考研英語大綱及樣題.doc

考研英語大綱樣題 考 試 說 明全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試是為高等學(xué)校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)招收碩士研究生而設(shè)置的。其中，英語實(shí)行全國統(tǒng)一考試。它的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是高等學(xué)校非英語專業(yè)優(yōu)秀本科畢業(yè)生能達(dá)到的及格或及格以上水平，以保證被錄取者具有一定的英語水平，有利于各高等學(xué)校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)在專業(yè)上擇優(yōu)選拔。一、評價目標(biāo)考生應(yīng)掌握下列語言知識和技能：（一）語言知識1. 語法知識考生應(yīng)能熟練地運(yùn)用基本的語法知識。本大綱沒有專門列出對語法知識的具體要求，其目的是鼓勵考生用聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐代替單純的語法知識學(xué)習(xí)，以求考生在交際中能更準(zhǔn)確、自如地運(yùn)用語法知識。2. 詞匯考生應(yīng)能掌握5500左右的詞匯以及相關(guān)詞組（詳見附錄）。英語語言的演化是一個世界范圍內(nèi)的動態(tài)發(fā)展過程，它受到當(dāng)今科技發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步的影響。這意味著需要對本大綱詞匯表不斷進(jìn)行研究和定期的修訂。此外，碩士研究入學(xué)英語考試是為非英語專業(yè)考生設(shè)置的?？紤]到交際的需要，考生還應(yīng)自行掌握涉及個人好惡、生活習(xí)慣、宗教信仰，以及本人工作或?qū)I(yè)等方面的特殊詞匯。（二）語言技能1. 閱讀考生應(yīng)能讀懂選自各類書籍和報刊的不同類型的文字材料（生詞量不超過所讀材料總詞匯量的3%），還應(yīng)能讀懂與本人學(xué)習(xí)或工作有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)、技術(shù)說明和產(chǎn)品介紹等。對所讀材料，考生應(yīng)能：1) 理解主旨要義；2) 理解文中的具體信息；3) 理解文中的概念性含義；4) 進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申；5) 根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義；6) 理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及單句之間、段落之間的關(guān)系；7) 理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度；8) 區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。2. 寫作考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報告等，以及一般描述性、敘述性、說明性或議論性的文章。寫作時，考生應(yīng)能：1) 做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；2) 遵循文章的特定文體格式；3) 合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；4) 根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)選用語域?？忌鷳?yīng)能掌握的語言技能包括聽，說，讀，寫四種能力。但是由于聽力能力和口語能力的考察在復(fù)試中進(jìn)行，因此這里只列出讀，寫兩種技能。指在書面和口語表達(dá)中根據(jù)不同的交際對象，所采用的話語方式，即正式、一般非正式的話語二、考試形式、考試內(nèi)容與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)（一）考試形式考試形式為筆試。考試時間為180分鐘。滿分為100分。試卷分試題冊和答題卡。答題卡分為答題卡1和答題卡2?？忌鷳?yīng)將145題的答案按要求填涂在答題卡1上，將4652題的答案寫在答題卡2上。（二）考試內(nèi)容與試卷結(jié)構(gòu)試題分三部分，共52題，包括英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解和寫作。第一部分 英語知識運(yùn)用該部分不僅考查考生對不同語境中規(guī)范的語言要素（包括詞匯、表達(dá)方式和結(jié)構(gòu)）的掌握程度，而且還考查考生對語段特征（如連貫性和一致性等）的辨識能力等。共20小題，每小題0.5分，共10分。在一篇240280詞的文章中留出20個空白，要求考生從每題給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案，使補(bǔ)全后的文章意思通順、前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。第二部分 閱讀理解該部分由A、B、C三節(jié)組成，考查考生理解書面英語的能力。共30小題，每小題2分，共60分。A節(jié)（20題）：主要考查考生理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等能力。要求考生根據(jù)所提供的四篇（總長度約為1600詞）文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給出的4個選項中選出最佳答案?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。B節(jié)（5題）：主要考查考生對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。本部分有3種備選題型。每次考試從這3種備選題型中選擇一種進(jìn)行考查?？忌诖痤}卡1上作答。備選題型有：1） 本部分的內(nèi)容是一篇總長度為500600詞的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6-7段文字，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從這6-7段文字中選擇能分別放進(jìn)文章中5個空白處的5段2） 在一篇長度約500600詞的文章中，各段落的原有順序已經(jīng)被打亂，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將所列段落（7-8個）重新排序。其中有2-3個段落在文章中的位置已經(jīng)給出。3） 在一篇長度為500詞的文章的前或后有6-7段文字或6-7個概括句或小標(biāo)題，這些文字或標(biāo)題分別是對文章中某一部分的概括、闡述或舉例。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從這6-7個選項中選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)?段文字或5個標(biāo)題填入文章的空白處。C節(jié)（5小題）：主要考察考生準(zhǔn)確理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的英語文字材料的能力。要求考生閱讀一篇約400詞的文章，并將其中5個劃線部分（約150詞）譯成漢語，要求疑問準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。第三部分 寫作該部分由A、B兩節(jié)組成，考查考生的書面表達(dá)能力?？偡?0分。A節(jié)：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出一篇約100詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報告等。考生在答題卡2上作答。滿分10分。B節(jié)：考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇160200詞的短文（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不計算在內(nèi)）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿分20分。碩士研究生入學(xué)考試將英譯漢試題作為閱讀理解的一部分，其目的是測試考生根據(jù)上下文準(zhǔn)確理解概念或復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)并用漢語正確予以表達(dá)的能力部分節(jié)為考生提供的信息指導(dǎo)語語言測試要點(diǎn)題型題目數(shù)量計分答題卡種類I英語知識運(yùn)用（10分）1篇文章（240-280詞）英語英語詞匯、語法和結(jié)構(gòu)完型填空多項選擇題（四選一）2010答題卡1（機(jī)器閱卷）II 閱讀理解（60分）A4篇文章（共約600詞）英語理解主旨要義、具體信息、概念性含義，進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申，根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的詞義等多項選擇題（四選一）2040B1篇文章（約500-600詞）英語對連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解選擇搭配題510C1篇文章（約400詞）5處劃線部分（約150詞）英語理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的英語文字材料英譯漢510答題卡2（人工閱卷、機(jī)器登分）III寫作（30分）A規(guī)定情景英語書面表達(dá)應(yīng)用文（約100詞）110B主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等英語書面表達(dá)短文寫作（160-200詞）120總計502100考生注意事項1 考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項考場規(guī)則。2 答題前，考生應(yīng)按準(zhǔn)考證上的有關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫答題卡上的“考生姓名”、“報考單位”、“考生編號”等信息。3 答案必須按要求涂寫成在指定的答題卡上。（1）英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)、B節(jié)的答案填涂在答題卡1上。填涂部分應(yīng)該按照答題卡上的要求用2B鉛筆完成。如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。（2）閱讀理解C節(jié)的答案和作文必須用（藍(lán)）黑色字跡鋼筆、圓珠筆或簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。4 考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，試卷交給監(jiān)考人員。附錄I樣題Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.1. A as to B for instance C in particular D such as2. A tightening B intensifying C focusing D fastening3. A sketch B rough C preliminary D draft4. A illogical B illegal C improbable D improper5. A publicity B penalty C popularity D peculiarity6. A since B if C before D as7. A sided B shared C complied D agreed8. A present B offer C manifest D indicate9. A Release B Publication C Printing D Exposure10. A storm B rage C flare D flash11. A translation B interpretation C exhibition D demonstration12. A better than B other than C rather than D sooner than13. A changes B makes C sets D turns14. A binding B convincing C restraining D sustaining15. A authorized B credited C entitled D qualified16. A with B to C from D by17. A impact B incident C inference D issue18. A stated B remarked C said D told19. A what B when C which D that20. A assure B confide C ensure D guaranteeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just something that happened in Australia. Its world history.The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death probably by a deadly injection or pill to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a cooling off period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, he says.21. From the second paragraph we learn thatA the objection to euthanasia is diminishing in some countries.B physicians and citizens have the same view on euthanasia.C technological changes are chiefly responsible for the new law.D it takes time to appreciate the significance of laws passed.22. By saying that “observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling”(Line 7-8, Paragraph 2), the author means thatA observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia.B there is a possibility of similar bills being passed in the U.S. and Canada.C observers are waiting to see the movement end up in failure.D the process of bill taking effect may finally come to a stop.23. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he willA undergo a cooling off period of seven days. B experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient.C have an intense fear of terrible suffering.D face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia.24. What is the authors attitude towards euthanasia?A Hostile.B Suspicious.C Approving.D Indifferent.25. We can infer from the text that the success of the right-to-die movement isA one a matter of time.B far from certain.C just an illusion.D a fading hope.TEXT 2Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.26. According to the text, making monetary policy changesA is comparable to driving a car.B is similar to carrying out scientific work.C will not influence the economy immediately.D will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate.27. From the text we learn thatA there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest retes.B the economy always follows particular trends.C the current economic problem are entirely predictable.D the present economic situation is better than expected.28. The text suggests thatA the previous economic models are still applicable.B an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.C a high unemployment rate will result from inflation.D interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.29. By saying This is no flash in the pan (line 5, paragraph 3), the author implies thatA the low inflation rate will continue.B the inflation rate will rise again.C inflation will disappear entirely.D there is no inflation at present.30. How does the author feel about the present situation?A Tolerant.B Indifferent.C Disappointed.D Surprised.TEXT 3In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to pull customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.31. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web businessA has been striving to expand its market.B intended to follow a fanciful fashion.C tried but in vain to control the market.D has been booming for one year or so.32. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies thatA the technology is popular with many Web users.B businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions.C there is a radical change in strategy.D it is accessible limitedly to established partners.33. In the view of Net purists,A there should be no marketing messages in online culture.B money making should be given priority to on the Web.C the Web should be able to function as the television set.D there should be no online commercial information without requests.34. We learn from the last paragraph thatA pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce.B interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers.C leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago.D setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power.35. The purpose of the author in writing the text is toA urge active participation in online business.B elaborate on various marketing strategies.C compare web business with traditional commerce.D illustrate the transition from the pull to push strategy.TEXT 4In the last half of the nineteenth century capital and labour were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of