雅思小作文六大類型.ppt

如何講好雅思小作文的故事,line graph,line graph,小作文其實(shí)很好寫，但是寫好總是不容易。其實(shí)道理很簡單，是因?yàn)槲覀冇脻h語描述小作文圖形特征還不是很專業(yè)，更不熟練。所以請先整理好漢語作文之后，再應(yīng)用我們學(xué)過的表達(dá)寫小作文。效果一定會不一樣的。,基本規(guī)則： 1 文本采用過去時(shí) 2 切勿將數(shù)據(jù)寫錯(cuò),正文內(nèi)容： 1 抓住圖表內(nèi)軸線的趨向 2 對軸線進(jìn)行比較說明 3 盡量具有強(qiáng)烈的可比性,核心常用詞匯： 1 同義轉(zhuǎn)換 2 選擇重點(diǎn) 3 搭配速度與程度表達(dá),The line graph compares average yearly spending by Americans on mobile and landline phone services from 2001 to 2010. 概括線圖內(nèi)容 It is clear that spending on landline phones fell steadily over the 10-year period, while mobile phone expenditure rose quickly. The year 2006 marks the point at which expenditure on mobile services overtook that for residential phone services. 總述一條線總體趨勢，和另一條行程對比,In 2001, US consumers spent an average of nearly $700 on residential phone services, compared to only around $200 on cell phone services. Over the following five years, average yearly spending on landlines dropped by nearly $200. By contrast, expenditure on mobiles rose by approximately $300. 自2001年開始，描述cell phone每一段的變化趨勢。 In the year 2006, the average American paid out the same amount of money on both types of phone service, spending just over $500 on each. By 2010, expenditure on mobile phones had reached around $750, while the figure for spending on residential services had fallen to just over half this amount. 對比手機(jī)服務(wù)，寫出手機(jī)服務(wù)的特征。對另一條線進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)描述。,在運(yùn)動(dòng)范疇中存在著如下的8種運(yùn)動(dòng)趨向：,1.保持平穩(wěn)：我們可以使用的套用結(jié)構(gòu)有：stay stable/remain steady. 舉例：表示人口數(shù)量保持平穩(wěn)的時(shí)候可以寫：The number of population stayed stable./The number of population remained steady.,2.上升/增加：我們可以使用的套用結(jié)構(gòu)有：rise/climb/increase/ascend /mount/aggrandize 舉例：人口上升：The number of population increased/ascended/mounted,3.下降/減少：我們可以使用的套用結(jié)構(gòu)有：fall/drop/decrease/descend/decline 舉例：人口減少：The number of population decreased/declined.,程度只有兩種，緩慢和陡然。 緩慢的/輕微的：gradually/smoothly/steadily/slightly 陡然的/大幅度的：dramatically /sharply/considerably/appreciably/,舉例： 1.人口大幅度攀升：number of population mounted dramatically. 2.人口輕微下降：number of population decreased slightly. 3.人口逐漸下降：number of population decreased gradually .,4. 下降后保持平穩(wěn)：使用的結(jié)構(gòu)是bottom out. 舉例：人口下降后保持平穩(wěn)： The number of population decreased and bottomed out.,5.上升后保持平穩(wěn)：使用level off. 舉例：人口上升后保持平穩(wěn)：number of population mounted and leveled off.,6.復(fù)蘇：前面下降了以后，然后就上升了，這兩條線段的連接點(diǎn)就叫復(fù)蘇。英語中表達(dá)為recover 舉例：人口下降后復(fù)蘇：number of population decreased and recovered.,7.波動(dòng)：英語中叫fluctuate. 舉例：人口波動(dòng)：number of population fluctuated,8.達(dá)到頂峰：peak/reach its summit/reach its zenith 舉例：人口到達(dá)了頂峰：number of population peaked/reached its summit/reached its zenith.,如何將線段組與數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行連接? 注意如下的介詞使用.,一. remain steady/stay stable/level off/bottom out/peak/reach its peak/reach its zenith 后面需要使用的是at。 舉例： 1. 人口在500萬上保持平穩(wěn)：number of population remained steady at 5 million. 2. 人口在800萬時(shí)到達(dá)了頂峰：number of population peaked at 8 million. 3. 下降后，人口在400萬保持平穩(wěn)：after decreasing, number of population bottomed out at 4 million. 4. 上升后，人口在700萬保持平穩(wěn)：after mounting, number of population leveled off at 7 million.,二. 上升/下降后面使用to(到)和by(了) 舉例： 1. 人口下降到200萬：number of population decreased to 2 million. 2. 人口下降了200萬：number of population decreased by 2 million. 3. 人口上升到1000萬：number of population increased to 10 million. 4. 人口上升了500萬：number of population increased by 5 million.,三. recover的后面大家需要使用的是from 舉例：人口在200萬時(shí)開始復(fù)蘇：number of population recovered from 2 million.,四. fluctuate的后面大家需要連接between.and. 舉例：人口在2和100億之間波動(dòng)：number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 billion.,常用的小作文的趨勢句式表達(dá) 句式一： 變化主體/圖畫中主體+趨勢動(dòng)詞+副詞+時(shí)間區(qū)間 Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000. The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980. The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950. The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940.,There be + 形容詞 + 表示趨勢的名詞 + in+ 變化的主體 + 時(shí)間區(qū)間 Eg: There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000. There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980. There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,Bar chart,這幅圖兩個(gè)明顯的信息點(diǎn)，即對于這六個(gè)國家來說，1995年的雇傭率總是低于2005年的雇傭率，女性的受雇傭率也總是低于男性的相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)。接下來，還有什么信息點(diǎn)需要進(jìn)行闡述呢?很明顯，在本圖中，除了年份和性別外，國家也是一個(gè)很重要的組成部分。可是該如何描述國家間的對比關(guān)系呢?如果以國家的雇傭率高低來進(jìn)行描述，會顯得信息冗雜且重復(fù)。 那讓我們換個(gè)角度來想，如果以一個(gè)國家內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)特點(diǎn)作為分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，看看國家內(nèi)同年份男性和女性的雇傭率差距，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)Australia, Iceland 和 New Zealand同年份的男女雇傭率差距很明顯，而在Switzerland, UK 和 USA 二者的差距就比較小。就此，這道題第三個(gè)重要的信息點(diǎn)就可以被歸納出來了。,比較詞匯： 1 more/fewer/less + noun +than 2 adj.of one syllable: -er + than 3 more/less adj.of two or more syllables + than 最值： the most/least + adj.of two or more syllables adj.of one syllable + -est 相似： as + adj. + as,Pie,基本規(guī)則： 1 文法必須是過去式 2 百分比的比例不同 3 仔細(xì)理解圖表的特殊性和主題,引題： 1 介紹圖表的概況 2 將扇形圖所有的歸類申明 3 給出一個(gè)圖表最突出的地方,正文： 1 抓住圖表內(nèi)的百分比 2 對兩者進(jìn)行比較 3 客觀呈現(xiàn)差異性,餅形圖與柱形圖或者是線形圖所截然不同的是它沒有了橫軸與縱軸，而以餅形的分割來表示百分比，但我們?nèi)钥梢砸勒杖降膶忣}分析法來進(jìn)行觀察： Step 1: 觀察共有幾張餅圖，以及它們之間的關(guān)系是什么(一般說來，雅思圖表題中極少見到單餅圖); Step 2: 觀察每張餅圖中有哪幾個(gè)區(qū)域，以及各個(gè)區(qū)域分別代表什么; Step 3: 觀察單個(gè)餅圖中各區(qū)域間的百分比差異，以及相同區(qū)域在各個(gè)餅圖間的百分比的比較或發(fā)展。,由于餅圖主要以比例說明和數(shù)字列舉為主，我們需要在考前準(zhǔn)備好以下素材： 動(dòng)詞“占”的表達(dá)： account for, hold, make up, take up, constitute, comprise, represent 百分比的表達(dá) percentage，proportion, amount, quantity, 約數(shù)表達(dá) the majority of, most of, a considerable number of, a minority of , just over, slightly more than/less than, nearly half 等 確切數(shù)字表達(dá) 分?jǐn)?shù)與百分比的轉(zhuǎn)化：one third, two fifths，one tenth 常見表達(dá)：a quarter, a half,1 nearly half 2 the vast majority 3 a small minority 4 three quarters 5 just under a third 6 roughly one in four,A 85% B 75% C 46% D 31% E 24% F 15%, 約數(shù)近似詞匯 approximately, slightly, nearly, almost, just over, just under, 句式 要靈活運(yùn)用以上的詞匯結(jié)合一定的句子，變換表達(dá)方式。 例：亞洲人口占世界比例近50%。 Asia accounts for almost a half of world population. Nearly 50% of people in the world come from Asia. The percentage of Asian in the world population is slightly less than a half. Asia has the largest percentage of population in the world( approximately 50%).,Pie 餅圖建議不要按一個(gè)一個(gè)餅來描述，而是根據(jù)餅中的信息進(jìn)行分組描述，同樣的注意動(dòng)態(tài)描述和最值.,常用的小作文的趨勢句式表達(dá) 句式一： 變化主體/圖畫中主體+趨勢動(dòng)詞+副詞+時(shí)間區(qū)間 Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000. The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980. The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950. The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940.,句式二： There be + 形容詞 + 表示趨勢的名詞 + in+ 變化的主體 + 時(shí)間區(qū)間 Eg: There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000. There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980. There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,Process Diagram Flowchart,起點(diǎn)+箭頭 步驟+分段 邏輯+銜接 生詞帶入 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài) 地點(diǎn)、人物、工具,流程圖和其他數(shù)據(jù)圖最大的區(qū)別在于：流程圖是純文字的，以描述為主，屬于說明文。相比之下，柱狀圖、餅狀圖、表格等數(shù)據(jù)圖則需要對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和比較。從這個(gè)角度來說，其實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)圖更難。,第一、引言段和結(jié)尾段的重要性 在流程圖的引言段和結(jié)尾段寫作中可以適當(dāng)進(jìn)行過程的階段劃分和總結(jié)，使文章的構(gòu)思上一個(gè)層次，擺脫“流水賬”的俗套。,流程圖首段開頭模板： 1.這是一個(gè)流程圖 2.它介紹了一個(gè)什么樣的過程 3.它可以被分為幾個(gè)步驟 This flowchart illustrates the process of., which can be divided into.stages/steps.,流程圖尾段模板： As can be seen from the flowchart, it is clear to see how the procession /development of. is carried out.,在考試中，小作文中的流程圖一般會給出一個(gè)介紹制作步驟(食品、零件等)的圖表，根據(jù)所給圖表對整個(gè)制作流程進(jìn)行描述。如下圖,第一步：收集-放置-運(yùn)輸 第二步：清洗-分類-運(yùn)到-放進(jìn)-為了-混入-倒入 第三步：銷售,第二，掌握表示“順序”的連接詞，用來說明過程的各個(gè)步驟和先后順序。 重點(diǎn)掌握以下幾個(gè)詞： 表示過程用“process“ 或“procedure“ 過程的各個(gè)階段和步驟可以用“stage“或“step“來描述,第一個(gè)步驟連接詞；“At first“、“To begin with“、“In the first stage“ 中間的步驟：“Then“、“Next“、“After that“或“In the second stage“ 最后一個(gè)步驟：“Finally“、“Lastly“或“The final stage“ 一些平行的步驟：“At the same time“、“Meanwhile“,第三，要學(xué)會使用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 流程圖寫好的第二個(gè)關(guān)鍵是被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用。流程圖表現(xiàn)的是客觀的工作流程或事物發(fā)展的過程。 因此，我們可以盡量避免用“We should/must/need to do sth.”的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，改為“Sth. Should/must/needs to be done”這樣的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的恰當(dāng)搭配，可以使文章顯得更具有客觀、和學(xué)術(shù)化色彩。,第四，雅思詞匯:作文流程圖中常見動(dòng)詞集錦 見表格,This diagram illustrates the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages. In the initial stage, these used bottles are collected in collection point where they are deposited by customers and they are then transported to cleaning plant by trucks. The second stage shows that these bottles are cleaned by high pressured water and they are afterwards classified by colours into brown, green and clear. Then they are taken to recycling plant where they are put into furnace in order to melt in preparation for moulding. Next, recycled liquid glass is mixed with a certain amount of new liquid glass before being poured into mould for the manufacture of new bottles. In the final stage, the fresh bottles are ready for use, and they are taken to be filled at market and return to customers.,Map 目前地圖題主要是兩種： 1描述地區(qū)的變化，2.描述一個(gè)具體的位置,又以地區(qū)的變化（地理變遷）最為常見，這種題目，一般會用一組圖展現(xiàn)同一個(gè)地點(diǎn)在不同時(shí)間段的形態(tài)變化。另外就是地圖題的讀題比較難。如下圖所示：,A 地理變遷的寫法： The maps below show the 事物 in 年份 and now. 1讀題：讀圖標(biāo)的含義，哪個(gè)是鐵路，哪個(gè)是村莊等等都讀明白了。要看清哪個(gè)是公路，哪個(gè)是鐵路。有沒有交叉點(diǎn)等等。 2確定寫的順序，是按變化寫還是按位置寫，還是兩個(gè)的綜合體。 3如果是要求描述變化，把明顯的變化先劃出，最好用詞在圖旁邊描述，確定自己要寫幾點(diǎn)。,4細(xì)節(jié)變化 地圖每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)變化都要提到，不要忽視一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié) 5語態(tài) 地圖題用被動(dòng)語態(tài),第一幅圖為靜態(tài)地理位置描寫 描述到第二幅圖的時(shí)候，運(yùn)用變化詞匯 中間段 In the present-day town, a great deal changed. 主題句,記得用關(guān)聯(lián)的詞和句子： It is obvious/notable/noticeable It is easy to locate/to find that It can be seen from the graph that,常用表達(dá)： 中間： A is in center/middle/central area of B 緊挨著： A is near /next to/close to/adjacent to B.,對面 A is opposite B. A is across B A is on the opposite side of B. 建設(shè)： construct, build, set up, establish, add transform, convert,一 時(shí)態(tài) 如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方在過去的一段時(shí)間的變化，文章用一般過去時(shí)。 如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方在將來一段時(shí)間的變化趨勢，文章用表“估計(jì)”的詞匯。 如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方從過去到現(xiàn)在的變化，可用現(xiàn)完成時(shí)。,注意！一般不用將來時(shí)，表示將來的時(shí)間可以用下列表達(dá)： is likely to= is predicted to /is estimated to/is projected to/is expected to it is likely that = it is predicted/estimated/projected/ expected that,如： 現(xiàn)在停車場改成了一個(gè)劇院。 The car park has been removed and replaced by a theatre. 城鎮(zhèn)A的家庭數(shù)量從1937年到2020年將翻一番。 The number of homes in Town A is likely to double It is likely that the number of homes in Town A will double.,二 地圖題的書寫順序：時(shí)間順序和空間順序 地圖題的方位我們說東西南北，不說成左右。 1 A 在B 的東方/西方/南方/北方 A is/ lies/ is located/ is situated in/on / to the east/west/south/north of B (in 表A 在B 內(nèi)部， on 表A 和B接壤，to 表A 和B 分開),2 A 在B 內(nèi)部的某個(gè)部位 A is in the eastern/ southern/ western/ northern part of B. 3 3 A在B 西北部的120 千米處 A lies 120 km to the northwest of B. 4 A 在B角落 A is at/in the south-eastern corner of B ( at 表示A 在B 外部， in表A 在B 內(nèi)部),5 在河流或道路的南邊/北邊等 On the south/southern side of the river On both sides of the road On the other side 6 臨近馬路的地區(qū) The area adjacent to/ near /next to/ just off the road 7 在道路或河流的最南端 At the southern end of the river,8 A 在B 的對面 A is on the opposite side of B A is opposite B 9 A 在B 東部的邊界上（A 在B外部） A is on the eastern border of B 10 A 在B 東部邊緣上 （A 在B 內(nèi)部） A is on/ along the eastern edge of B,三 “變化”詞匯 地圖題描述的是一個(gè)地區(qū)的變化，那么“變化”詞匯必須過關(guān)。 變化包括兩種：圖形原有事物的改變，圖形新添事物。,圖形原有事物的改變： 原有事物可說成： The original/previous/former. 原有事物尺寸上變大/變?。?The size of the . has been enlarged/extended/halved/reduced by half 原有事物在數(shù)量上增多或減少： The number of. has increased/risen/grown/reduced /decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled to 數(shù)字.,原有事物被推倒了：A is pulled down/knocked down/torn down. 恒定表達(dá): A has remained unchanged. A被建造在B：A is constructed / established in B. A被增建在B：A is added to B