2022年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試模擬卷九23測(cè)

2022年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試模擬卷九

（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時(shí)間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

單位：姓名：考號(hào)：

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分值

得分

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中，只有一個(gè)最符合題意）

1.PoIIution:ALifeandDeathIssueOneofthemainthemesofPIanet

underPressureisthewaymanyoftheEarth*senvironmentaIcrises

reinforceoneanother.PolIutionisanobviousexampIe-wedonothave

theoptionofgrowingfood,orfindingenoughwater,onasqueaky-clean

planet,butononeincreasinglytarnishedandtrashedbythewaywehave

useditsofar.Cuttingwasteandclearinguppo11utioncostmoney.Yet

timeandagainitisthequestforwealththatgeneratesmuchofthemess

inthefirstplace.LivinginawaythatislessdamagingtotheEarth

isnoteasy,butitisvital,becausepo11utionispervasiveandoften

Iife-threatening.

ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst.[A]malaria

[C]animals[B]wildlife[D]humannervoussystem

Air：theWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）saysthreemillionpeopleare

killedworldwidebyoutdoorairpol1utionannual1yfromvehiclesand

industrialemissions,and1.6millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.

Mostareinpoorcountries.

Water：diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%ofillnessesand

deathsindevelopingcountries,killingachildeveryeightseconds.Each

year2.1millionpeoplAdiefromdiarrhopal（痢疾的）diseaspsassnciat.pd

withpoorwater.

Soil:contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrializedcountries,where

formerfactoriesandpowerstationscanleavewastelikeheavymetalsin

thesoil.Itcanalsooccurindevelopingcountries,sometimesusedfor

dumpingpesticides.Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,

nitrate-richfertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthe

contaminationreachesriversitdamages1ifethere,andcanevencreate

deadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.

ChronicProblem

Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.Whenwethinkofchemical

contaminationitisoftenimagesofeventslikeBhopalthatcometomind.

Butthpproblomiswidpspr（?ad.Onestudysays7-20%ofcaneprsarp

attributabletopoorairandpollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,

concernedaboutchemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,

especiallyintheyoung,sayswemay"beconductingalarge-scale

experimentwithchildren'shealth".

Someman-madechemicals,endocrine（內(nèi)分泌）disruptorslikephthalates（M

酸鹽）andnonylphonol-abreakdownproductofspermicides（殺精子劑），

cosmeticsanddetergents-areblamedforcausingchangesinthegenitals,

ofsomeanimals.Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventhe

Arcticisimmune.Andthechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,fromfishto

mammals,andtous.About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound

1,500newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtneverto

havebeenuonipieheiibivelyLesledfox'LheirpossiblerisksLopeople.Al

firstglance

2.AtsometimeinyourIife,youmayhaveastrongdesiretodosomething

strangeorterrible.However,chancesarethatyoudon'tactonyour

impulse,butletitpassinstead.Youknowthattocommittheactionis

wronginsomewayandthatotherpeopIewi11notacceptyourbehavior.

Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenonoftaboobehavior

ishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithinthesamesociety,howcertain

behaviorandattitudeonceconsideredtaboocanbecomeperfectly

acceptabIeandnaturaIatanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,

forexampIe,wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpIeasantthatit

wasatabootoeventalkaboutthem.NowwiththepubIicationofimportant

bookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSayGoodbye,peopIehave

becomemoreawareoftheimportanceofexpressingfeeIingsaboutdeath

and,asaresult,aremorewillingtotaiIaboutthistaboosubject.

OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopicoffat.Uniike

manyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericanstaiIaboutconstantly.

It'snottaboototaIkaboutfat;it*stabootobefat.The"inMIook

isthin,notfat.Intheworkworld,mostcompaniesprefer

youthful-looking,trimexecutivestoseiItheirimagesasweIIastheir

productstothepubIic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,

andsuccess.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofaslazy

andlackinginenergy,self-discipIine,andself-respect.Inan

image-conscioussocietyIiketheU.S.,thinisnin",fatis"out".It,

snotsurprising,then,thatmi11ionsofAmericanshavebeenobsessed

withstayingsiimand"inshape".ThepursuitofayouthfuIphysical

appearanceisnot,however,thesolereasonforAmericans1fascination

withdietandexercise.Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportance

ofdietandexerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically

developednations,theIifestyleofNorthAmericanshaschanged

dramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury,modernmachinesdo

alIthephysicallaborthatpeopIewereonceforcedtodobyhand.Cars

andbusestransportusquicklyfrompointtopoint.Asaresultof

inactivityanddisuse,people*sbodiescaneasilybecomeweakand

vulnerabletodisease.Inanefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsof

A.Husbandandwife.

B.Teacherandstudent.

C.Policemananddriver.

D.Motherandson.

7.AtsometimeinyourIife,youmayhaveastrongdesiretodosomething

strangeorterrible.However,chancesarethatyoudon'tactonyour

impulse,butletitpassinstead.Youknowthattocommittheactionis

wronginsomewayandthatotherpeopIewi11notacceptyourbehavior.

Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenonoftaboobehavior

ishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithinthesamesociety,howcertain

behaviorandattitudeonceconsideredtaboocanbecomeperfectly

acceptableandnaturaIatanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,

forexampIe,wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatit

wasatabootoeventaIkaboutthem.NowwiththepubIicationofimportant

bookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSayGoodbye,peoplehave

becomemoreawareoftheimportanceofexpressingfeeIingsaboutdeath

and,asaresult,aremorewillingtotaiIaboutthistaboosubject.

OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopicoffat.Uniike

manyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericanstaiIaboutconstantly.

It'snottaboototaIkaboutfat;it*stabootobefat.The"in"Iook

isthin,notfat.Intheworkworld,mostcompaniesprefer

youthfuI_1ooking,trimexecutivestoseIItheirimagesasweIIastheir

productstothepubIic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,

andsuccess.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofaslazy

andlackinginenergy,self-discipIine,andself-respect.Inan

image-conscioussocietyIiketheU.S.,thinis"in",fatis"out".It'

snotsurprising,then,thatmi11ionsofAmericanshavebeenobsessed

withstayingsiimand"inshape".ThepursuitofayouthfuIphysical

appearanceisnot,however,thesolereasonforAmericans,fascination

withdietandexercise.Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportance

ofdietandexerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically

developednations,theIifestyleofNorthAmericanshaschanged

dramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury,modernmachinesdo

alIthephysicallaborthatpeopIewereonceforcedtodobyhand.Cars

andbusestransportusquicklyfrompointtopoint.Asaresultof

inactivityanddisuse,peopIe'sbodiescaneasilybecomeweakand

vulnerabletodisease.Inanefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsof

Americansarespendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.

BasedontheideaspresentedinthepassagewecanconeIude"beingfat"

inAmericansociety.

A.willalwaysremainataboo

B.isnotconsideredasataboobymostpeople

C.haslongbeenataboo

D.maynolongerbeataboosomeday

8.PolIution:ALifeandDeathIssueOneofthemainthemesofPIanet

underPressureisthewaymanyoftheEarth'senvironmentaIcrises

reinforceoneanother.PolIutionisanobviousexampIe-wedonothave

theoptionofgrowingfood,orfindingenoughwater,onasqueaky-clean

planet,butononeincreasinglytarnishedandtrashedbythewaywehave

useditsofar.CuttingwasteandclearinguppoIIutioncostmoney.Yet

timeandagainitisthequestforwealththatgeneratesmuchofthemess

inthefirstplace.LivinginawaythatislessdamagingtotheEarth

isnoteasy,butitisvital,becausepoIIutionispervasiveandoften

Iife-threatening.

ThereisaU.N.conventionthatcancover.[A]problembetween

neighbors[C]problemsonairpollution[B]problembetween

stateswhichdonotshareaborder[D]trans-boundaryairpo11ution

Air：theWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）saysthreemillionpeopleare

killedworldwidebyoutdoorairpollutionannuallyfromvehiclesand

industrialemissions,and1.6millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.

Mostareinpoorcountries.

Water：diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%ofi1Inessesand

deathsindevelopingcountries,killingachildeveryeightseconds.Each

year2.1millionpeoplediefromdiarrhoeal（痢疾的）diseasesassociated

withpoorwater.

Soil：contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrializedcountries,where

fnrmprfactnriPSandpnwprstatinnscan1PRVPwastp1ik（?hpavymptalsin

thesoi1.Ttcanalsooccurindevelopingcountries,sometimesusedfor

dumpingpesticides.Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,

nitrate-richfertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthe

contaminationreachesriversitdamageslifethere,andcanevencreate

deadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.

ChronicProblem

Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.Whenwethinkofchemical

contaminationitisoftenimagesofevents1ikeBhopalthatcometomind.

Buttheproblemiswidespread.Onestudysays7-20%ofcancersare

attributabletopoorairandpollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,

concernedaboutchemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,

especiallyinLlieyoung,sttyswemay"beconduulingalarge-scale

experimentwithchildren'shealth'1.

Someman-madechemicals,endocrine（內(nèi)分泌）disruptors1ikephthalates（M

酸鹽）andnonylphenol-abreakdownproductofspermicides（殺精子劑），

cosmeticsanddetergents-arcblamedforcausingchangesinthegenitals,

ofsomeanimals.Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventhe

Arcticisimmune.Andthechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,fromfisnto

mammals,andtous.About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound

1,500newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtneverto

havebeencomprehensivelytestedfortheirpossibleriskstopeople.At

firstglance

9.Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

A.Atthelibrary.

B.Attheairport.

C.Atthepostoffice.

D.Attheteacher*soffice.

10.AtsometimeinyourIife,youmayhaveastrongdesiretodosomething

strangeorterrible.However,chancesarethatyoudon'tactonyour

impulse,butletitpassinstead.Youknowthattocommittheactionis

wronginsomewayandthatotherpeopIewi11notacceptyourbehavior.

Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenonoftaboobehavior

ishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithinthesamesociety,howcertain

behaviorandattitudeonceconsideredtaboocanbecomeperfectly

acceptableandnaturaIatanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,

forexampIe,wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatit

wasatabootoeventaIkaboutthem.NowwiththepubIicationofimportant

bookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSayGoodbye,peopIehave

becomemoreawareoftheimportanceofexpressingfeeIingsaboutdeath

and,asaresult,aremorewillingtotaIIaboutthistaboosubject.

OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopicoffat.Uniike

manyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericanstaiIaboutconstantly.

It'snottaboototaIkaboutfat;it'stabootobefat.The"in"look

isthin,notfat.Intheworkworld,mostcompaniesprefer

youthful-looking,trimexecutivestoseiItheirimagesasweIIastheir

productstothepubIic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,

andsuccess.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofaslazy

andlackinginenergy,self-discipIine,andself-respect.Inan

image-conscioussocietyIiketheU.S.,thinis"in",fatis"out".It,

snotsurprising,then,thatmi11ionsofAmericanshavebeenobsessed

withstayingsiimand"inshape".ThepursuitofayouthfuIphysical

appearanceisnot,however,thesolereasonforAmericans*fascination

withdietandexercise.Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportance

ofdietandexerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically

developednations,theIifestyleofNorthAmericanshaschanged

dramaticaIlyduringthecourseoftheIastcentury,modernmachinesdo

alIthephysicallaborthatpeopIewereonceforcedtodobyhand.Cars

andbusestransportusquicklyfrompointtopoint.Asaresultof

inactivityanddisuse,people*sbodiescaneasilybecomeweakand

vulnerabletodisease.Inanefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsof

Americansarespendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.

Thetopicoffatismanyothertaboosubjects.

A.thesameas

B.differentfrom

C.morepopularthan

D.lessoftentalkedaboutthan

11.Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"popuIationasgIobaIissue"withwhat

mostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopuIationproblem":toomany

peopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

Thefactsarenotindispute;itwasquiterighttoempIoytheanalogy

thatIikeneddemographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatbums

steadilyandhaltinglyuntiIitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes*'.

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapid

increasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryof

popuIationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.

Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthat

popuIationshavebeenvirtua11ystabIeorgrowingverysIightIyformost

ofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,Iifewashard,oftennasty,

andveryshort.TherewashighfertiIityinmostplaces,butthiswas

usuaIlybalancedbyhighmortaIity.Formostofhumanhistory,itwas

seIdomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldIivepastforty,while

infancyandchiIdhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societies

wereincleardangerofextinetionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheir

birthrates.Thus,thepopuIationprobIemthroughoutmostofhistorywas

howtopreventextinetionofthehumanrace.Thispatternisimportant

tonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowth

intoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapid

increaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmfor

morechiIdren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionally

havecausedhighmortaIity.Demographichistorycanbedividedinto

twomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout

8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600

years,thepopuIationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin

1650.Between1650and1975,thepopuIationhasincreasedfrom500million

tomorethan4bi11ion.AndthepopuIationreached6.2bi11ionthroughout

theworIdbytheyear2000.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifference

insuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthat

ismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000

personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulation.Atpresent,

thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000

personsannually.

Theword"demographic"(Line4,Para.1)means.

A.statisticsofhunan

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

12.Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

A.Heisgoodatdrawingpictures.

B.Helikespicturesverymuch.

C.Helikesvisitingtheartmuseumverymuch.

D.HPthinksthpartmuseumisavaryqni(?tplacp.

13.Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasglobalissue"withwhat

mostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopuIationproblem":toomany

peopIeonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

Thefactsarenotindispute;itwasquiterighttoempIoytheanalogy

thatIikeneddemographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatbums

steadilyandhaltinglyuntiIitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes".

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapid

increasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryof

popuIationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.

Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthat

popuIationshavebeenvirtuaIIystabIeorgrowingverysIightIyformost

ofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,Iifewashard,oftennasty,

andveryshort.TherewashighfertiIityinmostplaces,butthiswas

usuallybalancedbyhighmortaIity.Formostofhumanhistory,itwas

seIdomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldIivepastforty,while

infancyandchiIdhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societies

wereincleardangerofextinetionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheir

birthrates.Thus,thepopuIationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywas

howtopreventextinetionofthehumanrace.Thispatternisimportant

tonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowth

intoahistoricalperspectivetbutitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapid

increaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmfor

morechiIdren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionally

havecausedhighmortality.Demographichistorycanbedividedinto

twomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout

8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Inthefirstperiodofsome9t600

years,thepopuIationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin

1650.Between1650and1975,thepopuIationhasincreasedfrom500million

tomorethan4bi11ion.AndthepopuIationreached6.2bi11ionthroughout

theworIdbytheyear2000.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifference

insuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthat

ismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000

personswasbeingaddedannuaIlytotheworId,spopulation.Atpresent,

thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000

personsannually.

Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternsismostsuitablefor

thelongthinpowderfuseanaIogy

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasudden

explosionofpopulation.

B.AslowgrowLhfoi-alongLimeandthenaperiodofrapid,(JxaniaLic

increase.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberadded

eachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedbirthratesandthenashortperiod

withhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

14.AtsometimeinyourIife,youmayhaveastrongdesiretodosomething

strangeorterrible.However,chancesarethatyoudon'tactonyour

impulse,butletitpassinstead.Youknowthattocommittheactionis

wronginsomewayandthatotherpeopIewillnotacceptyourbehavior.

Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenonoftaboobehavior

ishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithinthesamesociety,howcertain

behaviorandattitudeonceconsideredtaboocanbecomeperfectly

acceptableandnaturalatanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,

forexampIe,wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatit

wasatabootoeventaIkaboutthem.NowwiththepubIicationofimportant

bookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSayGoodbye,peopIehave

becomemoreawareoftheimportanceofexpressingfeeIingsaboutdeath

and,asaresult,aremorewillingtotaiIaboutthistaboosubject.

OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopicoffat.Uniike

manyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericanstaiIaboutconstantly.

It'snottaboototaIkaboutfat;it'stabootobefat.The"in"Iook

isthin,notfat.IntheworkworId,mostcompaniesprefer

youthful-looking,trimexecutivestoseiItheirimagesasweIIastheir

productstothepubIic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,

andsuccess.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofaslazy

andlackinginenergy,self-discipIinerandself-respect.Inan

image-conscioussocietyIiketheU.S.,thinis"in",fatis"out".It,

snotsurprising,then,thatmi11ionsofAmericanshavebeenobsessed

withstayingsiimand"inshape".ThepursuitofayouthfuIphysical

appearanceisnot,however,thesolereasonforAmericans'fascination

withdietandexercise.Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportance

ofdietandexerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically

developednations,theIifestyleofNorthAmericanshaschanged

dramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury,modernmachinesdo

alIthephysicallaborthatpeopIewereonceforcedtodobyhand.Cars

andbusestransportusquicklyfrompointtopoint.Asaresultof

inactivityanddisuse,peopIe,sbodiescaneasilybecomeweakand

vulnerabletodisease.Inanefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsof

Americansarespendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.

Whatdoesnthinis'in',andfatis'out'"mean,!

A.Thinis"inside”,andfatis"outside”.

B.Thinis"diligent",andfatis"lazy".

C.Thinis"youthful",andfatis"spiritless".

D.Thinis"fashionable'1,andfatis"unfashionable”.

15.PoIIution:ALifeandDeathIssueOneofthemainthemesofPIanet

underPressureisthewaymanyoftheEarth*senvironmentalcrises

reinforceoneanother.PolIutionisanobviousexampIe-wedonothave

theoptionofgrowingfood,orfindingenoughwater,onasqueaky-clean

planet,butononeincreasinglytarnishedandtrashedbythewaywehave

useditsofar.CuttingwasteandcIoaringuppoIIutioncostmoney.Yet

timeandagainitisthequestforwealththatgeneratesmuchofthemess

inthefirstpIace.LivinginawaythatislessdamagingtotheEarth

isnoteasy,butitisvital,becausepoIIutionispervasiveandoften

Iife-threatening.

Whatisnotsaidtobeawayofcleaningupafterourselves[A]Throw

Iessaway.[C]Don'tuseitagain.[B]DesignrecycIed

products.[D]Lastlonger.

Air：theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthreemiIlionpeopleare

killedworldwidebyoutdoorairpollutionannuallyfromvehiclesand

industrialemissions,and1.6millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.

Mostareinpoorcountries.

Water：diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%ofillnessesand

deathsindevelopingcountries,killingachildeveryeightseconds.Each

year2.1millionpeoplediefromdiarrhoeal（痢疾的）diseasesassociated

withpoorwater.

Soil：contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrializedcountries,where

formerfactoriesandpowerstationscan1eavewastelikeheavymetalsin

thesoil.Ttcanalsooccurindevelopingcountries,sometimesusedfor

dumpingpesticides.Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,

nitrate-richfertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthe

contaminationreachesriversitdamageslifethere,andcanevencreate

deadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.

ChronicProblpm

Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.Whenwethinkofchemical

contaminationitisoftenimagesofevents1ikeBhopalthatcometomind.

Buttheproblemiswidespread.Onestudysays7-20%ofcancersare

attributabletopoorairandpollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,

concernedaboutchemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,

especiallyintheyoung,sayswcmay"beconductingalarge-scale

experimentwithchildren'shealth11.

Someman-madechemicals,endocrine（內(nèi)分泌）disruptors1ikephthalates（M

酸鹽）andnonylphenol-abreakdownproductofspermicides（殺精子劑），

cosmeticsanddctcrgcnts-arcblamedforcausingchangesinthegenitals,

ofsomeanimals.Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventhe

Arcticisinunuiie.AndIliechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,￡10111fis:ito

mammals,andtous.About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound

1,500newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtneverto

havebeencomprehensivelytestedfortheirpossibleriskstopeople.At

firstglance

16.Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasgIobaIissue"withwhat

mostpersonsmeanwhentheydis