在美國上大學(xué)50個(gè)必記的拉丁詞匯.docx

在美國上大學(xué)50個(gè)必記的拉丁詞匯！來源：樊丁的日志來米國讀書之后發(fā)現(xiàn)除了英語詞匯，日?？谡Z交流中，有時(shí)甚至是在寫作中還會(huì)頻頻遇到一些拉丁語詞匯，下面總結(jié)出來的這些拉丁語就是每個(gè)要來美國上大學(xué)的孩紙必知道的詞匯，看看你見過幾個(gè)！While there may not be cities and countries full of people speaking Latin these days, that doesnt mean the ancient language is something you can just forget about. Not only are many of our words in English (not to mention many other languages) derived from Latin, but many of its words words are still used in todays daily speaking and writing. So while you may not need to learn to speak or read the Latin language fluently, it can still be a big help in your quest forhigher educationto know a few words and phrases. Here are some of the most commonly used Latin expressions that you should learn to start improving your personal lexicon.雖然現(xiàn)在沒有一個(gè)城市或者一個(gè)國家在用古拉丁語，但這不意味著我們應(yīng)該徹底忘記這種語言。事實(shí)上，不僅僅在英語（和其他很多語言）中有許多單詞都是從拉丁文衍生出來的，在日常的寫作和交流中一些拉丁單詞仍被使用得很頻繁。所以雖然你不需要系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)和掌握拉丁語，但是記住一些常被用到的拉丁詞匯和短語無疑會(huì)對(duì)你的大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)幫很大的忙。下面列舉出的就是那些最常用到的拉丁文的表述，相信記住了這些拉丁詞匯你的個(gè)人詞庫會(huì)飛躍不止一個(gè)檔次！Must-Learn Terms必記的術(shù)語If you dont know these Latin terms, get to learning them ASAP, as they are commonly used in speaking and writing and may be hard to avoid.親，如果你還不知道這些拉丁詞匯，那么就趕緊行動(dòng)吧！因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谌粘懽骱徒涣鞯臅r(shí)候是不可避免地會(huì)被用到的！ Per se: （就其本身而言）The direct translation of this term is by itself and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you dont find chemistry boring per se (by itself, intrinsically), but this professors voice puts you to sleep. 例如：就化學(xué)本身而言我并不討厭它，可是教授上課的聲音總是讓我想打瞌睡。 Vice versa: （反之亦然）From the Latin meaning to change or turn around, this term means to reverse the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa. Alma mater: （母校 尤指大學(xué)）If you dont know this term already, youll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is dear/bountiful mother but youll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated. Magnum opus（大師之作/絕好的藝術(shù)作品）:Whether its in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist- a true masterpiece. Bona fide（在法律術(shù)語中指良好的意圖/一般表示真誠的和善意的）:While its literal translation means good faith this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something thats the real deal or truly authentic. Quasi（類似的，有如）:In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesnt quite have all the same features. Alter ego（密友，或者個(gè)性的另一面）:Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean a second self or another I and its modern meaning hasnt changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example from popular culture is Beyonces alter ego, Sasha Fierce. Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）:If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation. Status quo（現(xiàn)狀）:From the Latin meaning the state in which this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if youre making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.Writing 寫作的時(shí)候常用到的拉丁文Knowing just what these terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension.知道這些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的閱讀理解能力。 Sic（這個(gè)是指原作品中出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤，編輯在此指出）:Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets (like this: sic) when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error (or just something out of the ordinary) in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own. Id est（縮寫是i.e.,通常在作者想要給出具體的例子和解釋的時(shí)候）:Youve likely seen this term in writing before, even if you werent aware as it is commonly abbreviated to i.e. In Latin, it means that is and is used in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a statement. Deus ex machina（解圍的人或事件）:In direct translation, this term means, God out of a machine and it harkens back ancient Greek and Roman plays. When the plot would become too tangled or confusing, the writers would simply bring in God, lowered in via a pulley system (the machine) and he would wrap it all up. Today, its still used in literature to describe a plot where an artificial or improbable means of resolving a conflict is used. Exempli gratia（縮寫是e.g.,這通常會(huì)用在例子前面，for the sake of example）:Youll often see this term abbreviated to e.g. in writing. It means for the sake of example and when it see it in a sentence you can expect that is will be followed by some examples. Et cetera（縮寫是etc. 意思是and the others還有其他的）:Few out there arent familiar with this term but may not know it as well when its spelled out like this and not abbreviated as etc. Meaning and the others it is used to denote that a list of things could continue ad infinitum (see below for definition) and that for the sake of brevity its better to just wrap things up with a simple etc. Ex libris（專指書籍 從.圖書館來）:Back in the days when books were rarer and more expensive commodities than they were today, it was common to mark your books with a label bearing your own name and this phrase which means from the library of. While not as common today, some true bibliophiles still use the labels. Ibidem（縮寫是ibid,常被用在文獻(xiàn)頁，指同一個(gè)資料來源被引用了兩次）:Another abbreviated term, this word is more commonly seen in research writing in the form of ibid. From the Latin for in the same place it is found in footnotes and bibliographies to designate that the same source has been cited twice in succession. Et alii（縮寫是et al, 通常用在一本合著的書的某一個(gè)作者名字之后以省略羅列其他的作者名字）:Youre unlikely to encounter this Latin phrase in its unabbreviated form, and will most likely only ever see it as et al when included. This is also a term that is found in footnotes and bibliographies which allows writers to refer to a large number of authors without having to write each name out (for example, you could say that your source is Dr. Henry Jones et al.)Everyday Talk 日常生活中常用到的拉丁語Youve likely heard these words and phrases on the news or in conversations, and if you didnt know what they meant then, these definitions will help make it clear now.你有可能之前在新聞或者日常對(duì)話中聽過這些短語，如果你還不清楚他們具體是什么意思，那么接下來的解釋會(huì)讓你更加清楚它們的含義。 Ad infinitum（to infinity 無止盡的）:You might be able to guess what this phrase means simply through its similarity to the word we use in English. It means to infinity and can be used to describe something that goes on, seemingly or actually endlessly, as some students might feel about certain classes. De facto（事實(shí)上）:In Latin, de facto means from the fact and in use in English it is often used to distinguish was is supposed to be the case from what is actually the reality. For example, legally, employers are not allowed to discriminate in hiring because of age, but many still practice de facto (in reality, in fact) discrimination. In toto（in total, 總的來說/整體上）:No, this phrase doesnt mean that the cute little dog fromThe Wizard of Ozate something, it means in all or entirely. Think of it as saying in total in a really weird voice. Ipso facto（本質(zhì)上/事實(shí)證明）:Meaning by the fact itself this commonly used and misused term is denotes when something is true by its very nature. For example, if you dont feed your dog you are ipso facto a bad owner. Tabula rasa（純潔質(zhì)樸天真的狀態(tài)）:When you were a child, your mind might have been more of a tabula rasa than it is today. This Latin phrase means clean slate and denotes something or someone not affected by experiences and impressions. Terra firma（堅(jiān)實(shí)的陸地）:Those who hate to fly or get seriously seasick will be able to put this term to good use. It means firm ground, and you might be thanking your lucky stars to be back on it after a trip through the air or rough waters. Mea culpa（是我的錯(cuò)）:If you want to admit your own guilt or wrongdoing in a situation, use this Latin phrase that translates literally to my fault. Its a bit like a fancier, less outdated way of saying my bad. Persona non grata（不受歡迎的人）:From the Latin meaning an unacceptable person this term designates someone whos no longer welcome in a social or business situation. In situ（現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，就地）:If something happens in situ it happens in place or on site, though the term often designates something that exists in an original or natural state. Like a rare species sighted in situ or an invaluable artifact found on an archeological site. In vitro（在試管內(nèi)）:Most students will be familiar with this term because of modern fertility treatments, but have you ever considered what the term actually means? In Latin, in vitro means in glass and any biological process that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the body or a natural setting can be called in vitro. In vivo（在活體內(nèi)）:While an experiment taking place in a glass test tube might not cause a stir, many are up in arms about this kind of experimentation. In vivo means within the living and the two most common examples of this kind of experimentation are animal testing and clinical trials. Ante bellum（戰(zhàn)前，尤指美國南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）:During your history courses, youre bound to encounter this term. It means in the most basic sense before the war and while it can be applied to any war it is most commonly used to refer to the American Civil War and the Antebellum Era the preceded it.Arguments and Logic 做邏輯和爭(zhēng)論Representing arguments as old as philosophy itself and the terms associated with them, these terms are good to know for a well-rounded education. A priori:You might come across this term in classes about logic or reasoning. It means taking a general law or idea and applying it to a particular instance without needing experimentation or observation. An example of an a priori statement that is used is, all bachelors are single. You do not need to observe this to see that it is true because, by definition, bachelors must be single. A posteriori: A posteriori arguments are different than a priori because they are based on actual observation or experimentation. Continuing on the previous example, an a posteriori example of reasoning might be that some bachelors are happy. This can be based on real life observation isnt a given based on what a bachelor is. Ad nauseam:This Latin term is used to describe an argument that has been taking place to the point of nausea, often with the same arguments being rehashed over and over for years until everyone, except a select few, are simply sick to death of the whole thing. Ergo:Simply put, ergo means therefore and you can exchange it with therefore or hence in any sentence and maintain the same meaning. For example, you could say, I think, ergo I am without changing the meaning of the original. Legal LanguageOne place where Latin words are very commonly used is in the courtroom. Learn some of these basic legal words to help you better understandLaw and Orderand how the legal process works. Compis mentis:Meaning in command of ones mind this term is used in the legal field to denote someone who is competent to stand trial and not encumbered by mental illness or handicap. Subpoena:If youve ever watched a legal drama on TV, youve more than likely heard this term thrown around but perhaps havent given much thought as to what it really means. The word subpoena comes from the Latin meaning under penalty and if someone delivers a subpoena to you have to respond or theyll be some big penalties under the law. Ad hominem:In court, or outside of it for that matter, this term is used to designate an argument that attacks someones character rather than addressing a question or issue at hand. By attacking character, these arguments appeal to emotions and prejudices rather than reason or logic. Habeas corpus:A writ of habeas corpus (literally, have the body) requires a person to appear before the court in person, generally to ascertain whether or not the detention of that person is lawful. Habeas corpus cannot be suspended unless there is reason to believe that a person could pose a danger to the public. Pro bono:Pro bono means for the good and its a term used to designate when something is done free of charge. While the term can be applied in any field, it is most commonly used to describe legal services. Mens rea:There is a big difference between murder and manslaughter, and mens rea is what separates the two. Mens rea means guilty mind, and those who go into a crime intending to commit it have it, differing from those who commit a crime accidentally or without advance planning. BusinessIts always good to know the language of business, especially in such a competitive market. No matter what field you enter, youre bound to hear these words at some point in your career. Ad hoc:From the Latin meaning to this, this term gained popularity in the mid-1600s and it still used today. It refers to something that is formed or done quickly to meets the needs of a particular problem or issue without regard to a more general application and generally lacking advance planning. Per diem:Meaning by the day a per diem in most uses today designates a daily allowance used in traveling for work. It can also mean a per-day rate or that someone is paid on a daily basis. Other common similar terms are per annum (by the year) and per capita (by the person.) Curriculum vitae:A curriculum vitae is basically a fancy way to describe a resume. While it means literally the course of ones life the terms is applied to mean a short list of your accomplishments and training- something any grad will need to think about putting together soon. Pro rata:This Latin phrase is something youre likely familiar with in everyday life. It means to charge at a proportional rate. So if a service is $100 for 10 hours, then one would cost $10 pro rata. Quid pro quo:While Anthony Hopkins so sinisterly used this phrase inThe Silence of the Lambs, in everyday life its often used to describe an exchange of value necessary for a contract to take place. From the Latin meaning this for that, it gets used in everywhere from the courtroom to th