凱伯國際貿(mào)易第三章(英文原版課件)

1、SourcesofComparativeAdvantage,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,1,PowerPointslidespreparedby:AndreeaChiritescuEasternI

2、llinoisUniversity,FactorEndowments,Factor-endowmenttheoryHeckscher-OhlintheoryImmediatebasisfortrade:differencebetweenpre-traderelativeproductpricesoftradingnationsPricesdependontheproductionpossibilitiescurvesandtastesandpreferences(demandconditions)inthetradingcountriesProductionpossibilitiescurve

3、sdependontechnologyandresourceendowments,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,2,FactorEndowments,Factor-endowmenttheoryUl

4、timatedeterminantsofcomparativeadvantageTechnologyResourceendowmentsDemandAssumption:technologyanddemandareapproximatelythesamebetweencountries,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductors

5、erviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,3,FactorEndowments,Factor-endowmenttheoryResource-endowmentratioDeterminescomparativeadvantageExporttheproductthatusesalargeamountofitsrelativelyabundantresourceImporttheproductwhichinproductionusestherelativelyscarceresource,2011CengageLea

6、rning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,4,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,except

7、foruseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,5,Producingaircraftandtextiles:factorendowmentsintheUnitedStatesandChina,TABLE3.1,FactorEndowments,Effectofresourceendowmentsoncomparativeadvantage,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsRes

8、erved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,6,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedi

9、nalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,7,Capitalstockperworkerofselectedcountries,1997*,TABLE3.2,Acountryexportsthegoodwhoseproductionisintensiveinitsrelativelyabundantfactor.Itimportsthegoodwhoseproductionisintensiveinitsrelativelyscarc

10、efactor.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,8,Thefactor-endowmenttheory,FIGURE3.1,FactorEndowments,Factor-endowmenttheo

11、ry,U.S.-ChinatradeUnitedStatesRelativelyabundant:humancapital(skills),scientifictalent,andengineeringtalentarerelativelyabundantRelativelyscarce:unskilledlaborisrelativelyscarceChinaRelativelyrich:unskilledlaborRelativelyscarce:scientificandengineeringtalent,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.May

12、notbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,9,FactorEndowments,Factor-endowmenttheory,U.S.-ChinatradeUnitedStatesexportstoChinaGoodsembodyingrelativelylargeamountsofskil

13、ledlaborandtechnologyAircraft,software,pharmaceuticals,andhigh-techcomponentsofelectricalmachineryandequipmentChinaexportstotheUnitedStatesGoodsforwhicharelativelylargeamountofunskilledlaborisusedApparel,footwear,toys,andthefinalassemblyofelectronicmachineryandequipment,2011CengageLearning.AllRights

14、Reserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,10,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermit

15、tedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,11,U.S.-Chinatrade:toptenproducts,2007(thousandsofdollars),TABLE3.3,FactorEndowments,Factor-PriceEqualizationRedirectdemandawayfromthescarceresourceTowardtheabundantresourceineachnationTradelead

16、stofactor-priceequalizationThecheapresourcebecomesrelativelymoreexpensiveTheexpensiveresourcebecomesrelativelylessexpensiveUntilpriceequalizationoccurs,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainpr

17、oductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,12,Byforcingproductpricesintoequality,internationaltradealsotendstoforcefactorpricesintoequalityacrosscountries.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalic

18、ensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,13,Thefactor-priceequalizationtheory(a),FIGURE3.2,Byforcingproductpricesintoequality,internationaltradealsotendstoforcefactorpricesintoequalityacrosscountries.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Mayno

19、tbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,14,Thefactor-priceequalizationtheory(b),FIGURE3.2,FactorEndowments,Factor-PriceEqualizationRealworldnofullfactor-priceequalizat

20、ionUnevenownershipofhumancapitalEducation,training,skill,andthelikeNotallcountriesusethesametechnologyNewandbettertechnologyreplacesoldertechnologiesfasterindevelopedcountriesTransportationcostsandtradebarriersReducethevolumeoftrade,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,ordupl

21、icated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,15,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainpr

22、oductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,16,Indexesofhourlycompensation,manufacturingworkers,2006(U.S.=100),TABLE3.4,FactorEndowments,Stolper-SamuelsonTheoremExtensionofthetheoryoffactor-priceequalizationAnincreaseinthepriceofaproductIncreasestheincomeearnedbyresourcesthat

23、areusedintensivelyinitsproductionAdecreaseinthepriceofaproductReducestheincomeoftheresourcesthatitusesintensivelySomepeoplewillsufferlossesfromfreetrade,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainp

24、roductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,17,FactorEndowments,MagnificationeffectofStolper-SamuelsontheoremThechangeinthepriceofaresourceIsgreaterthanthechangeinthepriceofthegoodThatusestheresourcerelativelyintensivelyinitsproductionprocess,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsRes

25、erved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,18,FactorEndowments,PolicyimplicationsofStolper-SamuelsontheoremEventhoughfreetrademayprovideoverallgainsforacountry

26、TherearewinnersandlosersOwnersofrelativelyabundantresourcesFavorfreetradeOwnersofrelativelyscarcefactorsFavortraderestrictions,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwise

27、onapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,19,GlobalizationdriveschangesforU.S.Automakers,BigThree(GM,Ford,andChrysler)HigherproductioncostsLargepensionobligationsandhealthcarecostsHundredsofthousandsofretirees2008,GMspent$4.8billiononhealthcare$1,500highercostpervehicleHigherhourlywages:$30(and$30i

28、nbenefits)Toyota,HondaHealthcarecosts-$200pervehicleHourlywages:$24(and$24inbenefits),2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomus

29、e,20,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,21,Labor-costgappervehiclehurtscompetitivenessofbigthreeautomakers,TABLE3.5,Fac

30、torEndowments,Internationaltrade-substituteformigration?ImmigrantsHelptheeconomygrowIncreasingthesizeofthelaborforceTakelowskilledjobsfewnative-bornAmericansareavailabletoworkTakejobsthatcontributetotheUnitedStatesbeingaleaderintechnologicalinnovation,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbeco

31、pied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,22,FactorEndowments,InternationaltradeSubstituteforthemovementofresourcesfromonecountrytoanotherInternationalmovementsinresourcesare

32、notessentialInternationaltradeinproductscanachievethesameresultComplementlabormigration,shortandnear-longtermsExpandingtradesomeunemployedworkersForcedtoseekemploymentabroad,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedis

33、tributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,23,FactorEndowments,Specific-factorstheoryIncomedistributioneffectsoftradeIntheshorttermWhenresourcesareimmobileamongindustriesResourcesspecifictoimport-competingindustriesLoseasaresultoftradeResourcesspecifict

34、oexportindustriesGainasaresultoftrade,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,24,DoesTradeMakethePoorEvenPoorer?,Wagegap:ski

35、lledandunskilledworkersSomecombinationoftrade,technology,education,immigration,andunionweaknessIncomeinequality-pervasiveWagesofskilledworkers“relative”tothoseofunskilledworkersOutcomeoftheinteractionbetweensupplyanddemandinthelabormarket,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,

36、orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,25,DoesTradeMakethePoorEvenPoorer?,WageratioWageofskilledworkersdividedbythewageofunskilledworkersLaborratioQuantityofskilledworkersavailabledivi

37、dedbythequantityofunskilledworkers,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,26,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbe

38、copied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,27,Inequalityofwagesbetweenskilledandunskilledworkers,FIGURE3.3,Byincreasingthedemandforskilledrelativetounskilledworkers,expandin

39、gtradeortechnologicalimprovementsresultingreaterinequalityofwagesbetweenskilledandunskilledworkers.Also,immigrationofunskilledworkersintensifieswageinequalitybydecreasingthesupplyofskilledworkersrelativetounskilledworkers.However,expandingopportunitiesforcollegeeducationresultsinanincreaseinthesuppl

40、yofskilledrelativetounskilledworkers,thusreducingwageinequality.Inthefigure,thewageratioequalswageofskilledworkers/wageofunskilledworkers.Thelaborratioequalsthequantityofskilledworkers/quantityofunskilledworkers.,DoesTradeMakethePoorEvenPoorer?,InternationaltradeandtechnologicalchangeIncreaseinthede

41、mandcurveofskilledworkersrelativetounskilledworkersHigherdegreesofwageinequalityImmigrationDecreaseinthesupplyofskilledworkersrelativetounskilledworkersHigherwageinequality,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedist

42、ributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,28,DoesTradeMakethePoorEvenPoorer?,EducationandtrainingIncreaseinthesupplycurveofskilledworkersrelativetounskilledworkersReducethewageinequalitySourcesofwageinequalityTradeandimmigrationSmalleffectsDomesticsourc

43、es,especiallytechnology,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,29,Doesa“flatworld”makeRicardowrong?,Critiquesofglobalizatio

44、nTheworldhasbecome“flat”Comparativeadvantagesdwindled/ordriedupChinaandIndiaeconomicdevelopment;moresimilartoU.S.AlevelplayingfieldInternet,wirelesstechnology,searchengines,otherinnovations.UnitedStatescouldbecomeworseoffwithtrade,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplic

45、ated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,30,Doesa“flatworld”makeRicardowrong?,ProblemswiththiscritiqueGlobalization-increasedinternationaleconomicinterdependenceIgnoresthewaysinwhichmoderntraded

46、iffersfromRicardossimplemodelTheworldisnotflatatall,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,31,SkillasSourceofComparativeAdv

47、antage,U.S.RelativelycapitalabundantRelativelylaborscarceFactor-endowmenttheoryExportcapital-intensivegoodsImport-competinggoodswillbelaborintensive,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainprodu

48、ctorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,32,SkillasSourceofComparativeAdvantage,LeontiefparadoxCapital/laborratios,200exportindustriesandimport-competingindustries,1947Capital/laborratioforU.S.exportindustriesLowerthanthatofitsimport-competingindustriesExports-lesscapitalinte

49、nsivethanimport-competinggoodsImport-competinggoods-morecapitalintensivethanU.S.exports,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroom

50、use,33,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,34,FactorcontentofU.S.Trade:capitalandlaborrequirementspermilliondollarsofU.S

51、.Exportsandimportsubstitutes,TABLE3.6,SkillasSourceofComparativeAdvantage,ExportsoftheU.S.NotintensiveinphysicalcapitalIntensiveinhumancapitalSkillintensiveCountrieswithhighlyeducatedworkersExportsconcentratedinskill-intensivegoodsCountrieswithlesseducatedworkersExportgoodsthatrequirelittleskilledla

52、bor,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,35,Thefiguresuggeststhatcountriesthatareabundantinskilledlaborcapturelargershare

53、sofU.S.importsinindustriesthatintensivelyusethosefactors.Conversely,countriesthatareabundantinunskilledlaborcapturelargersharesofU.S.importsinindustriesthatintensivelyusethosefactors.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedina

54、licensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,36,Education,skillintensity,andU.S.importshares,1998,FIGURE3.4,IncreasingReturnstoScale,Increasing-returnstradetheoryNationswithsimilarfactorendowmentsNegligiblecomparative-advantagedifferencesMayfind

55、itbeneficialtotradeBecausetheycantakeadvantageofmassiveeconomiesofscaleProducethatgoodingreatquantityatlowaverageunitcostsTradethoselow-costgoodstoothernations,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithac

56、ertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,37,Byaddingtothesizeofthedomesticmarket,internationaltradepermitslongerproductionrunsbydomesticfirms,whichcanleadtogreaterefficiencyandreductionsinunitcosts.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,ordup

57、licated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,38,Economiesofscaleasabasisfortrade,FIGURE3.5,ExternalEconomiesofScale,ExternaleconomiesofscaleTheaveragecostofthetypicalfirmdecreasesAstheoutputofthe

58、industrywithinthisareaincreasesConcentrationofanindustrysfirmsinaparticulargeographicLargerpoolsofaspecializedtypeofworkerNewknowledgeaboutproductiontechnologyspreadsamongfirmsinthearea,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedi

59、nalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,39,OverlappingDemandsasaBasisforTrade,Theoryofoverlappingdemands,Linder,1960sFactor-endowmenttheory-explainstradeinprimaryproductsandagriculturalgoodsNottradeinmanufacturedgoodsForceinfluencingmanuf

60、actured-goodtradeDomesticdemandconditionsFirmswithinacountrymanufacturegoodsforwhichthereisalargedomesticmarketAnationsexports-extensionoftheproductionforthedomesticmarket,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistr