延續(xù)性動詞可以用于while引導的時間狀語從句中，而非延續(xù)性動詞不能。While I came home, she was cooking dinner. 改為when4) 常用的延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞的對照：詞義非延續(xù)性動詞延續(xù)性動詞買buyhave借borrowkeep到達arrivestay得知learnknow穿Put onwear放置putlie結(jié)婚marryBe married認識Get to knowknow回來Come backBe back離開leaveBe away站起Stand upsand死dieBe dead坐下Sit downsit6. 動詞詞組定義: 一些動詞常與名詞,副詞,介詞搭配構(gòu)成固定的動詞詞組表達固定的詞義,其作用相當于醫(yī)德動詞,成為短語動詞.常用動詞可以構(gòu)成多個動詞詞組, 有時一個詞組也有幾種意義.如: look for, looke into, look after, look forward to, look down upon, look up and down, look at, look back, look around, look out, look ahead, look alike, look in, look on, look over, look through 等。Look through：1）examine：查找 He looked through the papers for points to see if there was an advertisement fot the job suitable for him.他在報紙中找是否有合適他做的工作。2）look at without seeming to notice.瀏覽He is waiting for the boss outside the offoce, looking through a magzine. 他在辦公室外等老板，一邊在翻一本雜志。動詞詞組的主要類型及用法：1） 動詞+介詞這類動詞詞組均為及物動詞，賓語放在介詞之后+ at: look, stare, glare, aim, shoot, knock, laugh, call, arrive.+for: look, call, ask, wait, answer, care, pay.+after: look, go.+on: insist, cll, depend.+ to: listen, reply, move, get, apologize, belong, add, refer, talk, admit, turn, stick+ with: agree, t