大學(xué)英語(yǔ)實(shí)用寫作.ppt

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)實(shí)用寫作,Practical College English Writing,Brief Introduction,This book includes five chapters . Chapter 1 Sentence (造句) Chapter 2 Paragraph（段落） Chapter 3 Essay Writing（短文寫作） Chapter 4 Practical Writing（應(yīng)用文寫作） Chapter 5 CET-4 Writing（四級(jí)寫作） Appendix (附錄) Characters of the book: 1. Easy contents! Easy understood! 2. Multiple examples from original books, magazines, newspapers and speeches by the native, which are used to improve our appreciating ability and widen our horizon. 3. A lot of exercises aiming to strengthen what weve learned in class.,Chapter One Lets Begin With Sentence,Types of sentence Common Errors Sentence Variety,Types of sentences (句子種類 ),1. 按使用目的， 句子可分為四類： Declarative (陳述句), Interrogative（疑問句）, Imperative（祈使句） , Exclamatory sentences（感嘆句） 2. 按句子結(jié)構(gòu)可分三類： Simple sentence(簡(jiǎn)單句)， compound sentence(并列句),complex sentence (復(fù)合句) 3. 從修辭角度，可分為三類： Loose sentence(松散句)， periodic sentence(圓周句)， antithesis sentence （對(duì)偶句) 4. 從句子的字?jǐn)?shù)，長(zhǎng)短來看，可分為兩類： Long sentence (長(zhǎng)句)，short sentence (短句),1，按使用目的來分4種： Declarative Sentence,特點(diǎn)：說明事實(shí)，或陳述一種看法。主語(yǔ)位于句首。 Declarative sentences are widely used in writing and are the basic writing skills for the English learners. It usually follows the order of subject +predicate + Eg: I was born in the year 1632. I dont think he can pass the exam.,Interrogative Sentence,特點(diǎn)： 提出問題， 由助動(dòng)詞（do, be, will, have), 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（must, should, ought, may, would, could), 疑問詞（w-, h- ）來開始句子。 Four questions： 1 General Question(一般疑問句) Are you student? 注：用助動(dòng)詞提問，用是或不是來回答。 2 Wquestion, H-question(特殊疑問句) What do you do? 注：用疑問詞來提問，根據(jù)疑問詞回答問題。 3 Alternative Question (選擇疑問句) Are you a student or a teacher? 注：不一定有提問詞，但一定有并列連詞or。 4 Tag-question (反意疑問句) You are a student, arent you? 注：Tag 本意為附加詞，所以反意疑問句也叫附加疑問句，其特點(diǎn)是句子分兩部分，前半部陳述，逗號(hào)后開始提問，提問詞必須與前半句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，而且前半句肯定，后半句要用否定提問，反之亦然。 You are a student, arent you? You are not a student, are you? Yes, I am. Yes, I am. No, I am not. No, I am not.,Imperative Sentence,特點(diǎn)：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令。 形式上是動(dòng)詞原形起句，主語(yǔ)省略。 Eg: Help! 救命！ Stand up! 起立！ Get out! 滾開！ Leave me alone! 讓我自己呆會(huì)兒！,Exclamatory Sentence,特點(diǎn)： 表達(dá)一種情緒。形式上是修飾性短語(yǔ)modifier后接主語(yǔ)和be。 主語(yǔ)和be可以省略。一般有兩種引導(dǎo)方式 : what +noun +subject +be How + adj or adv + subject +be/v. Eg: How shiny Nicole Kidman is! What a shiny woman Nicole Kidman is! How fast you run! Text Book Examples P1-3 Exercises: P7,2. 按句子結(jié)構(gòu)可分為3種：,Simple Sentence （只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子） 特點(diǎn): one subject + one predicate Eg: I am singing. one subject + several predicates Eg: I am singing, laughing and dancing. several subjects + one predicate Eg: Tom, Jane and I are singing. several subjects + several predicates Eg: Tom, Jane and I are singing, laughing and dancing. 注： 簡(jiǎn)單句中的一個(gè)或多個(gè)主語(yǔ)與一個(gè)或多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)一定是主謂關(guān)系。,Compound Sentence（包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子）,特點(diǎn)：句與句之間用并列連詞或分號(hào)連接。各分句間在意義上有緊密的聯(lián)系。 Eg: It is raining, so I have to find a shelter. It is raining; I have to find a shelter. 注： 逗號(hào)只能跟并列連詞共同使用才能連接并列句。 不然就構(gòu)成逗號(hào)割裂。 Eg: I like playing football, he likes playing basketball.() I like playing football; he likes playing basketball.() I like playing football, and he likes playing basketball.() 注： ， coordinating words = ; 它們與句號(hào)的區(qū)別在于前后兩句話連接緊密。 Today is a fine day. I have to do my homework.,Coordinate conjunction: And, but, for, or, so, yet, nor,Complex Sentence(包含一個(gè)主句和幾個(gè)分句的句子),特點(diǎn)：要用從屬連詞 subordinate conjunction來連接分句。 注： 本身不能獨(dú)立表達(dá)完整的意思而只在句子中作句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分者叫做從句（clause）。用以連接從句使其在主句中發(fā)揮表達(dá)功能的詞叫做從屬連詞（Subordinate Conjunction: where, when, if, though, because, if, that, though/although, unless，when) Eg: I met the man who saved a boy from the accident. (定語(yǔ)從句) If I have 10 thousand yuan, I will buy you a necklace.（條件狀語(yǔ)從句） I think that he is a qualified teacher. (賓語(yǔ)從句) Where there is will, there is a way. (地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句) Homework: find out all the subordinate conjunctions from the passage. P9 The Gettysburg Address (葛底斯堡演說) Textbook: Examples P 7-9 Practice P 9,3.從修辭角度分,Loose sentence 句子中，先介紹主要信息，再介紹次要信息，就是松散句. 特點(diǎn)： 結(jié)構(gòu)松散，各部分能表達(dá)獨(dú)立的意思。由于主要意思在前，可將句號(hào)移前而不影響理解。松散句沒有高潮，用于輕松，自然的表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或列舉同等重要的事實(shí)。 注： 并列句是松散句。 復(fù)合句當(dāng)主句在前就是松散句, 反之是圓周句。 Eg: I didnt pass the exam because I felt my mind empty when I sat in the classroom. (松散句) Eg: Because when I sat in the classroom， I felt my mind empty, I didnt pass the exam. （圓周句） 簡(jiǎn)單句根據(jù)主干及附屬成分的關(guān)系判斷。 Eg: The meeting will be held tomorrow . (松散句) Eg: Tomorrow the meeting will be held. (圓周句),Periodic sentence 圓周句,句子中，先介紹次要信息，再介紹主要信息，直到句子結(jié)束意思才完整的表達(dá)清楚，就是圓周句，也叫掉尾句。 特點(diǎn)： 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，吸引讀者讀到最后。往往是為表強(qiáng)調(diào)和獲得句子高潮。 Eg: Though she was interested in music, she finally came to this institute to study English. Eg: Yesterday morning, on the way to school, with my long hair flied to my eyes, I bumped into a big rock. 注：松散句與圓周句的轉(zhuǎn)換 Eg: From breakfast to lunch, from lunch to dinner, from dinner to midnight snack, he is thinking only one thing, the next meal. Eg: He is thinking only one thing, the next meal, from breakfast to lunch, from lunch to dinner, from dinner to midnight snack.,Antithesis sentence 對(duì)偶句,一個(gè)句子中如果含有兩個(gè)或更多的在語(yǔ)法形式和作用上相同的成分，便是具有了平行結(jié)構(gòu)（balance structure）的句子,就叫做對(duì)偶句。 特點(diǎn)： 富有節(jié)奏感，讀起來鏗鏘有力，富有文采，感染讀者。 Eg: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. 讀史使人明智；讀詩(shī)使人靈秀；數(shù)學(xué)使人周密；科學(xué)使人深刻；倫理學(xué)使人莊重；邏輯修辭學(xué)使人善辯。（論讀書） Examples of textbook: Exercises: P 15,按句子字?jǐn)?shù)，長(zhǎng)短來分 Long sentence and short sentence,Long sentence 特點(diǎn)： 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，容量大，用于準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想，修飾語(yǔ)較多，可用與解釋及說明。精確，嚴(yán)密，但缺乏靈活。 Short sentence: 特點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，短小精悍，明白易懂，用于陳述重要事實(shí)。簡(jiǎn)潔，明快，有力，但不利于表達(dá)復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容。 Eg: I came; I saw; I conquered. War is hell. Eg: As applied to colleges, this would mean that students would gather in pleasant informal surroundings and discuss intelligently matters with a common appeal, as we done in the university. Not only would they enrich their knowledge, but they would also learn how to compromise and see each others viewpoint by obtaining which instead of the one our system presents, the students would learn to know their own minds and think objectively instead of receiving opinions on a silver platter. 注：短句轉(zhuǎn)換成長(zhǎng)句（增加并列或從屬連詞） Examples of textbook: Exercises: P 19,Common errors(常見句法錯(cuò)誤),Run-on sentence(串句) I like playing basketball he likes playing football. Sentence Fragments(殘缺句即破句) Because it is raining. We have to find a shelter. Misplaced modifiers(誤置修飾語(yǔ)) He killed the man who beat him with a knife. Dangling modifier(垂懸修飾語(yǔ)) Going through the red light, the traffic police stopped him. Faulty Parallelism(錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)) She is beautiful, smart and has two dogs.,Run-on sentence(串句),串句就是誤將兩個(gè)或更多獨(dú)立的成分合寫在一個(gè)句子里而不用適當(dāng)?shù)姆蛛x標(biāo)記。 特點(diǎn)：意思含糊不清，讀者無(wú)法理解各部分的關(guān)系。 兩種串句： 1，融合句（Fused sentence）句子中沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和連接詞。 Eg: Tom decided to give up smoking he didnt want to die of lung cancer. 2， 逗號(hào)連接（comma splice）沒有連接詞，只用逗號(hào)將兩個(gè)完整的意思連接起來。 Eg: Tom decided to give up smoking, he didnt want to die of lung cancer. 五種修改方法： 1，句號(hào)分隔（兩句之間關(guān)系不是很緊密） 2，分號(hào)分隔（分句間關(guān)系較為緊密） 3，逗號(hào)并列連詞（分句間關(guān)系密切且存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系）,4，分號(hào)連接副詞逗號(hào)（分句間關(guān)系密切且存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系） Eg: China is bigger than Japan; however, Japan is richer than China. 5, 用從屬連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞連接，將其中一句變成另一句的從句。 從屬連詞：if, after, though, in case, since, till, now that, unless, in order that, as 關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which, whoever 關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why, how, wherever, whenever ( = 介詞關(guān)系代詞which) 連接副詞： however, hence, still, otherwise, consequently, namely, therefore, nevertheless, anyway, thus, moreover. Examples of the textbook: P 22, Exercises: P24,Sentence Fragments (殘缺句， 破句) 不能獨(dú)立成句的句子片段,由從屬連詞引起的破句（Dependent-word Fragments） 方法：1，合并殘缺片段與主句 2，根據(jù)意思和結(jié)構(gòu)刪除從屬連詞 Eg: After I arrived in Beijing. I checked into a room.() After I arrived in Beijing, I checked into a room.() I arrived in Beijing and checked into a room.() 由分詞或不定式引起的破句（ing and to fragments） 方法：1，根據(jù)句意合并殘缺片段與主句 2，在殘缺片段前加主語(yǔ)，使其成為一句話 Eg1: Recognizing the star. Tom rushed to him. () Recognizing the star, Tom rushed to him.() Tom Recognized the star and rushed to him .() Eg2: To pass the exam. I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock. () To pass the exam, I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock .(),由添加細(xì)節(jié)所引起的破句（Added-detail Fragments） 細(xì)節(jié)詞：for example, except, such as, including, especially 方法： 1，根據(jù)句意合并殘缺片段與主句 2，給殘缺片段加主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)使其成為一句話 3，根據(jù)句意替換某些動(dòng)詞使句子片段與主句形成完整意思 Eg: I like sports. For example, swimming and running. () I like sports, for example ,swimming and running.() I like sports. For example, I like swimming and running.() The sports I like are swimming and running.() 缺少主語(yǔ)引起的破句（Missing-subject Fragments） 方法： 1， 加主語(yǔ) 2，合并殘缺片段與主句 Eg: I go to school at 6 am. And go back home at 8 pm. () I go to school at 6 am. And I go back home at 8 pm .() I go to school at 6 am and go back home at 8 pm .() Examples of the textbook: P 29 Exercises: P 34,Misplaced Modifiers （誤置修飾語(yǔ)）,把修飾詞放錯(cuò)了位置，導(dǎo)致句子意思混淆，產(chǎn)生歧義。 方法：把修飾詞（定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、短語(yǔ)、從句）盡可能的靠近所修飾的成分。 Squinting Modifiers (歧義修飾語(yǔ)或偏斜修飾語(yǔ)) 既可以修飾前面又可以修飾后面的修飾語(yǔ)叫做歧義修飾語(yǔ)。 Eg: Students who study often get high grades. () Students who often study get high grades. () Students who study get high grades often. () 注：1，only, nearly, almost, just, even, hardly, scarcely, simply 等這類形容詞或副詞在作修飾詞時(shí)，具有明顯的限定意義。根據(jù)這些修飾語(yǔ)在句中的不同位置，其意義也可不同。要盡可能靠近所修飾的詞語(yǔ)，一般在前。 Eg: I nearly earned 100$ last week. () I earned nearly 100$ last week. (),2, 將句中表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式的狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句放到句首，不會(huì)造成歧義。,Eg: The new couple decided to get married on a rainy June day. () On a rainy June day, the new couple decided to get married. () 3, 將看似放在哪都不合適的狀語(yǔ)放在句首。 Eg: I killed the bee that stung me with a newspaper. () I killed the bee with a newspaper that stung me. () With a newspaper, I killed the bee that stung me. () 4, 由which 和that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句要緊跟先行詞。 Eg: I ate an apple on bed that was very delicious. () I ate an apple that was very delicious on bed. () Examples from textbook P40 Exercises P42,垂懸修飾語(yǔ)（Dangling modifiers）,當(dāng)分詞和短語(yǔ)做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，修飾語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致，這就是垂懸修飾語(yǔ)。 兩種修改方法：改前面，改后面。 1, 垂懸-ing 動(dòng)詞（ Dangling ing verbs） Eg: Swimming in the river, a rock cut my foot. () Swimming in the river, my foot was cut by a rock. () Swimming in the river, I felt a rock cut my foot. () Swimming in the river, I had my foot cut by a rock. () When I was swimming in the river, a rock cut my foot.() 2,垂懸不定式（ Dangling infinitive） Eg: To pass the exam, good preparation is needed. () To pass the exam, you need good preparation. () If you want to pass the exam, good preparation is needed. (),3,垂懸介詞短語(yǔ)（ Dangling prepositional phrase） Eg: At the top of the mountain, cars looked like fish in the stream.(),At the top of the mountain, we found that cars looked like fish in the stream. () When we were at the top of the mountain, cars looked like fish in the stream. () 4,垂懸省略從句（ Dangling Elliptical clause） Eg: When eating my dinner, three mosquitoes bit me.() When I was eating my dinner, three mosquitoes bit me. () When eating my dinner, I was bitten by three mosquitoes. () Examples from textbook P46 Exercises P48,平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤（Faulty Parallelism）,兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思并列的成分，若是用不同等的語(yǔ)法成分表達(dá)出來，那么就構(gòu)成了錯(cuò)誤的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 Eg: She is beautiful, smart and has two dogs. () She is beautiful, smart and she has two dogs. () She is beautiful and smart, and she has two dogs. () 1, 并列連詞（coordinating conjunction） And, but, or, so, for, yet Eg: She is an adult, married and has young daughter. () She is an adult, married woman and mother with a young daughter. () Eg: I dont like reading, to write and spoke. () I dont like reading, writing or speaking. () 2, 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞（correlative conjunction） Not onlybut also, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞要成對(duì)出現(xiàn)，且前后所跟的成分應(yīng)具有相同的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。 Eg: After graduation, I will either go to America or to go to Canada. () After graduation, I will either go to America or go to Canada. () After graduation, I will go to either America or Canada. (),3,一系列平行詞（words in a series）,4, 對(duì)比和比較的詞（than, as） Eg: My eyes are bigger than you. () My eyes are bigger than yours. () My eyes are bigger than those of yours. () 5, 虛詞 6,介詞 7, 冠詞 8, 不定式 9,引導(dǎo)詞(and who, and which 一定是前面出現(xiàn)了who, which 后才可以使用) Eg: Mary is an American girl and who likes Chinese food very much. () Mary who is an American girl and who likes Chinese food very much. () Mary who likes Chinese food very much is an American girl. (),第三節(jié) 多姿多彩的句子（Sentence Variety）,句型多樣化是指一個(gè)段落中的短句，長(zhǎng)句，簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，和復(fù)合句錯(cuò)雜使用，使句子靈活多變多姿多彩。 方法：7種方法 1，使用并列連詞（sentence variety through coordinators） Eg: My son is studying computer. My daughter is majoring in communication. My son is studying computer and my daughter is majoring in communication. Eg: We are watering the trees. We dont have rain for a month. We are watering the trees for we dont have rain for a month. 2, 使用從屬連詞（Sentence Variety through Subordinations） Eg: The boy was in a motorcycle accident. The boy limps. The boy who limps was in a motorcycle accident. The boy who was in a motorcycle accident limps. Eg: The movie disgusted the audience. They walked out after 10 minutes. Because the movie disgusted the audience, they walked out after 10 minutes.,3，使用介詞短語(yǔ)（Sentence Variety through Prepositional Phrases）,Eg: She married a poor shepherd. Her parents disagreed with it. Against her parents, she married a poor shepherd. Over her parents protest, she married a poor shepherd. 4, 使用分詞（ Sentence Variety through Participles） Eg: She refused to get out of bed. She pulled a blanket over her head. Pulling a blanket over her head, she refused to get out of bed. Refusing to get out of bed, she pulled a blanket over her head. Eg: He crossed the finishing line. He was inspired by his girlfriend. Inspired by his girlfriend, he crossed the finishing line. 5, 使用同位語(yǔ)（ Sentence Variety through Appositives） Eg: Andy Lau jumped down the stage to rescue his fan from guards. Andy Lau is my favorite singer. Andy Lau, my favorite singer, jumped down the stage to rescue his fan from guards.,6, 使用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（ Sentence Variety through Absolute Phrases）,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)質(zhì)和類型 所謂“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”（Absolute Construction）實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語(yǔ)的非限定分句和無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句.分為不定式“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ing分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ed分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”和無(wú)動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，通常在句中起狀語(yǔ)分句的作用。 Eg: She stared at me .Her eyes are glaring. Eyes glaring, she stared at me. Eg: The Trojans were asleep. The Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. 7, 使用修飾語(yǔ)開頭的句子（ Sentence Variety through Modifiers） Eg: She is intelligent and beautiful. She holds many boys attention. Intelligent and beautiful, she holds many boys attention.,第二章 段落的寫作（Lets Try a Paragraph）,第一節(jié) 段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)（basic structure of a paragraph） Outline (a plan for your writing) Topic Sentence A: First main point B: Second main point C: Conclusion,Topic Sentence,Development Sentence,Concluding Sentence,The most general and important statement.,Specific, concrete, exact details,Sum up, general,Sub-point 1,Sub-point 2,Sub-point 1,Sub-point 2,Development Sentence,Write an outline for the paragraph below,Living with my ex-roommate was unbearable. She thought everything she owned the best. If someone complicated my pants, she would point that her designer jeans looked better and would last longer because they were made of better material. Further more she possessed numerous filthy（骯臟的） habits. Her desk and closets overflowed with heaps(堆) of dirty clothes, books, and cosmetics. She never brushed her teeth. Piles of “best-brand” tissues were regularly discarded from her upper bunk(上鋪)and strewn(撒) the floor. Living with such roommate is a nightmare. Topic Sentence: Living with my ex-roommate was unbearable. A: She thought everything she owned the best. 1, pants B: she possessed numerous filthy habits 1, desk and closets 2, never brushed her teeth 3, “best-brand” tissues Conclusion: Living with such roommate is a nightmare.,1. 主題句（Topic Sentence）,特點(diǎn)： 概括段落的中心思想 包括： 主題（Topic), 主旨（Controlling idea） 主題是作者討論的對(duì)象，主旨是作者對(duì)討論對(duì)象的觀點(diǎn)。 Eg: Writing an outline is an aid to organizing a composition. Topic: Writing an outline Controlling idea: is an aid to organizing a composition Eg: Going to college requires more independence than going to school. Topic: Going to college Controlling idea: requires more independence than going to school. 2, 發(fā)展句 （Developing sentence） 支持，解釋，論證主題句 特點(diǎn)是要統(tǒng)一和連貫 3，結(jié)論句（Concluding sentence） 出現(xiàn)在段尾，總結(jié)，歸納全段內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)段落的中心思想。,第二節(jié)段落的開展方法（Ways of developing a paragraph）,1, 時(shí)間（Paragraph development by chronological order） 記敘文，按時(shí)間先后順序排列句子。 2,過程（ Paragraph development by a analysis of a process） 說明文，用來敘述一件事應(yīng)遵循的程序或步驟。 3,空間（ Paragraph development by spatial order） 說明文，按物體的空間位置，上到下，里到外，左到右等展開段落。 4, 分類（ Paragraph development by a classification scheme） 說明文，按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)事物進(jìn)行分類。 5, 舉例（ Paragraph development by a series of closely-related short examples） 議論文居多，用典型，具體，生動(dòng)的事例來證明。 6, 因果分析（ Paragraph development by cause-effect sequence） 說明文，通過分析事物發(fā)生的原因，自然的說明所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，或是由結(jié)果推斷原因。 7, 類比和比較（ Paragraph development by comparison/contrast） 議論文。先敘述單方面的全部細(xì)節(jié)，或是逐個(gè)問題對(duì)兩方面進(jìn)行對(duì)比。 8, 下定義（ Paragraph development by a definition） 9, 綜合法（ Paragraph development by a combination of these techniques）,第三節(jié) 好的段落（Effective Paragraph）,1, 統(tǒng)一性（Unity） 要求發(fā)展句（developing sentence） 為（topic sentence） 服務(wù)，緊扣中心思想。同時(shí)保持人稱，文體及時(shí)態(tài)的一致。 2，連貫性(Coherence) 要求段落按照邏輯順序展開，將事實(shí)按照一定邏輯關(guān)系組織成一段有意義的，前后相互關(guān)聯(lián)的話。 3，過渡性（Continuity） 要求各句之間有一系列的邏輯關(guān)系組成，并列、因果、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步。 由過渡詞完成 textbook P59 Examples of textbook: P91,第三章 短文寫作（Essay Writing）,第一節(jié) 英語(yǔ)短文的構(gòu)成（Structure of English essays） 一，引言段（Introductory Paragraph） 方法：1， 開門見山，點(diǎn)明主題 Eg: Living with my ex-roommate is unbearable. 2，引經(jīng)據(jù)典， 名言諺語(yǔ) A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善終。 Actions speak louder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一塹，長(zhǎng)一智。 A good beginning is half done. 良好的開端是成功的一半。 A good conscience is a soft pillow. 不做虧心事，不怕鬼叫門。 3， 介紹背景，引出主題 Eg: 21th century is flourishing age in which industry has been developing. So has pollution. 4, 個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，傳奇故事 5， 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，客觀事實(shí) 6，提出問題，引起注意 Eg: Is part-time job off campus good for college students?,三，結(jié)尾段,1， 總結(jié)全文，重申主題 Eg: From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that pollution has brought and will bring more problems to the earth. 2， 提出問題，引出思考 Eg: Computer plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the presen